Carbon dioxide capture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organic frameworks

Conducting polymers (CPs) have received much attention in both fundamental and practical studies because they have electrical and electrochemical properties similar to those of both traditional semiconductors and metals. CPs possess excellent characteristics such as mild synthesis and processing conditions, chemical and structural diversity, tunable conductivity, and structural flexibility. Advances in nanotechnology have allowed the fabrication of versatile CP nanomaterials with improved performance for various applications including electronics, optoelectronics, sensors, and energy devices. The aim of this review is to explore the conductivity mechanisms and electrical and electrochemical properties of CPs and to discuss the factors that significantly affect these properties. The size and morphology of the materials are also discussed as key parameters that affect their major properties. Finally, the latest trends in research on electrochemical capacitors and sensors are introduced through an in-depth discussion of the most remarkable studies reported since 2003.

Electrical and Electrochemical Properties of Conducting Polymers.

This review provides a comprehensive assessment of recently improved carbon dioxide (CO2) separation and capture systems, used in power plants and other industrial processes. Different approaches for CO2 capture are pre-combustion, post-combustion capture, and oxy-combustion systems, which are reviewed, along with their advantages and disadvantages. New technologies and prospective “breakthrough technologies”, for instance: novel solvents, sorbents, and membranes for gas separation are examined. Other technologies including chemical looping technology (reaction between metal oxides and fuels, creating metal particles, carbon dioxide, and water vapor) and cryogenic separation processes (based on different phase change temperatures for various gases to separate them) are reviewed as well. Furthermore, the major CO2 separation technologies, such as absorption (using a liquid solvent to absorb the CO2), adsorption (using solid materials with surface affinity to CO2 molecules), and membranes (using a thin film to selectively permeate gases) are extensively discussed, though issues and technologies related to CO2 transport and storage are not considered in this paper.

Review of recent advances in carbon dioxide separation and capture

This review surveys recent applications of design-of-experiments (DoE) methodology in the development of biotechnological processes. Methods such as factorial design, response surface methodology, and (DoE) provide powerful and efficient ways to optimize cultivations and other unit operations and procedures using a reduced number of experiments. The multitude of interdependent parameters involved within a unit operation or between units in a bioprocess sequence may be substantially refined and improved by the use of such methods. Other bioprocess-related applications include strain screening evaluation and cultivation media balancing. In view of the emerging regulatory demands on pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, exemplified by the process analytical technology (PAT) initiative of the United States Food and Drug Administration, the use of experimental design approaches to improve process development for safer and more reproducible production is becoming increasingly important. Here, these options are highlighted and discussed with a few selected examples from antibiotic fermentation, expanded bed optimization, virus vector transfection of insect cell cultivation, feed profile adaptation, embryonic stem cell expansion protocols, and mammalian cell harvesting.

Bioprocess optimization using design-of-experiments methodology.

Carboxylated butadiene-styrene rubber/halloysite nanotube nanocomposites : Interfacial interaction and performance

Cure kinetic studies on nitrile rubber(NBR)- layered clay nanocomposites, prepared by a melt mixing process, was investigated using a cure rheometer and dif- ferential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The characterization of the structure of the nanocomposites of uncured and cured samples was performed using X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the interlayer spacing of cured nanocomposites was smaller than that of the uncured sample due to partial removal of organoclay from the interlayer spacing. The cure characterization showed a marked decrease in the scorch time of the NBR/organoclay system without affecting the optimum cure time and torque values due to the accelerat- ing and plasticizing effect of organoclay. DSC analysis showed a reduction in cure time and increase in enthalpy of curing for the compounds added with organoclay. There was a little change in cure behavior of the NBR/unmodified clay system. NBR/clay nanocomposite showed the suitabil- ity of autocatalytic model for analyzing the cure parameters of rubber/clay nanocomposites. The activation energy of curing of NBR/O-MMT nanocomposites was lower than that of pristine NBR. The kinetic parameters determined from the model equation showed close fitting with the ex- perimental results, indicating the suitability of autocatalytic model for cure characterization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1688 -1696, 2005

Vulcanization kinetics of nitrile rubber/layered clay nanocomposites

Flexible thermoplastic polyurethane-carbon nanotube composites for electromagnetic interference shielding and thermal management

Optimization of culture conditions for CO2 fixation by a chemoautotrophic microorganism, strain YN-1 using factorial design

The effects of the particle size and structure of various carbon blacks on friction and abrasion behavior of filled natural rubber (NR), styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) and polybutadiene (BR) compounds were investigated using a modified blade abrader. The effect of particle size and structure on abrasion resistance should be considered for the optimum design of desired wear properties. Characteristic parameters were introduced from the particle size and the structure of carbon blacks, with a linear relationship between the Young’s modulus and these characteristic parameters. The frictional coefficient depended not only on the particle size, but also on the structure of carbon black. The rates of abrasion were decreased with increasing surface area and developing structure of carbon blacks. Abrasion rates of the compounds were found to be proportional to a power n of the applied frictional work input. It was also observed that BR compounds caused much slower wear than NR and SBR compounds. The worn surfaces of the rubber compounds filled with carbon black having smaller particle size and a more developed structure showed narrower spaced ridges and better abrasion resistance. It means that smaller particle size and better structure development of carbon black resulted in improved abrasion resistance.

Yang-Il Huh

Papers

Vulcanization kinetics of nitrile rubber/layered clay nanocomposites

Flexible thermoplastic polyurethane-carbon nanotube composites for electromagnetic interference shielding and thermal management

Optimization of culture conditions for CO2 fixation by a chemoautotrophic microorganism, strain YN-1 using factorial design

Effects of particle size and structure of carbon blacks on the abrasion of filled elastomer compounds

A test method to measure fatigue crack growth rate of rubbery materials