An experiment was conducted with 240, 1-d-old, male broilers to investigate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) cell components on the growth performance, meat quality, and ileal mucosa development. There were 4 dietary treatments, each consisting of 6 replicates. Whole yeast (WY), SC extract (YE), and SC cell wall (CW) were added at 0.5, 0.3, and 0.3%, respectively, to the control starter and finisher diets. From 0 to 3 wk of age, a lower feed/gain ratio (P < or = 0.05) was observed with CW, whereas the WY-fed birds at 4 to 5 wk of age showed a lower feed/gain ratio compared with the control. From 0 to 5 wk of age, WY and CW gave higher BW gains than did the control. The shear force of raw drumstick decreased in the WY treatment relative to the control, and YE and CW treatments were intermediate. The shear forces in cooked breast and drumstick in treatments WY and YE decreased when compared with the control. The amount of 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in the breast meats of WY, YE, and CW were lower than the control at 10 d of incubation. In raw drumstick meats, TBARS values were lower in treatments WY and YE than that of the control at 6 and 10 d of incubation. At 10 d of incubation, skins from YE and CW treatments had lower TBARS values than did the control. Villus height was greater in WY and CW compared with those in control and YE. No differences were found in crypt depth among the 4 treatments. The villus height/ crypt depth ratios in WY and CW were greater than those of the control and YE. It could be concluded that dietary yeast components, such as WY or CW supplementation improved growth performance. Meat tenderness could be improved by the WY or YE. Both YE and CW had oxidation-reducing effects. Yeast cell wall may improve ileal villus development.

Effects of yeast (Saccharromyces cerevisiae) cell components on growth performance, meat quality, and ileal mucosa development of broiler chicks.

The ability of microorganisms to withstand long periods with extremely low energy input has gained increasing scientific attention in recent years. Starvation experiments in the laboratory have shown that a phylogenetically wide range of microorganisms evolve fitness-enhancing genetic traits within weeks of incubation under low-energy stress. Studies on natural environments that are cut off from new energy supplies over geologic time scales, such as deeply buried sediments, suggest that similar adaptations might mediate survival under energy limitation in the environment. Yet, the extent to which laboratory-based evidence of starvation survival in pure or mixed cultures can be extrapolated to sustained microbial ecosystems in nature remains unclear. In this review, we discuss past investigations on microbial energy requirements and adaptations to energy limitation, identify gaps in our current knowledge, and outline possible future foci of research on life under extreme energy limitation.

Life under extreme energy limitation: a synthesis of laboratory- and field-based investigations.

Lipases are important industrial enzymes. Most of the lipases operate at lipid-water interfaces enabled by a mobile lid domain located over the active site. Lid protects the active site and hence responsible for catalytic activity. In pure aqueous media the lid is predominantly closed, whereas in the presence of a hydrophobic layer it is partially opened. Hence, the lid controls the enzyme activity. In the present review, we have classified lipases into different groups based on the structure of lid domains. It has been observed that thermostable lipases contain larger lid domains with two or more helices, whereas mesophilic lipases tend to have smaller lids in the form of a loop or a helix. Recent developments in lipase engineering addressing the lid regions are critically reviewed here. After on the dramatic changes in substrate selectivity, activity and thermostability have been reported. Furthermore, improved computational models now can rationalize these observations by relating it to the mobility of the lid domain. In this contribution, we summarized and critically evaluated the most recent developments in experimental and computational research on lipase lids.

/pdf/the-lid-domain-in-lipases-structural-and-functional-2a1q417hu6.pdf

The Lid Domain in Lipases: Structural and Functional Determinant of Enzymatic Properties

Supplemental effects of probiotic Bacillus subtilis fmbJ on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and meat quality of broiler chickens.

Effects of probiotic, Clostridium butyricum, on growth performance, immune function, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens.

Thermophilic proteins show substantially higher intrinsic thermal stability than their mesophilic counterparts. Amino acid composition is believed to alter the intrinsic stability of proteins. Several investigations and mutagenesis experiment have been carried out to understand the amino acid composition for the thermostability of proteins. This review presents some generalized features of amino acid composition found in thermophilic proteins, including an increase in residue hydrophobicity, a decrease in uncharged polar residues, an increase in charged residues, an increase in aromatic residues, certain amino acid coupling patterns and amino acid preferences for thermophilic proteins. The differences of amino acids composition between thermophilic and mesophilic proteins are related to some properties of amino acids. These features provide guidelines for engineering mesophilic protein to thermophilic protein.

Differences in amino acids composition and coupling patterns between mesophilic and thermophilic proteins

Effect of dietary probiotic, Bacillus coagulans, on growth performance, chemical composition, and meat quality of Guangxi Yellow chicken

A trilogy antimicrobial strategy for multiple infections of orthopedic implants throughout their life cycle.

Vascularized osteogenesis is essential for successful bone regeneration, yet its realization during large size bone defect healing remains challenging due to the difficulty to couple multiple biological processes. Herein, harnessing the intrinsic angiogenic potential of vascular derived extracellular matrix (vECM) and its specific affinity to growth factors, a vECM/GelMA based hybrid hydrogel delivery system is constructed to achieve optimized bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) therapeutic index and provide intrinsic angiogenic induction during bone healing. The incorporation of vECM not only effectively regulates BMP-2 kinetics to match the bone healing timeframe, but also promotes angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. In vivo results also show that vECM-mediated BMP-2 release remarkably enhances vascularized bone formation for critical size bone defects. In particular, blood vessel ingrowth stained with CD31 marker in the defect area is substantially encouraged over the course of healing, suggesting incorporation of vECM served roles in both angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Thus, the authors' study exemplifies that affinity of growth factor towards ECM may be a promising strategy to be leveraged to develop sophisticated delivery systems endowed with desirable properties for regenerative medicine applications.

Vascular Derived ECM Improves Therapeutic Index of BMP-2 and Drives Vascularized Bone Regeneration.

Forkhead box (Fox) family, an evolutionarily conserved family of transcription factors carrying the “Forkhead” motif, plays an indispensable role in human health and disease. Fox family genes are involved in cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, embryonic development, aging, glucose and lipid metabolism, and immune regulation. The regulatory role of the Fox family in the context of bone metabolism and orthopedic diseases is an emerging research hotspot. In this review, we highlight the major molecular mechanisms underlying the regulatory role of Fox factors in bone metabolism, bone development, bone homeostasis, and bone diseases associated with inhibition or upregulation of Fox factors. In addition, we discuss the emerging evidence in the realm of Fox factor-based therapeutics.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.772237/pdf

Weixu Li

Papers

Differences in amino acids composition and coupling patterns between mesophilic and thermophilic proteins

Effect of dietary probiotic, Bacillus coagulans, on growth performance, chemical composition, and meat quality of Guangxi Yellow chicken

A trilogy antimicrobial strategy for multiple infections of orthopedic implants throughout their life cycle.

Vascular Derived ECM Improves Therapeutic Index of BMP-2 and Drives Vascularized Bone Regeneration.

The Role of Forkhead Box Family in Bone Metabolism and Diseases