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In this Review, we aim to provide an updated summary of the research related to hollow micro- and nanostructures, covering both their synthesis and their applications. After a brief introduction to the definition and classification of the hollow micro-/nanostructures, we discuss various synthetic strategies that can be grouped into three major categories, including hard templating, soft templating, and self-templating synthesis. For both hard and soft templating strategies, we focus on how different types of templates are generated and then used for creating hollow structures. At the end of each section, the structural and morphological control over the product is discussed. For the self-templating strategy, we survey a number of unconventional synthetic methods, such as surface-protected etching, Ostwald ripening, the Kirkendall effect, and galvanic replacement. We then discuss the unique properties and niche applications of the hollow structures in diverse fields, including micro-/nanocontainers and rea...

Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Hollow Micro-/Nanostructures

A low-cost high-performance solid-state flexible asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) with α-MnO2 nanowires and amorphous Fe2O3 nanotubes grown on flexible carbon fabric is first designed and fabricated. The assembled novel flexible ASC device with an extended operating voltage window of 1.6 V exhibits excellent performance such as a high energy density of 0.55 mWh/cm3 and good rate capability. The ASC devices can find numerous applications as effective power sources, such as powering color-switchable sun glasses and smart windows.

Low-Cost High-Performance Solid-State Asymmetric Supercapacitors Based on MnO2 Nanowires and Fe2O3 Nanotubes

The voltage limit for aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors is usually 2 V, which impedes further improvement in energy density. Here, high Na content Birnessite Na0.5 MnO2 nanosheet assembled nanowall arrays are in situ formed on carbon cloth via electrochemical oxidation. It is interesting to find that the electrode potential window for Na0.5 MnO2 nanowall arrays can be extended to 0-1.3 V (vs Ag/AgCl) with significantly increased specific capacitance up to 366 F g-1 . The extended potential window for the Na0.5 MnO2 electrode provides the opportunity to further increase the cell voltage of aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors beyond 2 V. To construct the asymmetric supercapacitor, carbon-coated Fe3 O4 nanorod arrays are synthesized as the anode and can stably work in a negative potential window of -1.3 to 0 V (vs Ag/AgCl). For the first time, a 2.6 V aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor is demonstrated by using Na0.5 MnO2 nanowall arrays as the cathode and carbon-coated Fe3 O4 nanorod arrays as the anode. In particular, the 2.6 V Na0.5 MnO2 //Fe3 O4 @C asymmetric supercapacitor exhibits a large energy density of up to 81 Wh kg-1 as well as excellent rate capability and cycle performance, outperforming previously reported MnO2 -based supercapacitors. This work provides new opportunities for developing high-voltage aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors with further increased energy density.

High-Performance 2.6 V Aqueous Asymmetric Supercapacitors based on In Situ Formed Na0.5MnO2 Nanosheet Assembled Nanowall Arrays

Solid-state electrolytes are known for nonflammability, dendrite blocking, and stability over large potential windows. Garnet-based solid-state electrolytes have attracted much attention for their high ionic conductivities and stability with lithium metal anodes. However, high-interface resistance with lithium anodes hinders their application to lithium metal batteries. Here, we demonstrate an ultrathin, conformal ZnO surface coating by atomic layer deposition for improved wettability of garnet solid-state electrolytes to molten lithium that significantly decreases the interface resistance to as low as ∼20 Ω·cm2. The ZnO coating demonstrates a high reactivity with lithium metal, which is systematically characterized. As a proof-of-concept, we successfully infiltrated lithium metal into porous garnet electrolyte, which can potentially serve as a self-supported lithium metal composite anode having both high ionic and electrical conductivity for solid-state lithium metal batteries. The facile surface treatme...

Conformal, Nanoscale ZnO Surface Modification of Garnet-Based Solid-State Electrolyte for Lithium Metal Anodes.

Single-crystal tetragonal α-MnO2 nanotubes have been successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal treatment of KMnO4 in the hydrochloric acid solution. The sample has been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and orientation dependent Raman spectroscopy, which indicates the nanotubes have high-quality crystalline and shape-dependent optical properties. The morphology evolution of the sample reveals that the nanotubes are formed via the solid nanorod by a chemical etching process.

Synthesis of Single-Crystal Tetragonal α-MnO2 Nanotubes

Birnessite-type MnO2 nanowalls have been fabricated on Si(111) substrate by a facile solution method. The XRD pattern indicates that the sample has the typical feature of turbostratic disorder and prefers to grow in the ab plane. The nanowalls are composed of thin flakes distributing uniformly over the surface of the Si(111) substrate. A magnetic transition temperature of 9.2 K is determined. Prominent magnetic anisotropy with the easy magnetization direction in the ab plane is observed at 5 K.

Birnessite-type MnO2 Nanowalls and Their Magnetic Properties

Thermodynamic assessment of the Ti-B system

In the present study, we report a facile hydrothermal route developed to synthesize various 1D tellurium nanostructures including nanotubes, nanowires, and nanorods on a large scale. Te nanotubes with a tunable diameter from 200 nm to 2 μm are fabricated in NaOH solution. With poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) as the surfactant, ultrathin Te nanowires with a diameter of 5−8 nm are synthesized in NaOH solution. However, in both cases, only Te nanorods are obtained if NaOH is not added. The formation of Te nanotubes is attributed to the depletion of Te atoms at the surface of seeds. The influence of the reaction conditions including pH value, reaction temperature, reducing agent, and reactant concentration on the size and morphology of the Te nanostructures is investigated and the structural evolution with different growth rate is illustrated. A reduction reaction rate controlled growth mechanism has been proposed for the variable nanostructures. In addition, the obtained Te nanostructures are ideal templates to synt...

Zhenmin Du

Papers

Synthesis of Single-Crystal Tetragonal α-MnO2 Nanotubes

Birnessite-type MnO2 Nanowalls and Their Magnetic Properties

Thermodynamic assessment of the Ti-B system

Controlled Synthesis of Tellurium Nanostructures from Nanotubes to Nanorods and Nanowires and Their Template Applications

Thermodynamic optimization of the Cu–Sn and Cu–Nb–Sn systems