There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

The need to develop inexpensive renewable energy sources stimulates scientific research for efficient, low-cost photovoltaic devices.1 The organic, polymer-based photovoltaic elements have introduced at least the potential of obtaining cheap and easy methods to produce energy from light.2 The possibility of chemically manipulating the material properties of polymers (plastics) combined with a variety of easy and cheap processing techniques has made polymer-based materials present in almost every aspect of modern society.3 Organic semiconductors have several advantages: (a) lowcost synthesis, and (b) easy manufacture of thin film devices by vacuum evaporation/sublimation or solution cast or printing technologies. Furthermore, organic semiconductor thin films may show high absorption coefficients4 exceeding 105 cm-1, which makes them good chromophores for optoelectronic applications. The electronic band gap of organic semiconductors can be engineered by chemical synthesis for simple color changing of light emitting diodes (LEDs).5 Charge carrier mobilities as high as 10 cm2/V‚s6 made them competitive with amorphous silicon.7 This review is organized as follows. In the first part, we will give a general introduction to the materials, production techniques, working principles, critical parameters, and stability of the organic solar cells. In the second part, we will focus on conjugated polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells, mainly on polyphenylenevinylene (PPV) derivatives/(1-(3-methoxycarbonyl) propyl-1-phenyl[6,6]C61) (PCBM) fullerene derivatives and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/PCBM systems. In the third part, we will discuss the alternative approaches such as polymer/polymer solar cells and organic/inorganic hybrid solar cells. In the fourth part, we will suggest possible routes for further improvements and finish with some conclusions. The different papers mentioned in the text have been chosen for didactical purposes and cannot reflect the chronology of the research field nor have a claim of completeness. The further interested reader is referred to the vast amount of quality papers published in this field during the past decade.

Conjugated polymer-based organic solar cells

A polymer solar-cell based on a bulk hetereojunction design with an internal quantum efficiency of over 90% across the visible spectrum (425 nm to 575 nm) is reported. The device exhibits a power-conversion efficiency of 6% under standard air-mass 1.5 global illumination tests.

Bulk heterojunction solar cells with internal quantum efficiency approaching 100

Fossil fuel alternatives, such as solar energy, are moving to the forefront in a variety of research fields. Polymer-based organic photovoltaic systems hold the promise for a cost-effective, lightweight solar energy conversion platform, which could benefit from simple solution processing of the active layer. The function of such excitonic solar cells is based on photoinduced electron transfer from a donor to an acceptor. Fullerenes have become the ubiquitous acceptors because of their high electron affinity and ability to transport charge effectively. The most effective solar cells have been made from bicontinuous polymer–fullerene composites, or so-called bulk heterojunctions. The best solar cells currently achieve an efficiency of about 5 %, thus significant advances in the fundamental understanding of the complex interplay between the active layer morphology and electronic properties are required if this technology is to find viable application.

Polymer–Fullerene Composite Solar Cells

A charge neutral complex (CNC) was formed in aqueous solution by se combining an orange light emitting anionic conjugated polyelecel trolyte and a saturated cationic polyelectrolyte at a 1:1 ratio (per in repeat unit). Photoluminescence (PL) from the CNC can be h; quenched by both the negatively charged dinitrophenol (DNP) derivative, (DNP-BS-), and positively charged methyl viologen ly (MV2+). Use of the CNC minimizes nonspecific interactions (which ra modify the PL) between conjugated polyelectrolytes and biopolyfl mers. Quenching of the PL from the CNC by the DNP derivative and ai specific unquenching on addition of anti-DNP antibody (anti-DNP e' IgG) were observed. Thus, biosensing of the anti-DNP IgG was T demonstrated. qt

Biosensors from conjugated

An improvement in a method of making a semiconducting device having a hole-collecting electrode includes coating the hole-collecting electrode with a p-type transition metal oxide through a sol-gel process.

P-type transition metal oxide-based films serving as hole transport layers in organic optoelectronic devices

In order to develop high performance polymer solar cells (PSCs), full exploitation of the sun-irradiation from ultraviolet (UV) to near infrared (NIR) is one of the key factors to ensure high photocurrents and thus high efficiency. In this review, five of the effective design rules for approaching LBG semiconducting polymers with high molar absorptivity, suitable energy levels, high charge carrier mobility and high solubility in organic solvents are overviewed. These design stratagems include fused heterocycles for facilitating π-electron flowing along the polymer backbone, groups/atoms bridging adjacent rings for maintaining a high planarity, introduction of electron-withdrawing units for lowering the bandgap (Eg), donor–acceptor (D–A) copolymerization for narrowing Eg and 2-dimensional conjugation for broadened absorption and enhanced hole mobility. It has been demonstrated that LBG semiconducting polymers based on electron-donor units combined with strong electron-withdrawing units possess excellent electronic and optic properties, emerging as excellent candidates for efficient PSCs. While for ultrasensitive photodetectors (PDs), which have intensive applications in both scientific and industrial sectors, sensing from the UV to the NIR region is of critical importance. For polymer PDs, Eg as low as 0.8 eV has been obtained through a rational design stratagem, covering a broad wavelength range from the UV to the NIR region (1450 nm). However, the response time of the polymer PDs are severely limited by the hole mobility of LBG semiconducting polymers, which is significantly lower than those of the inorganic materials. Thus, further advancing the hole mobility of LBG semiconducting polymers is of equal importance as broadening the spectral response for approaching uncooled ultrasensitive broadband polymer PDs in the future study.

Low Bandgap Semiconducting Polymers for Polymeric Photovoltaics

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adfm.202270256

Dual‐Functional, Multi‐Targeting GNNQQNY‐AIE Conjugates as Amyloid Probes and Amyloid Modulators via Amyloid Cross‐Seeding Principle (Adv. Funct. Mater. 45/2022)

A series of conjugated polymers functionalized with different ruthenium polypyridine metal complexes were synthesized by the palladium catalyzed reaction. Two conjugated polymer systems have been studied: 1. poly(phenylenevinylene) with bis(2,2’:6’,2‘-terpyridine) ruthenium (II) on the mainchain and 2. quinoxaline based polymers with tris(2,2s'-bipyridine) ruthenium (II). The ruthenium polypyridine complexes exhibit a long-lived metal to ligand charge transfer excited state which can enhance the photosensitivity of the resulting polymers. Different physical properties such as the photoconductivity and charge mobility in these polymers are also studied.

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Xiong Gong

Papers

Biosensors from conjugated

P-type transition metal oxide-based films serving as hole transport layers in organic optoelectronic devices

Low Bandgap Semiconducting Polymers for Polymeric Photovoltaics

Dual‐Functional, Multi‐Targeting GNNQQNY‐AIE Conjugates as Amyloid Probes and Amyloid Modulators via Amyloid Cross‐Seeding Principle (Adv. Funct. Mater. 45/2022)

Synthesis and photophysical properties of some conjugated polymers functionalized with ruthenium polypyridine complexes