Energy storage using batteries offers a solution to the intermittent nature of energy production from renewable sources; however, such technology must be sustainable. This Review discusses battery development from a sustainability perspective, considering the energy and environmental costs of state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries and the design of new systems beyond Li-ion. Images: batteries, car, globe: © iStock/Thinkstock.

Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage

Since the discovery of mechanically exfoliated graphene in 2004, research on ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials has grown exponentially in the fields of condensed matter physics, material science, chemistry, and nanotechnology. Highlighting their compelling physical, chemical, electronic, and optical properties, as well as their various potential applications, in this Review, we summarize the state-of-art progress on the ultrathin 2D nanomaterials with a particular emphasis on their recent advances. First, we introduce the unique advances on ultrathin 2D nanomaterials, followed by the description of their composition and crystal structures. The assortments of their synthetic methods are then summarized, including insights on their advantages and limitations, alongside some recommendations on suitable characterization techniques. We also discuss in detail the utilization of these ultrathin 2D nanomaterials for wide ranges of potential applications among the electronics/optoelectronics, electrocat...

Recent Advances in Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

Electrolytes and interphases in Li-ion batteries and beyond.

Energy density is the main property of rechargeable batteries that has driven the entire technology forward in past decades. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) now surpass other, previously competitive battery types (for example, lead–acid and nickel metal hydride) but still require extensive further improvement to, in particular, extend the operation hours of mobile IT devices and the driving mileages of all-electric vehicles. In this Review, we present a critical overview of a wide range of post-LIB materials and systems that could have a pivotal role in meeting such demands. We divide battery systems into two categories: near-term and long-term technologies. To provide a realistic and balanced perspective, we describe the operating principles and remaining issues of each post-LIB technology, and also evaluate these materials under commercial cell configurations. Post-lithium-ion batteries are reviewed with a focus on their operating principles, advantages and the challenges that they face. The volumetric energy density of each battery is examined using a commercial pouch-cell configuration to evaluate its practical significance and identify appropriate research directions.

Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities

Metal Oxides and Oxysalts as Anode Materials for Li Ion Batteries

The thermodynamic properties of magnesium make it a natural choice for use as an anode material in rechargeable batteries, because it may provide a considerably higher energy density than the commonly used lead-acid and nickel-cadmium systems Moreover, in contrast to lead and cadmium, magnesium is inexpensive, environmentally friendly and safe to handle But the development of Mg batteries has been hindered by two problems First, owing to the chemical activity of Mg, only solutions that neither donate nor accept protons are suitable as electrolytes; but most of these solutions allow the growth of passivating surface films, which inhibit any electrochemical reaction Second, the choice of cathode materials has been limited by the difficulty of intercalating Mg ions in many hosts Following previous studies of the electrochemistry of Mg electrodes in various non-aqueous solutions, and of a variety of intercalation electrodes, we have now developed rechargeable Mg battery systems that show promise for applications The systems comprise electrolyte solutions based on Mg organohaloaluminate salts, and Mg(x)Mo3S4 cathodes, into which Mg ions can be intercalated reversibly, and with relatively fast kinetics We expect that further improvements in the energy density will make these batteries a viable alternative to existing systems

Prototype systems for rechargeable magnesium batteries

On the electrochemical behavior of magnesium electrodes in polar aprotic electrolyte solutions

SnO2 semiconductor nanoparticles were synthesized by an ultrasonic irradiation of an aqueous solution of SnCl4 and azodicarbonamide under ambient air. These nanoparticles are ∼3−5 nm in size, as calculated using the Debye−Scherrer formula, and as observed by TEM. The SnO2 nanoparticles were also characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), reflection spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), DSC, and TGA. The band gap was calculated from reflection spectroscopy. Electrochemical tests were performed using the SnO2 nanoparticles as the electrode's materials in nonaqueous Li salt solutions. The results showed promising reversibility, cycle life and high capacity for lithium insertion into the SnO2 nanoparticles.

Sonochemical Synthesis of SnO2 Nanoparticles and Their Preliminary Study as Li Insertion Electrodes

Application of finite-diffusion models for the interpretation of chronoamperometric and electrochemical impedance responses of thin lithium insertion V2O5 electrodes

Slow-scan rate cyclic voltammetry (SSCV) and chronopotentiometry were used for a quantitative comparison of the thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of Li + and Mg 2+ -ion insertion into the Mo 6 S 8 chevrel phase compound. The Li-insertion process consists mainly of three stages with the relative stoichiometries 1:2:1, corresponding to the formation of Li 1 Mo 6 S 8 , Li 3 Mo 6 S 8 , and Li 4 Mo 6 S 8 , respectively. The kinetics of the intercalation is relatively fast. Mg-ion insertion was found to have the stoichiometry 2:2, i.e., Mg 1 Mo 6 S 8 and Mg 2 Mo 6 S 8 are formed. The initial magnesiation and the final demagnesiation of the chevrel phase (Mo 6 S 8 ↔ Mg 1 Mo 6 S 8 ) reveal intrinsically slow kinetics, accompanied by a substantial decrease in the intercalation level. This probably results from a low ionic conductivity of the electrode bulk caused by both small concentration and low mobility of the Mg ion in this potential region, related to the sites that the Mg intercalants occupy in the Mg x Mo 6 S 8 phase. A moderate increase in temperature results in a drastic increase of ion mobility. In Mg(AlCl (4-n) R n ) 2 solution, the difference of the two sequential insertions of Mg ion into the chevrel phase was found to be 0.26 V, i.e., by 0.08 V lower than that for the insertion of Li ion.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.1758811/pdf

Z. Lu

Papers

Prototype systems for rechargeable magnesium batteries

On the electrochemical behavior of magnesium electrodes in polar aprotic electrolyte solutions

Sonochemical Synthesis of SnO2 Nanoparticles and Their Preliminary Study as Li Insertion Electrodes

Application of finite-diffusion models for the interpretation of chronoamperometric and electrochemical impedance responses of thin lithium insertion V2O5 electrodes

Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Mg2 + and Li + Ion Insertion into the Mo6 S 8 Chevrel Phase