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Design Of Analog Cmos Integrated Circuits

The application of structural health monitoring (SHM) systems to civil engineering structures has been a developing studied and practiced topic, that has allowed for a better understanding of structures’ conditions and increasingly lead to a more cost-effective management of those infrastructures In this field, the use of fiber optic sensors has been studied, discussed and practiced with encouraging results The possibility of understanding and monitor the distributed behavior of extensive stretches of critical structures it’s an enormous advantage that distributed fiber optic sensing provides to SHM systems In the past decade, several R & D studies have been performed with the goal of improving the knowledge and developing new techniques associated with the application of distributed optical fiber sensors (DOFS) in order to widen the range of applications of these sensors and also to obtain more correct and reliable data This paper presents, after a brief introduction to the theoretical background of DOFS, the latest developments related with the improvement of these products by presenting a wide range of laboratory experiments as well as an extended review of their diverse applications in civil engineering structures

A review of distributed optical fiber sensors for civil engineering applications

The distribution and characteristics of surface cracking (i.e. sub-surface damage or SSD) formed during standard grinding processes has been investigated on fused silica glass. The SSD distributions of the ground surfaces were determined by: (1) creating a shallow (18-108 {micro}m) wedge/taper on the surface by magneto-rheological finishing; (2) exposing the SSD by HF acid etching; and (3) performing image analysis of the observed cracks from optical micrographs taken along the surface taper. The observed surface cracks are characterized as near-surface lateral and deeper trailing indent type fractures (i.e., chatter marks). The SSD depth distributions are typically described by a single exponential distribution followed by an asymptotic cutoff in depth (c{sub max}). The length of the trailing indent is strongly correlated with a given process. Using established fracture indentation relationships, it is shown that only a small fraction of the abrasive particles are being mechanically loaded and causing fracture, and it is likely the larger particles in the abrasive particle size distribution that bear the higher loads. The SSD depth was observed to increase with load and with a small amount of larger contaminant particles. Using a simple brittle fracture model for grinding, the SSD depth distribution has been related tomore » the SSD length distribution to gain insight into ''effective'' size distribution of particles participating in the fracture. Both the average crack length and the surface roughness were found to scale linearly with the maximum SSD depth (c{sub max}). These relationships can serve as useful rules-of-thumb for nondestructively estimating SSD depth and to identify the process that caused the SSD. In certain applications such as high intensity lasers, SSD on the glass optics can serve as a reservoir for minute amounts of impurities that absorb the high intensity laser light and lead to subsequent laser-induced surface damage. Hence a more scientific understanding of SSD formation can provide a means to establish recipes to fabricate SSD-free, laser damage resistant optical surfaces.« less

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Sub-surface mechanical damage distributions during grinding of fused silica

In the last two decades, a significant number of innovative sensing systems based on optical fiber sensors have been exploited in the engineering community due to their inherent distinctive advantages such as small size, light weight, immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and corrosion, and embedding capability. A lot of optical fiber sensor-based monitoring systems have been developed for continuous measurement and real-time assessment of diversified engineering structures such as bridges, buildings, tunnels, pipelines, wind turbines, railway infrastructure, and geotechnical structures. The purpose of this review article is devoted to presenting a summary of the basic principles of various optical fiber sensors, innovation in sensing and computational methodologies, development of novel optical fiber sensors, and the practical application status of the optical fiber sensing technology in structural health monitoring (SHM) of civil infrastructure.

https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2014/652329.pdf

Structural health monitoring of civil infrastructure using optical fiber sensing technology: a comprehensive review.

The deployment cost of the structural health monitoring (SHM) system is the major argument against the more widespread use of the structural health monitoring techniques. Optimization of sensor pla...

Optimization of sensor placement for structural health monitoring: a review:

A sensing sheet based on large-area electronics consists of a dense array of discrete short-gauge sensor units, integrated
circuits for collecting, analyzing and communicating data, and a flexible photovoltaic system that serves as both a power
harvester and a protective layer. We investigated the sensitivity of thin-film full-bridge strain sensors to cracks, and the
effect of crack position with respect to the sensor. In general, the results of this research show that full-bridge strain
sensors can successfully detect and characterize cracks in structural materials and are therefore good candidates to utilize
in a sensing sheet.

Crack identification based on thin-film full-bridge strain sensors

Submitted for the MAR15 Meeting of The American Physical Society Exploiting the Different Polarity in Piezoresistive Characteristics of Conducting Polymers for Strain Gauge Applications MELDA SEZEN, JEFFREY T. REGISTER, Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, YAO YAO, BRANKO GLISIC, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, YUEH-LIN LOO, Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University — Piezoresistivity defines the change in resistance of a material in response to mechanical stress. We exploited the effects of structural modifications on the piezoresistive properties of conducting polymers, poly(2acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) doped polyaniline, PANI-PAAMPSA, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate), PEDOT:PSS, for strain gauge applications. Under tensile deformation, the resistances of as-cast PANI-PAAMPSA and PEDOT:PSS increase due to increased separation between the electrostatically stabilized conducting polymer particles. Upon solvent annealing in dichloroacetic acid, DCA, PANI-PAAMPSA’s resistance decreases whereas PEDOT:PSS’s resistance still increases with tension. While DCA treatment reduces the electrostatic interactions between PANI and PAAMPSA, it only removes the PSS overlayer in PEDOT:PSS. The change in the polarity of PANI-PAAMPSA’s piezoresistivity is attributed to the unlocking of the globular structure of the assynthesized conducting polymer complex with DCA-treatment, which then enables strain-induced crystallization on deformation. By tuning the piezoresistive characteristics of the polymers through structural modification, we can design strain gauge circuits for monitoring the conditions of civil structures. Melda Sezen Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University Date submitted: 12 Nov 2014 Electronic form version 1.4

http://absimage.aps.org/image/MAR15/MWS_MAR15-2014-001872.pdf

Exploiting the Different Polarity in Piezoresistive Characteristics of Conducting Polymers for Strain Gauge Applications

Large-area electronics combined with integrated circuits into a strain sensing sheets


 In this paper, flexible substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) resonators have been designed and fabricated on polyimide substrates for humidity sensing applications. The proposed SIW resonant cavity allows the resonator to obtain the maximum humidity sensitivity and meet the demand for flexible microwave sensing detection. Meanwhile, the humidity response performance can be further significantly enhanced by introducing nanodiamond (ND) sensing material. Three prototypes of ND-coated SIW sensors with different bending radii are measured to analyze their humidity sensing performance. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed ND-coated SIW sensor with the minimum bending radius can achieve a maximum humidity sensitivity of 1.09 MHz/% relative humidity (RH) in the high RH region (>75.3% RH) and a low humidity hysteresis of 1.8% in the range of 11.3–97.3% RH. This study provides a promising candidate to realize flexible microwave sensors with excellent sensing performance.

Yao Yao

Papers

Crack identification based on thin-film full-bridge strain sensors

Exploiting the Different Polarity in Piezoresistive Characteristics of Conducting Polymers for Strain Gauge Applications

Large-area electronics combined with integrated circuits into a strain sensing sheets

Flexible SIW humidity sensors based on nanodiamond sensing films