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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

A fast-Fourier-transform method of topography and interferometry is proposed. By computer processing of a noncontour type of fringe pattern, automatic discrimination is achieved between elevation and depression of the object or wave-front form, which has not been possible by the fringe-contour-generation techniques. The method has advantages over moire topography and conventional fringe-contour interferometry in both accuracy and sensitivity. Unlike fringe-scanning techniques, the method is easy to apply because it uses no moving components.

Fourier-transform method of fringe-pattern analysis for computer-based topography and interferometry

Matrix Differential Calculus with Applications in Statistics and Econometrics

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The World Bank Group

Radio access technologies for cellular mobile communications are typically characterized by multiple access schemes, e.g., frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), and OFDMA. In the 4th generation (4G) mobile communication systems such as Long-Term Evolution (LTE) (Au et al., Uplink contention based SCMA for 5G radio access. Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), 2014. doi:10.1109/GLOCOMW.2014.7063547) and LTE-Advanced (Baracca et al., IEEE Trans. Commun., 2011. doi:10.1109/TCOMM.2011.121410.090252; Barry et al., Digital Communication, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2004), standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), orthogonal multiple access based on OFDMA or single carrier (SC)-FDMA is adopted. Orthogonal multiple access was a reasonable choice for achieving good system-level throughput performance with simple single-user detection. However, considering the trend in 5G, achieving significant gains in capacity and system throughput performance is a high priority requirement in view of the recent exponential increase in the volume of mobile traffic. In addition the proposed system should be able to support enhanced delay-sensitive high-volume services such as video streaming and cloud computing. Another high-level target of 5G is reduced cost, higher energy efficiency and robustness against emergencies.

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for cellular future radio access

As the research on beyond 5G heats up, we survey and explore power and bandwidth efficient modulation schemes in details. In the existing publications and in various communication standards, initially square quadrature amplitude modulation (SQAM) constellations (even power of 2) were considered. However, only the square constellations are not efficient for varying channel conditions and rate requirements, and hence, odd power of 2 constellations were introduced. For odd power of 2 constellations, rectangular QAM (RQAM) is commonly used. However, RQAM is not a good choice due to its lower power efficiency, and a modified cross QAM (XQAM) constellation is preferred as it provides improved power efficiency over RQAM due to its energy efficient two dimensional (2D) structure. The increasing demand for high data-rates has further encouraged the research towards more compact 2D constellations which lead to hexagonal lattice structure based constellations, referred to as hexagonal QAM (HQAM). In this work, various QAM constellations are discussed and detailed study of star QAM, XQAM, and HQAM constellations is presented. Generation, peak and average energies, peak-to-average-power ratio, symbol-error-rate, decision boundaries, bit mapping, Gray code penalty, and bit-error-rate of star QAM, XQAM, and HQAM constellations with different constellation orders are presented. Finally, a comparative study of various QAM constellations is presented which justifies the supremacy of HQAM over other QAM constellations. With this, it can be claimed that the use of the HQAM in various wireless communication systems and standards can further improve the performance targeted for beyond 5G wireless communication systems.

A Survey on Design and Performance of Higher-Order QAM Constellations

Recently, IEEE 802.11ah standard has been proposed to extend the range of wireless local area network operating in the sub-1-GHz frequency band. This standard along with other protocols can provide communication services to the Internet of Things applications. However, in future, this band is also expected to be crowded like 2.45 GHz ISM band and cause interference to other devices operating in the same band. For a communication channel affected by additive white Gaussian noise, the least square (LS)-based estimator and Euclidean distance-based Viterbi decoder give optimal performance. However, the receiver’s performance with LS estimator followed by the Viterbi decoder degrades for high interference affected communication channels. In this paper, a new orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based receiver structure operating in high interference environment is proposed. The proposed receiver is based on nonparametric maximum likelihood channel estimation followed by Viterbi decoder. The Viterbi decoder’s branch metric is updated based on the distribution of residual error. The proposed receiver structure is tested on IEEE 802.11ah-based receiver in two different type of additive interference: 1) IEEE 802.15.4 device and 2) impulsive noise. Both simulations and real-world experimental results on standard compliant platform show that the proposed algorithm performs better in terms of bit error rate than other receivers in all the considered interference models. Additionally, we also derive analytical expression for the probability of symbol error.

Receiver for IEEE 802.11ah in Interference Limited Environments

In this work, we study the effect of a non-linear power amplifier (NLPA) on the performance of simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) enabled two-way relay network with transceiver hardware impairments (HIs). We employ a hybrid receiver at the relay to process information and harvest energy through the radio-frequency signal. we derive the closed-form expressions of outage probability and asymptotic outage probability by using a selection combining technique at the destination node over Nakagami-m fading channels. The diversity order of the system is determined by using the asymptotic outage probability. We also investigate the throughput and energy efficiency of the system. Further, the impact of NLPA, transceiver HIs, fading severity, hybrid receiver, threshold data-rate, and overall system ceiling are highlighted on the network’s performance. Finally, the derived closed-form expressions are verified through Monte Carlo simulations.

Performance Analysis of Hybrid Two-Way Relay Network with NLPA and Hardware Impairments

Ultraviolet (UV) communication has emerged as a promising solution for providing non-line-of-sight (NLOS) wireless connectivity due to strong molecular and aerosol scattering at UV wavelength. However, performance of UV based communication systems is severely impaired due to nonlinear transfer-characteristics of light emitting diode (LED), which degrades the overall symbol error rate (SER) performance. In addition, UV based communication systems are also impaired by multiplicative distortion due to turbulence, that causes detrimental instantaneous outages. Hence, in this work, first an expression for the outage probability is derived for a nonlinear UV communication system via analytical characterization of the statistics of the additive distortion. Further, utilizing the proposed analytical model for additive distortion, the error rate of reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) based detectors is quantified for the nonlinear outdoor NLOS UV channel. Additionally, using the derived expression for error-rate, an RKHS based minimum symbol error rate (MSER) equalizer is formulated to mitigate the distortion due to LED nonlinearity, and to enhance the error-rate performance of the considered nonlinear NLOS UV link. Convergence of the proposed MSER equalizer is analyzed, and improvements in error-rate promised by the proposed equalizer are validated by computer simulations over typical NLOS UV channels.

Vimal Bhatia

Papers

A Survey on Design and Performance of Higher-Order QAM Constellations

Receiver for IEEE 802.11ah in Interference Limited Environments

Performance Analysis of Hybrid Two-Way Relay Network with NLPA and Hardware Impairments

Performance Analysis of RKHS Based Detectors for Nonlinear NLOS Ultraviolet Communications

Improved accuracy in slope measurement and defect detection using Fourier fringe analysis