https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2019/NP/C8NP00092A

Marine natural products.

Evolution of Protein Molecules

This book describes the present state of knowledge regarding the impact of cyanobacteria on health through the use of water. It considers aspects of risk management and details the information needed for protecting drinking water sources and recreational water bodies from the health hazards caused by cyanobacteria and their toxins. It also outlines the state of knowledge regarding the principal considerations in the design of programmes and studies for monitoring water resources and supplies and describes the approaches and procedures used.
The development of this publication was guided by the recommendations of several expert meetings concerning drinking water (Geneva, December 1995; Bad Elster, June
1996) and recreational water (Bad Elster, June 1996; St Helier, May 1997). An expert meeting in Bad Elster, April 1997, critically reviewed the literature concerning the toxicity of cyanotoxins and developed the scope and content of this book. A draft manuscript was reviewed at an editorial meeting in November 1997, and a further draft was
reviewed by the working group responsible for updating the Guidelines for Drinkingwater Quality in March 1998.

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Toxic cyanobacteria in water: a guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management.

1. NEILSON A.H. & LEWIN R.A. 1974. The uptake and uti­ lization of organic carbon by algae: an essay in compar­ ative biochemistry (including the addenda by N.J. Antia). Phycologia 13: 227-264. 2. PROCfOR V.W. 1975. The nature of charophyte species. Phycologia 14: 97-113. 3. HOEK C. VAN DEN 1975. Phytogeographic provinces along the coasts of the northern Atlantic Ocean. Phycologia 14: 317-330. 4. JO HANSEN H. W. 1976. Current status of generic concepts in coralline algae (Rhodophyta). Phycologia 15: 221-244. 5. W YNNE M.J. & LoISEAUX S. 1976. Recent advances in life history studies of the Phaeophyta. Phycologia 15: 435452. 6. STARKS T.L., SHUBERT L.E. & T RAINOR F.R. 1981. Ecol­ ogy of soil algae: a review. Phycologia 20: 65-80. 7. MOESTRUP 0. 1982. Flagellar structure in algae. A review with observations particularly on the Chrysophyceae, Phaeophyceae (Fucophyceae), Euglenophyceae and Reck­ ertia. Phycologia 21: 427-528. 8. WOELKERLING WM J. 1983. The Audouinella (Acrochae­ tium-Rhodochorton) complex (Rhodophyta): present per­ spectives. Phycologia 22: 59-92. 9. STEIN J.R. & BORDEN c.A. 1984. Causative and beneficial algae in human disease conditions: a review. Phycologia 23: 485-50 1. 10. HOSHAW R. W. & MCCOURT R.M. 1988. The Zygnema­ taceae (Chlorophyta): a twenty-year update of research. Phycologia 27: 511-548. II. ANTIA N.J., H ARRI SON P.J. & OLIVEIRA L. 1991. The role of dissolved organic nitrogen in phytoplankton nutrition, cell biology and ecology. Phycologia 30: 1-89. 12. KAPRAUN D.F. 1993. Karyology of marine green algae. Phycologia 32: 1-21.

A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase

In studying the evolution of organic chemistry and grasping its essence, one comes quickly to the conclusion that no other type of reaction plays as large a role in shaping this domain of science than carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. The Grignard, Diels-Alder, and Wittig reactions are but three prominent examples of such processes, and are among those which have undeniably exercised decisive roles in the last century in the emergence of chemical synthesis as we know it today. In the last quarter of the 20th century, a new family of carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions based on transition-metal catalysts evolved as powerful tools in synthesis. Among them, the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are the most prominent. In this Review, highlights of a number of selected syntheses are discussed. The examples chosen demonstrate the enormous power of these processes in the art of total synthesis and underscore their future potential in chemical synthesis.

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in total synthesis.

Diarrhetic shellfish toxins

More than 20 analogues of saxitoxin occur naturally. An accurate analytical method applicable to all saxitoxins is required because of the recent findings that decarbamoyl toxins and C (N- sulfocarbamoyl-11-hydroxysulfate) toxins are metabolites of marine animals or major products of some dinoflagellate species. Almost all the toxins could be determined by ion-interaction chromatography on a silica-based reversed-phase (C 8 ) column with postcolumn periodate oxidation and fluorescence detection. Toxin groups of different net charges were separately determined by isocratic elution using different mobile phases. For determination of the saxitoxin group (net charge, 2+) and the gonyautoxin group (net charge, 1+), use of 1-heptanesulfonate as counterion, with or without acetonitrile in the mobile phase, resulted in resolution of decarbamoyl toxins from their carbamate analogues. C toxins having both N-sulfocarbamoyl and 11-hydroxysulfate moieties on the same molecule were completely resolved using the tetrabutylammonium ion. High sensitivity with detection limits ranging from 20 to 110 fmol were achieved as a result of reduced band broadening and optimized reaction conditions. For applications to biological matrixes, a cleanup procedure using a C 18 solid-phase extraction cartridge was effective in preventing false peaks. When applied to low-toxicity shellfish, the liquid chromatographic method gave higher values than the standard mouse bioassay, because of underestimation by the bioassay

Postcolumn derivatization liquid chromatographic method for paralytic shellfish toxins

Harmful and toxic algal blooms

A series of food poisonings resulting from eating mussels and scallops harvested in the Tohoku District occurred in late June of both 1976 and 1977. A total of 164 persons were officially documented to have suffiered severe vomiting and diarrhea. Toxicity studies using mouse assay on the left-over foods and on shellfishes from the areas where the causative specimens were harvested revealed the presence of an unknown fat-soluble toxin in the hepatopancreas of the shellfishes. The dominant symptoms in human cases were diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The onset time of these symptoms ranged from 30 minutes to a few hours after ingestion and the victims recovered after three days without any ill effects. Epidemiological data indicated that as little as 12 MU of toxin was enough to induce a mild form of poisoning in humans. In 1976 this remarkable toxicity of shellfishes was recognized only in the areas around Motoyoshi-cho, Miyagi Prefecture. In 1977, however, the toxic region spread along a 100 km stretch of Sanriku Coast from Onagawa Bay, Miyagi Prefecture, to Okirai Bay, Iwate Prefecture. In addition, shellfishes in Mutsu Bay, Aomori Prefecture and in Funka Bay, Hokkaido, also bore the toxin.

Yasukatsu Oshima

Papers

Diarrhetic shellfish toxins

Postcolumn derivatization liquid chromatographic method for paralytic shellfish toxins

Harmful and toxic algal blooms

Occurrence of a new type of shellfish poisoning in the Tohoku district.

The first evidence of paralytic shellfish toxins in the freshwater cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, isolated from Brazil