We review recent works on the synthesis and application of poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs). Novel chemical structures, different synthetic strategies and controllable morphologies are introduced as a supplement to PIL systems already reported. The primary properties determining applications, such as ionic conductivity, aqueous solubility, thermodynamic stability and electrochemical/chemical durability, are discussed. Furthermore, the near-term applications of PILs in multiple fields, such as their use in electrochemical energy materials, stimuli-responsive materials, carbon materials, and antimicrobial materials, in catalysis, in sensors, in absorption and in separation materials, as well as several special-interest applications, are described in detail. We also discuss the limitations of PIL applications, efforts to improve PIL physics, and likely future developments.

Frontiers in poly(ionic liquid)s: syntheses and applications

Ionic liquid with acidic properties is an important branch in the wide ionic liquid field and the aim of this article is to cover all aspects of these acidic ionic liquids, especially focusing on the developments in the last four years. The structural diversity and synthesis of acidic ionic liquids are discussed in the introduction sections of this review. In addition, an unambiguous classification system for various types of acidic ionic liquids is presented in the introduction. The physical properties including acidity, thermo-physical properties, ionic conductivity, spectroscopy, and computational studies on acidic ionic liquids are covered in the next sections. The final section provides a comprehensive review on applications of acidic ionic liquids in a wide array of fields including catalysis, CO2 fixation, ionogel, electrolyte, fuel-cell, membrane, biomass processing, biodiesel synthesis, desulfurization of gasoline/diesel, metal processing, and metal electrodeposition.

Acidic Ionic Liquids.

Electrochemical sensor and biosensor platforms based on advanced nanomaterials for biological and biomedical applications.

Biosensors with high sensitivity, selectivity and a low limit of detection, reaching nano/picomolar concentrations of biomolecules, are important to the medical sciences and healthcare industry for evaluating physiological and metabolic parameters. Over the last decade, different nanomaterials have been exploited to design highly efficient biosensors for the detection of analyte biomolecules. The discovery of graphene has spectacularly accelerated research on fabricating low-cost electrode materials because of its unique physical properties, including high specific surface area, high carrier mobility, high electrical conductivity, flexibility, and optical transparency. Graphene and its oxygenated derivatives, including graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), are becoming an important class of nanomaterials in the field of biosensors. The presence of oxygenated functional groups makes GO nanosheets strongly hydrophilic, facilitating chemical functionalization. Graphene, GO and rGO nanosheets can be easily combined with various types of inorganic nanoparticles, including metals, metal oxides, semiconducting nanoparticles, quantum dots, organic polymers and biomolecules, to create a diverse range of graphene-based nanocomposites with enhanced sensitivity for biosensor applications. This review summarizes the advances in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) graphene-based nanocomposites as emerging electrochemical and fluorescent biosensing platforms for the detection of a wide range of biomolecules with enhanced sensitivity, selectivity and a low limit of detection. The biofunctionalization and nanocomposite formation processes of graphene-based materials and their unique properties, surface functionalization, enzyme immobilization strategies, covalent immobilization, physical adsorption, biointeractions and direct electron transfer (DET) processes are discussed in connection with the design and fabrication of biosensors. The enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions on graphene-based nanocomposite surfaces for glucose- and cholesterol-related electrochemical biosensors are analyzed. This review covers a very broad range of graphene-based electrochemical and fluorescent biosensors for the detection of glucose, cholesterol, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), genes, enzymes, cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), cancer biomarkers, pathogenic microorganisms, food toxins, toxic heavy metal ions, mycotoxins, and pesticides. The sensitivity and selectivity of graphene-based electrochemical and fluorescent biosensors are also examined with respect to interfering analytes present in biological systems. Finally, the future outlook for the development of graphene based biosensing technology is outlined.

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A review on graphene-based nanocomposites for electrochemical and fluorescent biosensors

Applications of conducting polymer composites to electrochemical sensors: A review

Poly(ionic liquids) functionalized polypyrrole/graphene oxide nanosheets for electrochemical sensor to detect dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid

Vertically aligned TiO2 nanorod arrays (NRAs) modified with Ag2S quantum dots (QDs) have been successfully prepared via a successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) process. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectra and surface photovoltage (SPV) measurements reveal that the Ag2S sensitization extends the range of the photoresponse of the TiO2 NRAs to the visible region and exhibits higher photovoltage responses. With a polysulfide electrolyte, a maximum conversion efficiency of 0.148% with a superior Jsc of 1.177 mA cm−2 are obtained after 6 SILAR cycles under illumination at 100 mW cm−2. These results indicate that the Ag2S QDs/TiO2 NRAs photoelectrode has a promising application in solar cells.

Photoelectrical properties of Ag2S quantum dot-modified TiO2 nanorod arrays and their application for photovoltaic devices

Enhanced catalytic activity of Ag nanoparticles supported on polyacrylamide/polypyrrole/graphene oxide nanosheets for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol

We reported a novel BiOI/mesoporous TiO2 photoanode for solar cells, which was fabricated with BiOI attached onto a three-dimensional mesoporous TiO2 film by a chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. BiOI was revealed as an efficient and environmental friendly semiconductor sensitizer to make TiO2 respond to visible light. Based on this photoanode, mesoporous TiO2-based solar cell sensitized by BiOI exhibited promising photovoltaic performance. Meanwhile, the optimization of photovoltaic performance was also achieved by varying cycles of deposition immersions. The highest open circuit voltage and short circuit current of the solar cell can reach 0.5 V and 1.5 mA/cm(2), respectively.

Mesoporous TiO2-Based Photoanode Sensitized by BiOI and Investigation of Its Photovoltaic Behavior.

Two kinds of Ni(OH)2 nanostructures, including thin nanosheets (NSs) with a thickness of 15–20 nm and very small nanoparticles (NPs) with a diameter of 2–3 nm, were immobilized on polypyrrole/graph...

Yu Zhang

Papers

Poly(ionic liquids) functionalized polypyrrole/graphene oxide nanosheets for electrochemical sensor to detect dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid

Photoelectrical properties of Ag2S quantum dot-modified TiO2 nanorod arrays and their application for photovoltaic devices

Enhanced catalytic activity of Ag nanoparticles supported on polyacrylamide/polypyrrole/graphene oxide nanosheets for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol

Mesoporous TiO2-Based Photoanode Sensitized by BiOI and Investigation of Its Photovoltaic Behavior.

Hierarchical Ni(OH)2/Polypyrrole/Graphene Oxide Nanosheets as Excellent Electrocatalysts for the Oxidation of Urea