Showing papers by "Batman University published in 2022"

Water Footprint: Concept and Methodology

Abstract: Water is the most important resource for food security, human health and natural ecosystems. Achieving sufficient fresh water is a fundamental right and requirement for many biological species including humans. However only a small fraction of total water existence on earth is allocated for human consumption, known as fresh water. The amount of freshwater is constant and limited in the hydrological cycle. Over the past few centuries, humans have gained significant control over the natural water resources. Excessive exploitation of fresh water resources to supply the growing population and industrial demand have caused anthropogenic water scarcity problems and resulted in river depletion, serious droughts, pollution of water resources, salinity, aridity, desertification and other problems. Accordingly, the conscious and wise use of water, increasing efficiency, integrated river basin management, sustainability, etc. definitions have gained importance to protect and make optimal use of limited water resources. Water footprint (WF) is a contemporary indicator that quantifies the effect of anthropogenic processes on the fresh water resources. The WF analysis of products, processes, regions, etc. leads to substantive outcomes and policies for better water governance and management. Although the number of WF studies has increased in recent years; quantitative, up-to-date and comprehensive analyses are still limited and more studies at basin and country level should be conducted particularly for specific products. In this article, the state of the art concept and methodology of WF indicator has been illustrated in a comprehensive overview. Definitions, components and calculation procedures are detailed for future applications. Water Footprint (WF) analysis of products, processes, regions, etc. leads to substantive outcomes and policies for better water governance and management. Although the number of WF studies has increased in recent years; quantitative, up-to-date and comprehensive analyses are still limited and more studies at basin and country level should be conducted particularly for specific products. In this article, the state of the art concept and methodology of WF indicator has been illustrated in a comprehensive overview. Definitions, components and calculation procedures are detailed for future applications.

Teacher Autonomy as a Predictor of Job Satisfaction

Abstract: This study aims to examine the association between teacher autonomy and job satisfaction. To this end, the study employed a relational survey model. The sample of the study included 368 teachers working in different schools of Batman city (Turkey) in the spring term of the 2020-2021 academic year. Teachers representing the population of the research were selected through a random sampling method. Research data were amassed with the “Teacher Autonomy Scale” and “Teacher Job Satisfaction Scale”. The mean scores were calculated and Pearson correlation and simple regression analyses were conducted. Based on the findings of the research, teachers' opinions towards autonomy behaviours and job satisfaction are greater than the middle level. The results also show a positive and significant relationship between teachers' autonomy and job satisfaction. Besides, teachers’ autonomy behaviours are meaningful predictors of their job satisfaction.

Applications and Response Formulations of Water Footprint Methodology for Conservation of Water Resources

Abstract: Water footprint (WF) method is a recently developed environmental tool that quantifies the effect of anthropogenic processes on the fresh water resources. Unlike traditional water use statistics, the WF methodology is quite useful aiming to separately measure the degree and type of human allocation from all water intensive sectors and combine them into a single unit (water volumes) considering spatial and temporal variations. Production of agricultural crops, farm animals, industrial goods, commodities and all other artificial processes are among the main subjects that are analyzed by WF studies. The processed water is investigated by assigning different colors as blue, green and gray water. Blue water is defined as total volume of surface and ground water resources that are exploited by abovementioned purposes. Green water is characterized as the part of used rainwater that is not converted into surface runoff (soil moisture). Finally, the gray water is known as the total volume of fresh water needed to dilute the contaminant substances mixed by these processes back to the natural environmental standards. Consequently, the WF approach provides significant contributions to the integrated water management studies and has been effectively applied to various sectors especially in the last decade. WF methodology also offers completely novel insights into optimum water management works revealing the global and economic dimensions of local resources. In this article, the WF indicators for various products, processes and regions have been analyzed and discussed based on the data generated by previous state-of-the-art studies. Then, suitable response formulations that can effectively be applied to the water management studies have been investigated and systematically detailed in order to solve regional or national water problems and possible future crises.

Removing Co( <scp>II</scp> ) and Mn( <scp>II</scp> ) ions effectively from aqueous solutions by means of chemically non‐processed Mardin stone waste: Equivalent, kinetic, and thermodynamic investigations

Abstract: Mardin stone waste (MSW) was used to explore the removal of cobalt (II) and manganese (II) ions from aqueous solutions. Kinetic data collected at various temperatures were applied to different kinetic equations. Different adsorption isotherm models were evaluated to better understand the adsorption process. Energy dispersion spectroscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to analyze the surface characteristics of MSW. Results indicated that the Langmuir isotherm model, which accounts for chemical absorption and potential irreversibility of the process, may be used with the isotherm data. The adsorption of Co2+ and Mn2+ ions yielded kinetic data that was best characterized as pseudo-second-order with the greatest regression coefficient. While the adsorption capacity of the Co2+ ion was determined to be 7.34, 7.75, and 8.19 mg g−1 at 298, 308, and 318 K, respectively, the adsorption capacity of Mn2+ was calculated to be 8.20, 8.42, and 8.78 mg g−1 under the same circumstances. The adsorption of Co2+ and Mn2+ ions by means of MSW was natural and exothermic according to thermodynamic analyses.

Predictive and prognostic effect of ABO blood group on immune checkpoint inhibitors

Abstract: The relationship of the ABO blood group system with the immune response is known, but its relationship with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has not been clearly investigated until now.In this study, the relationship between different blood groups and nivolumab treatment response in patients with advanced malignant melanoma was investigated.The data of patients who used nivolumab for advanced malignant melanoma between April 2018 and April 2021 were retrospectively reviewed.A total of 73 patients were included in the study. In the progression-free survival (PFS) analysis according to blood groups, it was 3.9 months, 16.1 months, 20.0 months and 3.0 months for A, B, AB and O, respectively (p= 0.1). Overall survival (OS) analysis according to blood groups was 5.1 months, 25.0 months, 20.0 months and 9.3 months for A, B, AB and O, respectively (p= 0.1). The B antigen group (B or AB) had significantly longer PFS and OS than the non-B antigen group (A or O) (16.1 vs. 3.5 months for PFS, respectively, p= 0.03; 20.0 vs. 7.4 months for OS, respectively, p= 0.02).The presence of B antigen provides a significant advantage in terms of survival in patients using ICIs for advanced melanoma.

Some physical, chemical, and germination properties of <i>Peganum harmala</i> L. seeds

Abstract: In this study, the aim was to determine some physical and chemical properties of the seeds of Peganum harmala, known as rue or harmel, and to determine the effects of some implementations to break the seed dormancy. The mean length, width, thickness, and surface area values for the P. harmala seeds were 4.78 mm, 1.81 mm, 1.53 mm, and 14.14 mm2, respectively. Linked to the dimensions, the arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, and sphericity values were calculated as 2.71 mm, 2.34 mm, and 0.50. The bulk density and true density values were measured as 0.5379 and 1.015 g cm−3, respectively, and the porosity value calculated linked to these values was 46.98%. The static friction angles on two different surfaces of galvanized metal and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were measured as 15.67° and 17.67°, and the static friction coefficient values linked to these angles were 0.28 for galvanized metal and 0.32 for PVC. Terminal velocity experiments determined the velocity for P. harmala seeds was 5.03 ms−1. According to analysis results for the chemical structure of P. harmala, dry matter ratio was 89.7%, crude ash ratio was 11.0%, crude protein was 10.3%, crude fiber was 42.0%, and crude oil ratio was 10.8%. In seed dormancy studies, the effects of sulfuric acid, precooling, soaking in water, and mechanical scarification (sanding) applications were determined. Accordingly, the most effective method for germination of P. harmala seeds was sanding with 84.0% germination rate. This was followed by soaking in water (78.0%) and 5 min H2SO4 (75.0%) applications. Practical Applications Turkey is a country with a current account deficit in the seed import–export balance. Therefore, the efficient use of seeds in each step of farming and postharvest operations is essential to reduce the seed waste. Determining the engineering properties of seeds will help to provide more efficient systems. The physical properties of seeds are important to design, develop, and adjustment of planters, storage structures, transporting systems, and postharvest systems. Chemical properties are essential to determine the optimum storage conditions and postharvest chemical processes for optimum utilization of seeds as foods or as raw materials for medicinal and industrial purposes. Seed dormancy-breaking features will be useful to determine optimum presowing conditions and breeding conditions of the seeds.

Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Composite Al6061/Ni-Al2O3 Produced by Stir Casting Process

Abstract: Composites are widely used material types today, and it is known that matrices and additives in composites improve the mechanical properties of the material. In this study, Al6061 matrix and Ni-Al2O3 reinforced composite material was produced by stir casting method and the effect of Ni- Al2O3 mixture reinforcement on the hardness and tensile properties of the produced composite material was investigated. The determination of the mechanical properties of the samples obtained after the casting process was determined by the results of microhardness analysis and tensile test, and the internal structure of the material was examined by XRD analysis. According to the results of XRD analysis, it was determined that Ni and Al2O3 phases were formed together with the matrix element Al. The results of the tensile analyzes showed that the amount of strain in the composite material changed depending on the ratio of the reinforcement element, and the highest strain value occurred in the Ni-Al2O3 reinforced sample with Al matrix. However, it was observed that the brittle fracture mechanism was effective in all samples. While the highest microhardness value was obtained in sample 4 (Al6061+ (mass. %15) Ni+ Al2O3) with 89.6 HV0.5 value, the lowest microhardness value was obtained from pure Al sample with 66.7 HV0.5 value. As a result, it was determined that the Ni-Al2O3 reinforcement element increased the microhardness value in the Al matrix composite material.

Portakal Kabuğu Atığı Kullanılarak Sulu Çözeltilerden Nikel(II) İyonla-rının Adsorpsiyonu: Denge, Kinetik Ve Termodinamik Çalışmalar

Abstract: Bu çalışma, sulu çözeltilerden Ni(II) iyonlarının uzaklaştırılması için portakal kabuğu atığının (PKA) değer-lendirilmesini anlatmaktadır. Adsorpsiyon verimi için; pH, başlangıç metal iyon konsantrasyonu, temas süresi ve sıcaklık gibi farklı parametrelerin etkileri araştırıldı. Ni (II) iyonu için, en iyi başlangıç konsantrasyonunun 150 mg/L, adsorpsiyon temas süresinin 100 dakika ve çözelti pH'ının 6.27 olduğu şartların en uygun çalışma koşulları olduğu belirlendi. Portakal kabuğu atığının yüzey özellikleri, taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM), enerji dağılımlı spektroskopi ve Fourier dönüşümü kızılötesi spektroskopisi (FT-IR) kullanılarak araştırıldı. Sonuçlar, izoterm verilerinin, kimyasal adsorpsiyona ve işlemin olası tersinmezliğine karşılık gelen Langmuir izoterm modeline (Freundlich, Dubinin- Radushkevich ve Temkin modelleriyle karşılaştırıldığında) uyduğunu gösterdi. Ni (II) için adsorpsiyon kapasitesi 298 K, 308 K ve 318 K'de sırasıyla 4.92, 5.90 ve 8.04 mg/g olarak hesaplanmıştır. Adsorp-siyon kinetik verileri sonucunda Ni (II) metal iyonunun kinetiği incelendiğinde, (Yalancı birinci derece, Yalancı ikinci derece, Weber- Morris ve Elovich kinetik modelleri) adsorpsiyonunun Yalanci ikinci derece kinetik modele (pseudo-second-order) uyduğu belirlendi. Termodinamik çalışmalar portakal kabuğu üzerinde Ni(II) iyonunun adsorpsiyonunun kendiliğinden ve endotermik olduğunu göstermiştir. Atık portakal kabuklarının, yüksek uzak-laştırma kapasitesi, kolay bulunabilirliği, düşük maliyeti, kullanılabilir bir tarımsal atık olması, geri dönüşümü ve çevreye zarar vermemesi gibi nedenlerle sulu ortamdan Ni(II) iyonlarının alınmasında farklı adsorbanlarla karşılaştırıldığında, etkili ve alternatif bir malzeme olduğu görülmüştür.

Unconditional hospitality: art and commons under planetary migration

Abstract: In both European and non-European cities, public spaces are formed by racist and segregative politics that influence everyday life. Planetary migration flows and recently implemented border politics tend to leave the most vulnerable in precarious conditions, not only in the case of migrants/refugees but also in the case of citizens. This article focuses on how artistic methodologies in the context of migration/refugeehood can experiment with “alternative modes of existence”. How can newly imagined modes of co-existence contribute to the creation of minor public spaces as well as the transformation of institutions? How can public art construct different and diverse guest-host relationships? How can artistic research and actions reveal precarious labour conditions, stage radical discursive debates, and transform existing institutional practices? This article is based on theoretical discussions of commoning and decolonization practices. It will focus on the art and activist practices, and analyse such, of Al-Madafeh/Living Room (Sandi Hilal, Stockholm) and The Silent University (Ahmet Ogut), and others.

Algae Cultivation in Different Systems

Abstract: Since algae are simple organisms that contain chlorophyll, they can be foundanywhere on earth where they can use light for photosynthesis. Although pool-typeopen systems are generally used, closed photobioreactors are also used in thecultivation of algae. The low investment and operating costs of the outdoor pools madethe system preferable in the industry. However, the difficulty of controlling theproduction conditions and the risk of contamination appears as the disadvantages of thesystem. It is necessary to compare fundamental aspects such as effective use of light inlarge-scale culture systems, temperature, hydrodynamic balance in algae culture, andmaintaining the continuity of the culture. The ideal growth of each algae species takesplace in culture media with its specific conditions. For example, Spirulina grows best athigh pH and bicarbonate concentration, Chlorella in nutrient-rich media, and Dunaliellasalina at very high salinity.

Estimating Spinning Reserve Capacity With Extreme Learning Machine Method in Advanced Power Systems Under Ancillary Services Instructions

Abstract: In advanced power systems, to balance load generation mismatches in the face of unexpected events and to meet unforeseen possibilities, load taking and shedding instructions are required under Ancillary Services (AS), which are performed by providing spinning reserve (SR) in the units. SR is an important factor, which is rather uncertain to predict due to the unpredictability of customers’ consumption, excessive or under-energy generation, and unpredictability in the integration of renewable energy sources. In this study, integration of renewable energy is addressed as a factor for predicting SR. Increasing the integration of solar and wind into the power system requires larger amounts of SR, which creates a significant increase in generation and emission costs. Optimum estimation of SR capacity helps system operators (SO) plan generators in advance and in a better bidding environment. In the past, estimation tools such as feed forward networks and time series models have been used to estimate load and electricity generation. In this article, Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) method is used to estimate SR capacity in the day-ahead and intraday market. The results obtained with ELM were also compared with the results observed with ANN, LR and SVM methods.

Nihâlî’nin Kanunî’ye sunduğu Mekke-i Mükerreme vasfındaki arz-ı hâli

Abstract: Mecmûalar, üzerinde birçok çalışma yapılmasıyla son yıllarda değeri daha iyi anlaşılan, edebiyat tarihi açısından büyük bir öneme sahip eserlerdir. Mecmûalar vasıtasıyla eserleri üzerinde çalışma yapılan şairlerin divanlarında bulunmayan şiirlerine, tezkirelerde adı geçmeyen pek çok şaire ve divanların farklı nüshalarının varlığına dair bilgi edinebilmekteyiz. Ayrıca hayatta iken divan tertip edememiş kimi şairlerin şiirleri, mecmûalardan derlenerek dağınık hâldeki şiirler toplanarak divan tertip edilebilmektedir. Divan edebiyatı, edebî türler bakımından oldukça zengin bir edebiyattır. Bu türlerden biri de arz-ı hâllerdir. Edebî bir tür olarak arz-ı hâl, şairin belli bir makamda bulunan ve kendisine iyilik ve ihsanda bulanabilecek bir kişiye, içinde bulunduğu durumu arz ettiği, çeşitli taleplerde bulunduğu ya da şikâyetlerini dile getirdiği manzum ya da mensur eserlerdir. Arz-ı hâller genellikle mensur olarak yazılmakla birlikte divanların içerisinde kaside, küçük mesnevi ya da kıt’a gibi nazım şekilleriyle yazılmış manzum arz-ı hâller de vardır. Arz-ı hâl türünün örneklerinden birini de XVI. yüzyılda yaşayan ve Nihâlî mahlasına sahip bir şair yazmıştır. Nihâlî’nin arz-ı hâl türünde kaleme aldığı şiiri, İstanbul Üniversitesi Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi’nde NEKTY03563 demirbaş numarasıyla kayıtlı mecmûanın içerinde yer almaktadır. Kaside nazım şekli ile yazılan şiirin ilk bölümü şehir şiirleri türünde kaleme alınmış olup bu bölümde şair Mekke-i Mükerreme’yi çeşitli yönleri ile ele alıp methetmiştir. Kasidenin ikinci bölümünde dönemin padişahı Kanunî Sultan Süleyman methedilmiş ve ardından ona arz-ı hâl sunulmuştur. Çalışmamızda Nihâlî’nin arz-ı hâl türünde yazdığı manzumesi, şekil ve muhteva bakımından incelenmiş, çalışmanın sonuna arz-ı hâlin çeviri yazılı metni eklenerek divan edebiyatı sahasındaki çalışmalara katkı sağlanmaya çalışılmıştır.