Metformin is a widely-used drug that results in clear benefits in relation to glucose metabolism and diabetes-related complications. The mechanisms underlying these benefits are complex and still not fully understood. Physiologically, metformin has been shown to reduce hepatic glucose production, yet not all of its effects can be explained by this mechanism and there is increasing evidence of a key role for the gut. At the molecular level the findings vary depending on the doses of metformin used and duration of treatment, with clear differences between acute and chronic administration. Metformin has been shown to act via both AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent and AMPK-independent mechanisms; by inhibition of mitochondrial respiration but also perhaps by inhibition of mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and a mechanism involving the lysosome. In the last 10 years, we have moved from a simple picture, that metformin improves glycaemia by acting on the liver via AMPK activation, to a much more complex picture reflecting its multiple modes of action. More work is required to truly understand how this drug works in its target population: individuals with type 2 diabetes.

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The mechanisms of action of metformin

Rationale:The diabetes mellitus drug metformin is under investigation in cardiovascular disease, but the molecular mechanisms underlying possible benefits are poorly understood. Objective:Here, we have studied anti-inflammatory effects of the drug and their relationship to antihyperglycemic properties. Methods and Results:In primary hepatocytes from healthy animals, metformin and the IKKβ (inhibitor of kappa B kinase) inhibitor BI605906 both inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α–dependent IκB degradation and expression of proinflammatory mediators interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and CXCL1/2 (C-X-C motif ligand 1/2). Metformin suppressed IKKα/β activation, an effect that could be separated from some metabolic actions, in that BI605906 did not mimic effects of metformin on lipogenic gene expression, glucose production, and AMP-activated protein kinase activation. Equally AMP-activated protein kinase was not required either for mitochondrial suppression of IκB degradation. Consistent with discrete anti-inflammato...

/pdf/anti-inflammatory-effects-of-metformin-irrespective-of-30996mj4uz.pdf

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Metformin Irrespective of Diabetes Status

Recent advances in removal techniques of Cr(VI) toxic ion from aqueous solution: A comprehensive review

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2.0241905jes/pdf

Practical Aspects of Cyclic Voltammetry: How to Estimate Reduction Potentials When Irreversibility Prevails

Metformin is the most widely prescribed oral hypoglycemic medication for type 2 diabetes worldwide. Metformin also retards aging in model organisms and reduces the incidence of aging-related diseases such as neurodegenerative disease and cancer in humans. In spite of its widespread use, the mechanisms by which metformin exerts favorable effects on aging remain largely unknown. Further, not all individuals prescribed metformin derive the same benefit and some develop side effects. Before metformin finds its way to mainstay therapy for anti-aging, a more granular understanding of the effects of the drug in humans is needed. This review provides an overview of recent findings from metformin studies in aging and longevity and discusses the use of metformin to combat aging and aging-related diseases.

https://www.cell.com/trends/endocrinology-metabolism/pdf/S1043-2760(19)30147-X.pdf

Metformin as Anti-Aging Therapy: Is It for Everyone?

https://orbit.dtu.dk/files/127841726/c5cc04321b_1.pdf

The copper binding properties of metformin – QCM-D, XPS and nanobead agglomeration

Development of nanoporous gold electrodes for electrochemical applications

https://orbit.dtu.dk/files/139748883/Experimentation_and_numerical_modeling_of_cyclic_voltammetry_for_electrochemical_micro_sized_sensors_under_the_influence_of_electrolyte_flow_postprint.pdf

Experimentation and numerical modeling of cyclic voltammetry for electrochemical micro-sized sensors under the influence of electrolyte flow

In-situ monitoring of potential enhanced DNA related processes using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (EQCM-D)

Combining electrochemical techniques with cantilever devices is a promising way to improve sensor performance and reliability. Micrometer sized cantilevers are often used for detection of changes in surface stress induced by molecular binding but can also be used as working electrodes in standard electrochemical system. Combining two measuring techniques it is possible to achieve additional information on the nature of molecular binding event. Moreover, we believe that potential control on the cantilever surface will increase the reliability of cantilever-based sensing The electrochemical cantilever sensor described in this study shows a great potential for (bio)chemical applications. We currently develop a generic DNA based sensing platform which can be used for characterizing surface conditioning and detection of DNA hybridization.

Xueling Quan

Papers

The copper binding properties of metformin – QCM-D, XPS and nanobead agglomeration

Development of nanoporous gold electrodes for electrochemical applications

Experimentation and numerical modeling of cyclic voltammetry for electrochemical micro-sized sensors under the influence of electrolyte flow

In-situ monitoring of potential enhanced DNA related processes using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (EQCM-D)

Development of Electrochemical Cantilever Sensors for DNA Applications