Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

结节病易误诊,据王洪武等~([1])收集国内18篇关于此病误诊的文献,误诊率高达63.2%,当然有误诊就会有误治,如孙永昌等~([2])报道26例结节病在影像学检查诊断的第一印象中拟诊结核5例,其中就有2例完成规范的抗结核治疗,为此应引起临床对本病诊治的重视。

Sarcoidosis

Articular cartilage was predicted to be one of the first tissues to successfully be regenerated, but this proved incorrect In contrast, bone (but also vasculature and cardiac tissues) has seen numerous successful reparative approaches, despite consisting of multiple cell and tissue types and, thus, possessing more complex design requirements Here, we use bone-regeneration successes to highlight cartilage-regeneration challenges: such as selecting appropriate cell sources and scaffolds, creating biomechanically suitable tissues, and integrating to native tissue We also discuss technologies that can address the hurdles of engineering a tissue possessing mechanical properties that are unmatched in human-made materials and functioning in environments unfavorable to neotissue growth

/pdf/unlike-bone-cartilage-regeneration-remains-elusive-1v15bd07dw.pdf

Unlike Bone, Cartilage Regeneration Remains Elusive

This review analyzes the literature of bone grafts and introduces tissue engineering as a strategy in this field of orthopedic surgery. We evaluated articles concerning bone grafts; analyzed characteristics, advantages, and limitations of the grafts; and provided explanations about bone-tissue engineering technologies. Many bone grafting materials are available to enhance bone healing and regeneration, from bone autografts to graft substitutes; they can be used alone or in combination. Autografts are the gold standard for this purpose, since they provide osteogenic cells, osteoinductive growth factors, and an osteoconductive scaffold, all essential for new bone growth. Autografts carry the limitations of morbidity at the harvesting site and limited availability. Allografts and xenografts carry the risk of disease transmission and rejection. Tissue engineering is a new and developing option that had been introduced to reduce limitations of bone grafts and improve the healing processes of the bone fractures and defects. The combined use of scaffolds, healing promoting factors, together with gene therapy, and, more recently, three-dimensional printing of tissue-engineered constructs may open new insights in the near future.

/pdf/bone-regenerative-medicine-classic-options-novel-strategies-3fz7aanv1p.pdf

Bone regenerative medicine: classic options, novel strategies, and future directions

Ca(2+) is an essential ion in all organisms, where it plays a crucial role in processes ranging from the formation and maintenance of the skeleton to the temporal and spatial regulation of neuronal function. The Ca(2+) balance is maintained by the concerted action of three organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract, bone, and kidney. An adult ingests on average 1 g Ca(2+) daily from which 0.35 g is absorbed in the small intestine by a mechanism that is controlled primarily by the calciotropic hormones. To maintain the Ca(2+) balance, the kidney must excrete the same amount of Ca(2+) that the small intestine absorbs. This is accomplished by a combination of filtration of Ca(2+) across the glomeruli and subsequent reabsorption of the filtered Ca(2+) along the renal tubules. Bone turnover is a continuous process involving both resorption of existing bone and deposition of new bone. The above-mentioned Ca(2+) fluxes are stimulated by the synergistic actions of active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) and parathyroid hormone. Until recently, the mechanism by which Ca(2+) enter the absorptive epithelia was unknown. A major breakthrough in completing the molecular details of these pathways was the identification of the epithelial Ca(2+) channel family consisting of two members: TRPV5 and TRPV6. Functional analysis indicated that these Ca(2+) channels constitute the rate-limiting step in Ca(2+)-transporting epithelia. They form the prime target for hormonal control of the active Ca(2+) flux from the intestinal lumen or urine space to the blood compartment. This review describes the characteristics of epithelial Ca(2+) transport in general and highlights in particular the distinctive features and the physiological relevance of the new epithelial Ca(2+) channels accumulating in a comprehensive model for epithelial Ca(2+) absorption.

https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/physrev.00003.2004

Calcium Absorption Across Epithelia

Increased awareness of the acquired adult flatfoot deformity over the past decade has resulted in intensive study of the basic science and pathophysiology behind this common entity. Posterior tibial tendon insufficiency (PTTI), though accepted as the most common aetiology, is frequently missed. This slowly progressive disease requires prompt diagnosis to allow treatment to be started at an earlier, more easily-managed stage. The hallmarks of PTTI are a valgus hindfoot, flattening of the midfoot (longitudinal arch), abduction and supination of the forefoot [36]. This occurs most commonly in women older than 40 years of age. Since the first description of a tendon rupture by Key et al. in 1953 [15], methods of treatment have evolved and the pathology and function of the tendon have been extensively investigated. This article will review the current concepts with regard to the patho-mechanism, clinical evaluation, and treatment of this progressive, debilitating condition.

The Painful Flatfoot

Kapitel 25 – Sehnenverletzungen

Category:Ankle, TraumaIntroduction/Purpose:With the rising aging of the population, osteoporotic ankle fractures represent a frequent scenario in daily practice. The coexistence of comorbidities su...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2473011419S00032

Acute Retrograde Tibiotalocalcaneal Nailing for Osteoporotic Ankle Fractures in Fragile Patients

Zusammenfassung Die Instabilitat am Sprunggelenk ist in erster Linie eine klinische Diagnose; bildgebende Verfahren wie Stressaufnahmen geben unzuverlassige Aussagen. Der Arthroskopie konnte in der Diagnostik der chronischen Instabilitat eine wichtige Bedeutung zukommen. Bei einer akuten Verletzung hat sich eine primar konservativ-funktionelle Behandlung etabliert. Bleibt aber eine chronische Instabilitat zuruck, wird allgemein zur operativen Stabilisierung geraten. Nicht-anatomische Tenodese-Operationen sollten trotz positiver Erfahrungsberichte abgelehnt werden. Auch wenn die Ergebnisse nach anatomischer Rekonstruktion des lateralen Bandappparates gunstiger erscheinen, sollte die Indikation zur operativen Behandlung nur bei einer residuellen funktionellen Instabilitat bei erfolglosen konservativen Masnahmen gestellt werden.

SPRUNGGELENK: Diagnostik und Behandlung der Instabilitäten

Hiking and mountaineering is one of the most popular sports worldwide. Despite hiking does not seem to be an activity with a high risk of injury the incidence is surprisingly high. Possible reasons are the unfamiliar environment in high altitudes and the overestimation of one’s own capabilities. This chapter will show the risk factors of hiking and mountaineering, possible injuries, their treatment and prevention.

Victor Valderrabano

Papers

The Painful Flatfoot

Kapitel 25 – Sehnenverletzungen

Acute Retrograde Tibiotalocalcaneal Nailing for Osteoporotic Ankle Fractures in Fragile Patients

SPRUNGGELENK: Diagnostik und Behandlung der Instabilitäten

Hiking, Mountaineering, Canyoning