Seismic indicators based earthquake predictor system using Genetic Programming and AdaBoost classification

Possible ionosphere and atmosphere precursory analysis related to Mw > 6.0 earthquakes in Japan

Seismo ionospheric anomalies before the 2007 M7.7 Chile earthquake from GPS TEC and DEMETER

As space-based Earth observations are delivering a growing amount and variety of data, the potential of this information to better support disaster risk management is coming into increased scrutiny. Disaster risk management actions are commonly divided into the different steps of the disaster management cycle, which include: prevention, to minimize future losses; preparedness and crisis management, often focused on saving lives; and post-crisis management aiming at re-establishing services supporting human activities. Based on a literature review and examples of studies in the area of coastal, hydro-meteorological and geohazards, this review examines how space-based Earth observations have addressed the needs for information in the area of disaster risk management so far. We show that efforts have essentially focused on hazard assessments or supporting crisis management, whereas a number of needs still remain partly fulfilled for vulnerability and exposure mapping, as well as adaptation planning. A promising way forward to maximize the impact of Earth observations includes multi-risk approaches, which mutualize the collection of time-evolving vulnerability and exposure data across different hazards. Opportunities exist as programmes such as the Copernicus Sentinels are now delivering Earth observations of an unprecedented quality, quantity and repetitiveness, as well as initiatives from the disaster risk science communities such as the development of observatories. We argue that, as a complement to this, more systematic efforts to (1) build capacity and (2) evaluate where space-based Earth observations can support disaster risk management would be useful to maximize its societal benefits.

/pdf/space-based-earth-observations-for-disaster-risk-management-1boxqe5qgn.pdf

Space-Based Earth Observations for Disaster Risk Management

Total electron content anomalies associated with earthquakes occurred during 1998–2019

Satellite thermal IR and atmospheric radon anomalies associated with the Haripur earthquake (Oct 2010; Mw 5.2), Pakistan

Seismoionospheric anomalies associated with earthquakes from the analysis of the ionosonde data

Copyright © 2018 by The Geochemical Society of Japan. Degassing of radon in fractured areas (soil) is mainly occurred through advection as compared to diffusion or convection (Riggio and Santulin, 2015). Weak zones such as fracture and faults act as a pathways for migration of radon in the upper crust (Al-Tamimi and Abumurad, 2001; Moussa et al., 2003; Khan et al., 2009; Fu et al., 2005; Mahajan et al., 2010; Walia et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2014). The physical mechanism beyond the migration of soilgases associated with dynamic coupling of lithosphere is systematically explained by Lithospheric-AtmosphericIonospheric Coupling (LAIC) model (Pulinets and Ouzounov, 2011). The LAIC model proposed that the movement of tectonic plates ultimately resulting the migration of soil-gases towards the surface. This strain change within the Earth’s crust during the earthquake preparatory period is expected to enhance the radon concentration level in soil. Besides LAIC model, an intriguing explanation for migration of soil-gases, opening/closing of cracks associated with tectonic stresses is also explained by Dilatancy-Diffusion (DD) and Crack-Avalanche (CA) models (Planinić et al., 2001; Ghosh et al., 2009). In recent years, numerous studies have been reported that the anomalous variation of radon associated with earthquake precursory phenomena (Walia et al., 2013; Oh and Kim, 2015; Jilani et al., 2017; Barkat et al., 2017; Fu Spatial mapping of radon: Implication for fault delineation

Spatial mapping of radon: Implication for fault delineation

Seismo-ionospheric anomalies before the 2019 Mirpur earthquake from ionosonde measurements

Radon concentration, a geochemical parameter of naturally occurring noble gas and potential relative gravity field variation, has been studied in the current investigations. These investigations were carried out along and in proximity to the Khisor Thrust in the Trans Indus ranges marking the southern boundary of Bannu basin in Pakistan. The studies were aimed to demark the concealed section of the thrust fault beyond termination of its surface signature. The consistent increasing pattern of radon variation while approaching the approximate location of fault and decrease while moving farther from it suggests the existence of a fault to the subsurface, which should be verified through gravity studies. Variation of radon concentration between 2.5 and 4.1 kBq/m3 was observed on or near the fault zone in exposed and concealed segments, whereas the lower bound variation of 1.1–2 kBq/m3 was encountered on points moving away from fault zone. This variation of radon concentration promisingly supported the idea of the existence of a fault zone beyond the cessation of surface signature. The argument was further validated through the relative gravity variation studies following the radon concentration. The Bouguer anomaly was calculated along all 16 profiles cross-cutting the fault zone. The regional gravity mapped along 231 points of investigation showed a variation between − 90 and 8 mGal. The residual gravity highlighting the effects of upper crust disturbance because of under-thrusting has shown anomalous values between − 11 and 18 mGal. The results when contoured have shown a good congruence with those received from radon concentration contrasts. Conclusively, it can be perceived that these two nondestructive and less laborious techniques work in composite usefully to delineate the unseen earthquake potential source.

Waqar Ali Zafar

Papers

Satellite thermal IR and atmospheric radon anomalies associated with the Haripur earthquake (Oct 2010; Mw 5.2), Pakistan

Seismoionospheric anomalies associated with earthquakes from the analysis of the ionosonde data

Spatial mapping of radon: Implication for fault delineation

Seismo-ionospheric anomalies before the 2019 Mirpur earthquake from ionosonde measurements

Application of Gravity and Radon Studies to Delineate the Concealed Section of the Khisor Thrust