Since the discovery of highly conducting polyacetylene by Shirakawa, MacDiarmid, and Heeger in 1977, π-conjugated systems have attracted much attention as futuristic materials for the development and production of the next generation of electronics, that is, organic electronics. Conceptually, organic electronics are quite different from conventional inorganic solid state electronics because the structural versatility of organic semiconductors allows for the incorporation of functionality by molecular design. This versatility leads to a new era in the design of electronic devices. To date, the great number of π-conjugated semiconducting materials that have either been discovered or synthesized generate an exciting library of π-conjugated systems for use in organic electronics. 11 However, some key challenges for further advancement remain: the low mobility and stability of organic semiconductors, the lack of knowledge regarding structure property relationships for understanding the fundamental chemical aspects behind the structural design, and realization of desired properties. Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are a kind of device consisting of an organic semiconducting layer, a gate insulator layer, and three terminals (drain, source, and gate electrodes). OFETs are not only essential building blocks for the next generation of cheap and flexible organic circuits, but they also provide an important insight into the charge transport of πconjugated systems. Therefore, they act as strong tools for the exploration of the structure property relationships of πconjugated systems, such as parameters of field-effect mobility (μ, the drift velocity of carriers under unit electric field), current on/off ratio (the ratio of the maximum on-state current to the minimum off-state current), and threshold voltage (the minimum gate voltage that is required to turn on the transistor). 17 Since the discovery of OFETs in the 1980s, they have attracted much attention. Research onOFETs includes the discovery, design, and synthesis of π-conjugated systems for OFETs, device optimization, development of applications in radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, flexible displays, electronic papers, sensors, and so forth. It is beyond the scope of this review to cover all aspects of π-conjugated systems; hence, our focus will be on the performance analysis of π-conjugated systems in OFETs. This should make it possible to extract information regarding the fundamental merit of semiconducting π-conjugated materials and capture what is needed for newmaterials and what is the synthesis orientation of newπ-conjugated systems. In fact, for a new science with many practical applications, the field of organic electronics is progressing extremely rapidly. For example, using “organic field effect transistor” or “organic field effect transistors” as the query keywords to search the Web of Science citation database, it is possible to show the distribution of papers over recent years as shown in Figure 1A. It is very clear

Semiconducting π-conjugated systems in field-effect transistors: a material odyssey of organic electronics.

Functionalized acenes and heteroacenes for organic electronics.

Electron and ambipolar transport in organic field-effect transistors.

It is now widely accepted that skin sensitivity will be very important for future robots used by humans in daily life for housekeeping and entertainment purposes Despite this fact, relatively little progress has been made in the field of pressure recognition compared to the areas of sight and voice recognition, mainly because good artificial “electronic skin” with a large area and mechanical flexibility is not yet available The fabrication of a sensitive skin consisting of thousands of pressure sensors would require a flexible switching matrix that cannot be realized with present silicon-based electronics Organic field-effect transistors can substitute for such conventional electronics because organic circuits are inherently flexible and potentially ultralow in cost even for a large area Thus, integration of organic transistors and rubber pressure sensors, both of which can be produced by low-cost processing technology such as large-area printing technology, will provide an ideal solution to realize a practical artificial skin, whose feasibility has been demonstrated in this paper Pressure images have been taken by flexible active matrix drivers with organic transistors whose mobility reaches as high as 14 cm2/V·s The device is electrically functional even when it is wrapped around a cylindrical bar with a 2-mm radius

/pdf/a-large-area-flexible-pressure-sensor-matrix-with-organic-233vkpdvcr.pdf

A large-area, flexible pressure sensor matrix with organic field-effect transistors for artificial skin applications

Acenes have long been the subject of intense study because of the unique electronic properties associated with their pi-bond topology. Recent reports of impressive semiconductor properties of larger homologues have reinvigorated research in this field, leading to new methods for their synthesis, functionalization, and purification, as well as for fabricating organic electronic components. Studies performed on high-purity acene single crystals revealed their intrinsic electronic properties and provide useful benchmarks for thin film device research. New approaches to add functionality were developed to improve the processability of these materials in solution. These new functionalization strategies have recently allowed the synthesis of acenes larger than pentacene, which have hitherto been largely unavailable and poorly studied, as well as investigation of their associated structure/property relationships.

The larger acenes: versatile organic semiconductors.

A description is given of a sense amplifier subcircuit (10), for example an N latch section or a P latch section, for a DRAM memory for amplifying voltage signals read from a bit line (50), having at least two evaluation transistors (20; 30), the gate (21) of one evaluation transistor (20) being connected or connectable to at least one bit line (50) and the gate (31) of another evaluation transistor (30) being connected or connectable to at least one reference bit line (51) and the drains (23, 33) of the evaluation transistors (20; 30) being connected or connectable to the bit lines (51, 50) and the sources (22, 32) of the evaluation transistors (20; 30) being connected or connectable to a (NCS/PCS) lead (11). According to the invention, at least one of the evaluation transistors (20; 30) is designed in such a way that its threshold voltage changes dynamically during the evaluation operation by virtue of the change in the gate voltage being coupled to a change in the body voltage. This can be realized by virtue of the fact that the body (24; 34) and the gate (21, 31) of the at least one evaluation transistor (20; 30) are connected to one another via a connection (40).

Read amplifier subcircuit for a DRAM memory

An impedance converter (1) has an input connected with an evaluation line. The output of the impedance converter is connected to the ends of the bit lines (4a,4b) and the word lines (5a,5b) via switching components (7a,7b,9a,9b). A terminating resistor (R1) branches off from the evaluation line. A voltage evaluator (2) has an input connected with the ends of the bit lines by the switching components (8a,8b,11) via the evaluation line. A read voltage source (U1) is connected with the word lines by the switching components (6a,6b,16). Independent claims are also included for the following: (a) a method for reading memory locations in a magnetoresistive memory; (b) and the use of an impedance converter for buffering a read voltage of a memory location.

Magnetoresistive random access memory has impedance converter with output that is connected to ends of bit lines and word lines via switching components

Der Biosensor weist drei Elektroden auf, wobei die erste Elektrode eines Haltebereichs zum Halten von Sondenmolekulen aufweist, die makromolekulare Biopolymere binden konnen. Die zweite Elektrode und die dritte Elektrode sind derart ausgestaltet, dass dere Redox-Prozess im Rahmen eines Redox-Recycling-Vorgangs an der zweiten Elektrode und an der dritten Elektrode erfolgt.

Biosensor, biosensor-array und verfahren zum ermitteln makromolekularer biopolymere mit einem biosensor

17.1 A Robust Wireless Sensor Node for In-Tire-Pressure Monitoring

Detecting (M1) molecules in a liquid (102) comprising: (a) fixing receptor molecules to an immobilizing region (101) of a substrate (100); (b) determining the flow characteristics of a reference liquid over this region; (c) measuring the flow characteristics of the liquid to be analyzed over the same region; and (d) thus determining whether substances have bonded to the receptor molecules, is new. An Independent claim is also included for a sensor system, used in (M1).

Detecting molecules in liquid, e.g. DNA analysis, involves fixing receptor molecules to substrate and determining flow characteristics of reference liquid and liquid for analysis

Werner Weber

Papers

Read amplifier subcircuit for a DRAM memory

Magnetoresistive random access memory has impedance converter with output that is connected to ends of bit lines and word lines via switching components

Biosensor, biosensor-array und verfahren zum ermitteln makromolekularer biopolymere mit einem biosensor

17.1 A Robust Wireless Sensor Node for In-Tire-Pressure Monitoring

Detecting molecules in liquid, e.g. DNA analysis, involves fixing receptor molecules to substrate and determining flow characteristics of reference liquid and liquid for analysis