Showing papers by "Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada published in 1976"
TL;DR: The close biogenetic relations between the compounds are discussed, and their possible biological function as antifungal agents (“phytoalexins”) is considered.
156 citations
TL;DR: Studies with crosses of inbred chicken lines demonstrate that resistance to Marek's disease, a herpesvirus-induced lymphoma of chickens, is associated with an allele (B21) of the major histocompatibility locus (theB locus), the first genetic marker for resistance to herpesv virus-induced neoplastic disease.
Abstract: Studies with crosses of inbred chicken lines demonstrate that resistance to Marek's disease, a herpesvirus-induced lymphoma of chickens, is associated with an allele (B
21) of the major histocompatibility locus (theB locus) TheB
21 allele is thus the first genetic marker for resistance to herpesvirus-induced neoplastic disease, and our studies suggest the means whereby similar associations might be found in man
93 citations
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: A few plant-parasitic fungi, of which the rusts are by far the largest, make no saprophytic growth in nature; and they are therefore firmly tied, and generally closely adapted, to the environment of their hosts.
Abstract: Many plant-parasitic fungi have an ability to grow saprophytically for at least a part of their life cycle. Thus they are not completely dependent on an environment favorable to their plants. But a few groups, of which the rusts (Uredinales) are by far the largest, make no saprophytic growth in nature;1 and they are therefore firmly tied, and generally closely adapted, to the environment of their hosts.
87 citations
TL;DR: Chromosomal analyses of 30 day-14 and four day-15 bovine embryos attempted from direct preparations of excised trophoblast cells prior to their surgical transfer singly to recipient heifers suggested that the ability to sex was related to an increased chance of embryo survival after transfer.
83 citations
TL;DR: The persistence of a component after reduction by phosphine and the subsequent reduction of this component by dithionite suggests that phosphine primarily reduced only one comonent of the cytochrome a a3 complex.
61 citations
TL;DR: The particular importance of the nematocerous Diptera, and especially the Chironomidae, as hosts of larval water mites is demonstrated, primarily on the basis of new data.
Abstract: Data on the parasitic associations of larval water mites with imaginal aquatic insects are reviewed. Documented associations now are known for larvae of 47 genera of water mites in 23 families representing all seven superfamilies. The particular importance of the nematocerous Diptera, and especially the Chironomidae, as hosts of larval water mites is demonstrated, primarily on the basis of new data. New insights into the evolution of parasitic behaviour patterns in larval water mites are discussed.
53 citations
TL;DR: The system described utilizes the abdominal integument of the grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes as the tissue and radioactive glucose, glucosamine or UDP-N-acetyl glucosamines as substrate and a micromethod is described that makes it possible to use as little as 2 μl total volume of incubation.
34 citations
TL;DR: Tests were done on adults of Hylemya antique (Meigen) to determine the susceptibility of 3 field strains relative to susceptible and cyclodiene-resistant laboratory strains to representative organochlorine, organophosphorus, and carbamate insecticides.
Abstract: Tests were done on adults of Hylemya antique (Meigen) to determine the susceptibility of 3 field strains relative to susceptible and cyclodiene-resistant laboratory strains to representative organochlorine, organophosphorus, and carbamate insecticides. Cultures were established from larvae collected at Gun Marsh (1965 and 1972) and Grant, Mich., and Holland Marsh, Ontario (1972). All 3 strains showed intermediate levels of resistance to aldrin, low but significant levels of resistance to DDT (× 1.7–× 2.4), several organophosphorus (OP) insecticidcs including parathion, ethion, VC-13 ( 0 -2,4-dichlorophenyl O, O -diethyl phosphorothioate), fensulfothion, fonofos, chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, malathion, and naled (× 1.4–× 6.5) and a 3-, to 6-fold level of resistance to the carbamate, carbofuran. The Gun Marsh strain was more resistant to OP insecticides in 1972 than in 1965. In 1972, the Grant strain was generally the most resistant of the 3 strains to OP insecticides.
31 citations
TL;DR: The genus Ismarus Haliday of the New World is revised, and 16 new species are new, of which the following 16 are new: I .
Abstract: The genus Ismarus Haliday of the New World is revised. Twenty-one species are recognized, described, and keyed, of which the following 16 are new: I. brevicornis n. sp. ♂ (Mexico), I. clarkae n. sp. ♀ (Canada), I. dux n. sp. ♂ (Panama, Costa Rica), I. flavicrus n. sp. ♀ (Mexico), I. flavigena n. sp. ♂ (Canada, U.S.A.), I. gibsoni n. sp. ♀ (Canada, U.S.A.), I. gracilis n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Mexico, Panama), I. helavai n. sp. ♀ (Panama), I. masoni n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Mexico), I. mexicanus n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Mexico), I. neotropicus n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Brazil), I. porteri n. sp. ♂ (Argentina), I. orion n. sp. ♀ (Mexico), I. rex n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Mexico), I. varicornis n. sp. ♀ (Brazil), and I. vigil n. sp. ♂ (U.S.A.). The hitherto unknown males of I. americanus Fouts and I. nevadensis Kieff. are described. I. rugulosus Foerst., I. halidayi Foerst., and I. flavicornis (Thorns.), previously known from Europe, are recorded from Canada and the U.S.A. Higher classification, interrelationships, and world distribution of Ismarus are discussed.
29 citations
TL;DR: The enzyme from leaves of cold-hardened rye plants was more stable between pH 7.75 and 8.3 and more stable at −25°C and less sensitive to SDS and more sensitive to urea than the same enzyme from unhardened plants.
28 citations
TL;DR: The present experiments were designed to determine if similar 14-nm virus-like particles could be isolated from hamster brains infected with scrapie agent and, if so, if the 14- nm virus- like particles induce scrapie in mice and hamsters.
Abstract: THE nature of the scrapie agent has been obscure for many years. It is not known whether it is a virus in a strict sense, some replicating agent which is devoid of nucleic acid1,2, or a transmissible self-replicating cellular membrane3,4. In previous experiments with the Chandler strain of the scrapie agent, numerous 14-nm virus-like particles were isolated5 from infected mouse brains using repeated fluorocarbon extraction procedures which have been used for the isolation of Aleutian disease virus from infected mink tissues6,7. The present experiments were designed; first, to determine if similar 14-nm virus-like particles could be isolated from hamster brains infected with scrapie agent; and second, to determine if the 14-nm virus-like particles induce scrapie in mice and hamsters.
TL;DR: In this article, a Varian Techtron model 63 carbon rod atomizer is used for the atomic absorption spectrometric determination of nanogram quantities of selenium and the detection limit is 25 ng Se g −1.
TL;DR: Development was more rapid at 27 °C, with the complete life cycle taking only 37 days, while the prepupal and pupal stages lasted 3.7 and 9.4 days respectively.
Abstract: Laboratory studies on the biology of the carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte), were performed at 21° and 27 °C. At 21 °C females laid eggs for 88 days on carrot slices and 94 days on foliage. Egg production per female averaged 156 and 175 on slices and leaves respectively. Eggs hatched after 8.3 days incubation and the larval stage comprising four instars was completed in 19.1 days. The prepupal and pupal stages lasted 3.7 and 9.4 days respectively. The complete life cycle including an average preoviposition period of 17 days was 57.6 days. Development was more rapid at 27 °C, with the complete life cycle taking only 37 days.
TL;DR: In this paper, the extracted proteins were subjected to dissociating conditions and examined for molecular weight distribution by SDS gel electrophoresis and for isoelectric point patterns by gel electrofocusing.
Abstract: Rapeseed meal was extracted in water, in 5% NaCI, or in 5% CaCl2 at pH values ranging from 2.5 to 11.0. The extracted proteins were subjected to dissociating conditions and examined for molecular weight distribution by SDS gel electrophoresis and for isoelectric point patterns by gel electrofocusing. The pH solubility profiles demonstrated the relatively high solubility of rapeseed protein over the acidic pH range and consequently, the difficulty of protein isolate production by traditional oilseed technology. Electrofocusing resolved over 30 protein species which SDS electrophoresis showed to be mainly distributed among only 3 molecular weight groupings.
TL;DR: First generation adults of strains of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) collected from 4 locations in southwestern Ontario showed no evidence of resistance to azinphosmethyl, phosmet, methamidophos, carbaryl or carbofuran, but two of the 4 were resistant to endosulfan.
Abstract: First generation adults of strains of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) collected from 4 locations in southwestern Ontario showed no evidence of resistance to azinphosmethyl, phosmet, methamidophos, carbaryl or carbofuran. Two of the 4 were resistant to endosulfan. Subsequent dosage-mortality studies using 3rd stage larvae of a susceptible and 1 endosulfan-resistant strain indicated the latter also was resistant to aldrin, endrin, and DDT. Relative susceptibility of larvae of the 2 strains to azinphosmethyl, chlorfenvinphos, carbaryl, and carbofuran was similar. Forty insecticides were screened against 3rd stage larvae and adults of the susceptible strain. Of materials presently recommended for use in Ontario carbofuran was the most effective larvicide > endosulfan > azinphosmethyl > carbaryl > phosmet > methamidophos. The experimental insecticides, Shell WL 41706 (alpha-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2, 2, 3, 3-tetramethylcyclopropane carboxylate), Shell WL 43775 (alpha-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-l-butyrate, chlorfenvinphos, and oxamyl were as or more effective than carbofuran or endosulfan. Endosulfan was the most toxic contact adulticide > carbofuran > azinphosmethyl > phosmet > carbaryl > methamidophos. WL 41706 and WL 43775 were more toxic than endosulfan.
TL;DR: Mycoplasma-like organisms of diverse forms and sizes were observed in ultrathin sections of pellets of purified preparations obtained from clover phyllody-affected plants, suggesting replication of the cells by budding and/or binary fission.
TL;DR: A number of species of Brassica and Sinapis are important cultivated plants or weeds in Canada, and since seed of these annual crops may contain seed of one or more weedy Brassica orSinapis, it is important to be able to identify seed of the different Brassica.
Abstract: A number of species of Brassica and Sinapis are important cultivated plants or weeds in Canada. Turnip Rapeseed, B. campestris L., and Swede Rapeseed, B. napus L., were grown on 3,200 acres in Canada during 1943 1944, but by 1969 1970 the acreage had increased to 2,012,000 (Downey et al. 1970). In 1969 1970, 37,020,800 bushels of rapeseed were produced on the Canadian prairies. In 1969 1970, 200,000 acres of White Mustard, S. alba L. and Indian Mustard, B. juncea (L.) Czern. were also grown in the three prairie provinces. Other species of Brassica commonly cultivated in Canada are: Turnip (B. campestris), Black Mustard (B. nigra (L.) Koch), and Kale, Cabbage, Kohlrabi, Brussels Sprouts, Cauliflower and Broccoli (all varieties of B. oleracea L.). In addition, Wild Mustard, S. arvensis L., and Bird Rape, B. campestris, are serious weeds in Canada and Indian Mustard, B. juncea, Black Mustard, B. nigra, and Swede Rape, B. napus, are occasionally weedy (Frankton & Mulligan 1970; Mulligan & Bailey 1975). Wild Mustard and Bird Rape are frequently weeds in cultivated fields of Brassica, Sinapis and other annual crops. In addition, cultivated Brassica and Sinapis volunteer as weeds in other annual crops, including fields sown to other cultivated Brassica and Sinapis. Since seed of these annual crops may contain seed of one or more weedy Brassica or Sinapis, it is important to be able to identify seed of the different Brassica and Sinapis. Although morphological differences are outlined in Musil (1948), McGugan (1948)
TL;DR: The reactions occurring in the organs and tissues of the lower respiratory system moving from the larger to small air pathways and via the alveoli to the vascular elements of the lungs are discussed.
TL;DR: The clinical, anatomical and cytogenetic findings in a 6-month-old, male pseudohermaphrodite, Arabian horse are described.
Abstract: SUMMARY
The clinical, anatomical and cytogenetic findings in a 6-month-old, male pseudohermaphrodite, Arabian horse are described.
RESUME
Les observations clinique, anatomique et cytogenetique sur un cheval Arabe male pseudohermaphrodite âge de six mois sont rapportees.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Die klinischen, anatomischen und cytogenetischen Befunde bei einem 6-Monate alten, arabischen Pseudo-hermaphroditen-Hengst-fohlen werden beschrieben.
TL;DR: Close agreement of the results obtained from both growth and enzyme assays suggests an interaction of the carbofuran metabolites with IAA and a causal relationship between the inhibition of IAA oxidation and the promotion of plant growth as affected by the carb ofuran metabolites.
TL;DR: A comparison of the use of pheromone and light traps for monitoring populations of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) was made at 3 locations in southwestern Ontario during 1975.
Abstract: A comparison of the use of pheromone and light traps for monitoring populations of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) was made at 3 locations in southwestern Ontario during 1975. Pheromone traps decreased in attractiveness with time even though weekly changes of the pheromone dispensers ensured a fairly constant level of pheromone. A number of possible reasons for this observation are suggested.
TL;DR: The overall effect of linuron was not changed by the admixture of carbofuran, however, the changes in microbial populations by either herbicides were not substantial enough to make gross or lasting differences in levels of available N and P, and in the CO2 evolution rate.
Abstract: Summary:
In a field experiment on an organic soil, a pre-emergence application of paraquat at 2–24 kg a.i. (active ingredient)/ha was made to a plot on which onions and lettuce were grown; and similar broadcast applications of linuron, both with and without carbofuran, at two field rates, to plots on which carrots were grown. Paraquat generally increased the bacterial and actinomycetal populations while linuron inhibited the same but enhanced the numbers of fungal propagules, although it decreased the proportion of soil penicillia in the population. The overall effect of linuron was not changed by the admixture of carbofuran. However, the changes in microbial populations by either herbicides were not substantial enough to make gross or lasting differences in levels of available N and P, and in the CO2 evolution rate.
Resume:
Influence de l'application au champ linuron et du paraquat sur la microfiore d'un sol organique
Dans une experience au champ sur un sol organique, une application de paraquat en prelevee a 2,24 kg/ha, m.a. (matiere active), a ete effectuee sur une parcelle ou avaient ete cultives des oignons et de la laitue; des applications similaires a grande echelle, ont ete effectuees avec du linuron a deux doses d'utilisation pratique, avec et sans carbofuran, sur des parcelles ou avaient ete cultivees des carottes. Le paraquat a generalement provoque l'augmentation des populations de bacteries et d'actinomycetes, alors que le linuron les inhibait, mais augmentait les nombres de propagules fongiques, bien qu'il provoquât la diminution de la proportion de penicil lium du sol dans la population. l'effet global du linuron ne fut pas modifie par l'addition de carbofuran. Toutefois, les modifications des populations microbiennes par chacun de ces herbicides ne furent pas assez marquees pour provoquer des differences importantes ou durables dans les niveaux de N et P disponibles et dans l'evolution du taux de CO2.
Zusammenfassung
Einfluss der Applikation von Linuron und Paraquat im Freiland auf die Mikroflora eines organischen Bodens
In Feldversuchen auf einem organischen Boden wurde Paraquat im Vorauflauf auf eine mit Zwiebeln und Salat angesate Versuchsflache appliziert (2,24 kg Aktivsubstanz/ha). Ebenso wurde Linuron in zwei Aufwandmengen und sowohl mit als auch ohne Carbofuran auf mit Karotten bessten Versuchs flachen appliziert. Paraquatbehandlung fuhrte im allgemeinen zu einer Erhohung der Bakterien- und Aktinomycetenpopu lation im Boden. Linuronbehandlung verursachte eine Ver minderung dieser Population, wobei allerdings die Anzahl der Pilzsporen erhoht wurde, obwohl der Anteil der Penicillium-Pilze in der Population gesenkt wurde. Die Wirkung des Linurons wurde durch Carbofuran-Beimischung nicht verandert. Die durch die beiden Herbizide verursachten Verander ungen der Mikrobenpopulation reichten jedoch nicht aus, um merkliche oder dauerhafte Unterschiede in der Menge an verfugbarem N und P oder in der CO2-Entwicklung zu verursachen.
TL;DR: DDTT (total DDT, DDE, and DDD) residue levels were decreased with increased weight of pintail, baldpate, and gadwall ducklings, and no dieldrin or DDT residues were found in ducklings' food sources analysed.
Abstract: Residues of DDT, DDD, DDE, and dieldrin in 7 species of ducklings from Alberta, Canada, were measured. Levels of DDT and metabolites ranged from 0 to 36.48 ppm in fat of 96% of the birds and from 0 to 0.97 ppm im muscle from 67% of the birds. Residue levels of dieldrin ranged from 0 to 2.62 ppm in fat and from 0 to 0.11 ppm in muscle of 43 and 19% of the birds, respectively. Growth dilution was considered to be the most significant factor in reducing the insecticide residue levels in the ducklings. DDT (total DDT, DDE, and DDD) residue levels were decreased with increased weight of pintail (A. acuta), baldpate (Mareca americana), and gadwall (A. strepera) ducklings. Dieldrin used in grasshopper control did not contribute to residue levels in the ducklings. Contamination by DDT was considered to have originated from outside the habitat. No dieldrin or DDT residues were found in ducklings' food sources analysed.
TL;DR: This Index endeavors to continue part of Patch's (1938) impressive work, “Food Plant Catalogue of the Aphids of the World,” which attempted to include all host records up to the end of 1935.
Abstract: This Index endeavors to continue part of Patch's (1938) impressive work, “Food Plant Catalogue of the Aphids of the World,” which attempted to include all host records up to the end of 1935. Although Higuchi and Miyazaki (1969) have produced a tentative host catalogue for Aphidoidea in Japan and Sharma (1969, 1971, 1972), Smith (1972), and Szelegiewicz (1969) have produced more recent bibliographies, Patch's host catalogue has not been updated on a world-wide basis. This is an attempt to fill this need as regards original host records of species of aphids described during 1935 to 1969. The index has been arranged alphabetically by genus and species of host, or under the colloquial name for the host where this was the only information given in the description of the species. Fossils, and species where the host was not given, have been listed under Fossils and Unknown respectively.
TL;DR: Scanning electron and phase contrast microscopy showed that A .
Abstract: Ascosphaera apis (Maassen ex Claussen) Olive & Spiltoir, the causal organism of chalkbrood disease in honey bees, has now spread to eastern Canada. Scanning electron and phase contrast microscopy showed that A. apis may be differentiated from A. major, with which it has been confused, by the surface structure of spore balls and by differences in the size of nutriocysts and spores. A. major does not occur in North America.
TL;DR: In this article, a series of studies on the evaluation and comparison of some selective gas chromatographic detectors used in pesticide residue analysis is described, and the use of chlorpyrifos as an evaluation standard in verifying the acceptable performance of these types of detectors is recommended.
Abstract: A series of studies is described on the evaluation and comparison of some selective gas chromatographic detectors used in pesticide residue analysis. A detailed study of the optimization and response characteristics of the CsBr and RbCl three-electrode alkali flame ionization detector for N and P compounds, the Coulson electrolytic conductivity detector in the nitrogen, sulphur and pyrolytic modes of operation and the sulphur phosphorus emission detector, a type of flame photometric detector, was carried out to obtain maximum sensitivity and reliability for the analysis of pesticide residues in various biological substrates. It was observed that the alkali flame and electrolytic conductivity detector responses to nitrogen compounds were of the same order, while the electrolytic conductivity detector was more sensitive than the flame photometric detector to sulphur compounds. Also, attempts were made to correlate the responses from these different detector systems using the insecticide chlorpyrifos which contains P, S, Cl and N atoms. The use of chlorpyrifos as an evaluation standard in verifying the acceptable performance of these types of detectors is recommended.
TL;DR: A flame atomic emission spectrometric method, is described for the determination of aluminium in bovine blood plasma matrices suggesting the submicrogram per milliliter region as the lower practical limit of the method.
TL;DR: In this paper, the plasma concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Ca and inorganic phosphate were estimated in Hereford cattle of 3 months to 12 years of age kept under range conditions.