Optimization and techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum oil using heterogeneous nanocatalyst.

Current application of MOFs based heterogeneous catalysts in catalyzing transesterification/esterification for biodiesel production: A review

Soybean biodiesel production using synergistic CaO/Ag nano catalyst: Process optimization, kinetic study, and economic evaluation

Acai seed ash as a novel basic heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel synthesis: Optimization of the biodiesel production process

The excessive utilization of petroleum resources leads to global warming, crude oil price fluctuations, and the fast depletion of petroleum reserves. Biodiesel has gained importance over the last few years as a clean, sustainable, and renewable energy source. This review provides knowledge of biodiesel production via transesterification/esterification using different catalysts, their prospects, and their challenges. The intensive research on homogeneous chemical catalysts points to the challenges in using high free fatty acids containing oils, such as waste cooking oils and animal fats. The problems faced are soap formation and the difficulty in product separation. On the other hand, heterogeneous catalysts are more preferable in biodiesel synthesis due to their ease of separation and reusability. However, in-depth studies show the limited activity and selectivity issues. Using biomass waste-based catalysts can reduce the biodiesel production cost as the materials are readily available and cheap. The use of an enzymatic approach has gained precedence in recent times. Additionally, immobilization of these enzymes has also improved the statistics because of their excellent functional properties like easy separation and reusability. However, free/liquid lipases are also growing faster due to better mass transfer with reactants. Biocatalysts are exceptional in good selectivity and mild operational conditions, but attractive features are veiled with the operational costs. Nanocatalysts play a vital role in heterogeneous catalysis and lipase immobilization due to their excellent selectivity, reactivity, faster reaction rates owing to their higher surface area, and easy recovery from the products and reuse for several cycles.

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Yangyang Wang

Papers

Current application of MOFs based heterogeneous catalysts in catalyzing transesterification/esterification for biodiesel production: A review

A novel magnetic CaO-based catalyst synthesis and characterization: Enhancing the catalytic activity and stability of CaO for biodiesel production

Dilute sulfonic acid post functionalized metal organic framework as a heterogeneous acid catalyst for esterification to produce biodiesel

Carbonized MIL−100(Fe) used as support for recyclable solid acid synthesis for biodiesel production

Catalytic Stability Enhancement of Sulfated Metal Oxide by Doping Co on Mil-100(Fe) for Biodiesel Production