Showing papers by "City University London published in 1981"
TL;DR: This paper examined predictors of accent transfer from the first language (L1) to a second-language (L2), in a group of people whose acquisition of English as an L2 had begun at ages ranging from 6 to 15+.
Abstract: This study examined predictors of transfer of accent from the first language (L1) to a second language (L2), in a group of people whose acquisition of English as an L2 had begun at ages ranging from 6 to 15+. The effect of age of L2 acquisition is very marked. If L2 acquisition had begun by 6, there is no transfer of accent. If L2 acquisition began after 12—13, there is invariably accent transfer, usually very marked. When accent transfer occurs between 7 and 11, it is usually very slight. These findings agree quite well with those of other studies, but there are discrepancies and these are indicated and discussed. Between 7 and 11, accent transfer may be affected by factors other than biological maturation. In our study, the only such factor to emerge strongly was whether L2 was used in the home, suggesting a shift of identification from the L1 to the L2 culture.
180 citations
TL;DR: Eight abstract concepts were submitted to a procedure designed to test the logical nature of their definition and the hypothesis that they would show a polymorphous prototype structure similar to that found for concrete categories was confirmed.
Abstract: Eight abstract concepts were submitted to a procedure designed to test the logical nature of their definition. The hypothesis that they would show a polymorphous prototype structure similar to that found for concrete categories (Hampton, 1979; Rosch & Mervis, 1975) was confirmed for five of the concepts. Reasons for the lack of fit of the prototype model to the remaining concepts and implications for the generality of existing theories of semantic memory are discussed.
126 citations
TL;DR: The aim of the paper is to investigate the performance of the algorithm which is accomplished through a theoretical analysis of its application to a linear process, where the optimisation is performed using a quadratic performance index and a mathematical model of incorrect structure.
91 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Mihailov stability criterion is used to improve the Pade approximation method for linear model reduction, and the stability of the reduced model is assured if the original system is stable.
Abstract: This paper uses the property of the Mihailov stability criterion to improve the Pade approximation method for linear model reduction. Therefore the stability of the reduced model is assured, if the original system is stable. This method provides several different reduced models depending upon the constant k 2 to be chosen. It is rather simple, computationally very straightforward, and can be used for multi-input multi-output systems and unstable systems. Finally this paper introduces a method for estimating the order of the reduced model, and gives a possibility for solving the model reduction problem over a desired low-frequency interval. Numerical examples and comparison among different reduced models are given.
85 citations
TL;DR: The authors show that substitution of skewed stable distributions can eliminate symptoms of irrationality previously found in survey-based expectations measures, which is contrary to the Central Limit Theorem of stable probability laws.
66 citations
TL;DR: This article looked at the abilities of 5 - 15 year old monolingual English schoolchildren to replicate foreign pronunciation and intonation and found that the ability to replicate pronunciation declined fairly steadily over the whole age-range studied.
Abstract: This study looked at the abilities of 5 - 15 year old monolingual English schoolchildren to replicate foreign pronunciation and intonation. Performance was judged after only one exposure and repetition. Ability to replicate pronunciation declined fairly steadily over the whole age-range studied. By contrast, ability to replicate intonation remained steadily good until 8, then dropped rapidly until 11. There was a slight, not wholly reliable improvement after 11, but, basically, 11-15 year-olds replicated intonation poorly. When given a sufficient amount of practice, all subjects tested could replicate intonation well; the number of trials required showed a rapid change from 8-11. The findings agree well with long-term studies of fluent L2 speakers, in which younger ages of acquisition are associated with better chances of a native pronunciation and intonation. Other studies of learners still acquiring an L2 have showed, however, that older learners have better chances of a native accent; an attempt is mad...
64 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that (1) an omission contingency does not simply eliminate wholesale those topographies which incur the contingency but produces subtle adaptive changes in lever contact topography; and (2) the nature of the autoshaped response in the rat does not appear to be rigid enough to depend solely upon thenature of the unconditioned stimulus or the conditioned stimulus, but can also be determined by the relationships existing between the animal's behavior and these stimuli.
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of an omission contingency on behavior related to and characterizing autoshaped lever contacts in the rat. In Experiment I an omission contingency imposed on autoshaped lever contacts forceful enough to produce a press (.078N) resulted in a significant decrease in lever presses, but had no effect on frequency of lever touches (contacts of insufficient force to produce a press) or rate of food tray entry during lever presentation. In contrast, rats which received a similar number of lever-food pairings, but whose behavior had no programmed consequences (yoked control subjects), showed an increase in lever press rate, a significant decrease in rate of food tray entry, and no change in rate of lever-touches. In Experiment II, the effect of a similar omission contingency on the topography of lever contact responses was investigated. Prior to omission training subjects contacted the lever primarily by pawing it. Following omission training this behavior was suppressed, with a subsequent increase in lever contacts characterized as nosing. Yoked control subjects showed no significant changes in lever contact topography. The results indicate that (1) an omission contingency does not simply eliminate wholesale those topographies which incur the contingency but produces subtle adaptive changes in lever contact topography; and (2) the nature of the autoshaped response in the rat does not appear to be rigid enough to depend solely upon the nature of the unconditioned stimulus or the conditioned stimulus, but can also be determined by the relationships existing between the animal's behavior and these stimuli.
52 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the method whereby ion-exchange isotherms may be plotted and interpreted in the light of modern developments in the literature, paying particular attention to the problems presented by ion exchange phenomena in zeolites but should provide a definitive text whereby ion exchange reactions in other media may be sensibly compared.
Abstract: This paper describes the method whereby ion-exchange isotherms may be plotted and interpreted in the light of modern developments in the literature. It pays particular attention to the problems presented by ion-exchange phenomena in zeolites but should provide a definitive text whereby ion-exchange reactions in other media may be sensibly compared. A detailed example of the application of modern theory to ion-exchange equilibria for a uni-divalent exchange has been given.
44 citations
TL;DR: In this article, photo-induced decarboxylation of pyruvic acid occurs via electron transfer from an excited to a ground-state molecule, and the triplet state of naphthalene is quenched by the electron transfer.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present criteria for the intervention of radical ions in the photoreactions of aromatic halides with triethylamine and where appropriate evidence for the intermediary of such species is presented.
32 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Pechmann reaction with malic acid, m-cresol and 3,4-xylenol gave mixtures of alkylcoumarins containing about 10% of the 5- and 5,6-isomers respectively.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of mixtures of aluminium oxides and organic halogen compounds on the flammability of polyethylene and an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) were studied.
TL;DR: The structure of a free film of gamma-glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxy-silane is examined by various techniques as discussed by the authors, and the structure suggested is mainly six-membered rings joined by short lengths of SiO-chains and crosslinked by fusion of rings.
Abstract: The structure of a free film of hydrolysed gamma-glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxy-silane is examined by various techniques. It is particulate rather than continuous in structure and there are residual hydroxy and methoxy groups. These hydroxyl groups are largely inaccessible to exchange with deuterium oxide. The structure suggested is mainly six-membered rings joined by short lengths of—SiO—chains and crosslinked by fusion of rings. The free hydroxyl groups on connected chains are protected by a spiral structure and probably from hydrogen bonds.
TL;DR: In this paper, the excited singlet state of benzene, at low concentrations, does not form fluorescent cxciplexes with tertiary amines, but sensitised amine fluorescence may be observed when the benzene concentration is high.
TL;DR: It is shown in this paper how simple linear steady state models can be constructed for use with a modified two-step algorithm to determine the optimum operating condition of a process.
Abstract: It is shown in this paper how simple linear steady state models can be constructed for use with a modified two-step algorithm to determine the optimum operating condition of a process. The models are formed in terms of pseudo gain and bias parameters. A number of the bias parameters can be estimated by comparison of the model and process outputs while the remaining model parameters are able to be set with only a minimal amount of prior knowledge of process relations. Besides possible savings in modelling effort, such simple models are computationally more convenient than more complex models for on-line optimization applications. The models exploit the power of the modified two-step procedure to ensure that the optimum operating condition is approached, in spite of model inaccuracies. Two applications are presented to illustrate the performance of the modified two-step algorithm when using a simple linear model. First, a linear process with a quadratic performance index is analysed and it is demonstrated h...
TL;DR: In this article, a Teflon-bonded graphite cathode is used to reduce oxygen via a two-electron process with the formation of HO 2 − intermediate.
Abstract: Oxygen can be extracted from ambient air by using a platinum cathode to reduce oxygen and by simultaneously evolving oxygen on a platinum anode. This leads to lower power consumption than when electrolyzing water to produce oxygen. A novel, integrated electrochemical-chemical method is described in this paper. The system consists of a Teflon-bonded graphite cathode which reduces oxygen via a two-electron process with the formation of HO 2 − intermediate. By placing a NiCo2O4-covered nickel screen in the anode compartment, HO 2 − is chemically decomposed to yield O2; a separate Teflon-bonded NiCo2O4 anode evolves O2 electrolytically. At 40° C and in 5 M KOH, the power consumption of this device is only 2.69 kWhr−1 of O2, significantly lower than conventional electrochemical oxygen extractors (4.38 kWhl−1O2).
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the excited singlet and triplet states of aromatic hydrocarbons are oxidised by methyl viologen (MV 2+ ) and the rate constants for electron transfer from triplet naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene and fluoranthene are close to diffusion-controlled whereas those for triplet 1-cyanonaphthene and 1-cyclanoanthracene are about one order of magnitude lower.
TL;DR: In this paper, a set of plane lattice-frames composed of circular-section members and having a solidity ratio of 0.226 has been tested over a range of subcritical Reynolds numbers in uniform flows with turbulence intensities of 3.9, 7.5 and 13.6%.
TL;DR: A novel design for the internally charged palladium hydride α—β electrode is proposed, based on the Wheatstone-bridge principle, which possesses remarkable stability and response time in changing conditions.
Abstract: A novel design for the internally charged palladium hydride α—β electrode is proposed, based on the Wheatstone-bridge principle. The construction of the electrode and electronic control circuit require little specialist skills. Both long- and short-term tests have shown that the proposed reference electrode system possesses remarkable stability and response time in changing conditions. The design permits a number of improvements to be made in the construction and optimisation of the performance.
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison of uncatalysed oxidation of decane in both the liquid and gaseous phases in the same temperature region was made, and it was shown that the initial attacking radical is almost exclusively the hydroxyl radical.
Abstract: Studies have been made of the uncatalysed oxidation of decane in both the liquid and gaseous phases in the same temperature region; this hydrocarbon is probably the lowest molecular mass alkane for which such a direct comparison can be made. Although the mechanisms of oxidation in both phases are in many ways similar, some notable differences exist. The absence of C$_{10}$ O-heterocycles and the relatively high selectivity of initial attack of decane in the liquid phase can be ascribed to a `cage effect', so that abstractive reactions are predominantly intermolecular. Rather unexpectedly, in the gas phase, the initial attacking radical, even at the low temperatures used, is almost exclusively the hydroxyl radical. In the gas phase there is a marked dependence on oxygen concentration of the rates of formation of the various classes of products, particularly decane dihydroperoxides. The low solubility of oxygen in liquid decane and hence its small concentration may thus also be partly responsible for the absence of dihydroperoxides among the liquid-phase oxidation products. Lower molecular mass oxygenated compounds, which are the most abundant products of the gaseous oxidation of decane, appear to be derived mainly from further reactions of decane dihydroperoxides; and the small amounts of such products found in the liquid phase are consistent with the virtual absence of their normal precursors under these conditions. The analytical technique used has permitted the first unambiguous quantitative determination of very small amounts of hydroperoxides produced during the gaseous oxidation of hydrocarbons.
TL;DR: In this article, the prediction of drag force on spheres whose diameters are comparable to or greater than the dimensions of jets to which they are exposed is found to be much more difficult than in the more usual "fully immersed" cases.
Abstract: The prediction of drag force on spheres whose diameters are comparable to or greater than the dimensions of jets to which they are exposed is found to be much more difficult than in the more usual ‘fully immersed’ cases. Experimental results show considerable scatter but prediction guidelines are given in the paper. In Reynolds-number terms all results are considered to be supercritical ones because of the typically very high turbulence intensities in the mixing regions of jets.
TL;DR: The arachno-carbaborane 1,3-C2B7H13 reacts with [Co(PEt3)4] and with [Rh(η-C3H5)2] to afford, respectively, [2-H-2,2-2-(Et3P)2-1, 6, 2-C 2-CoB 7H9] and [2 -H 2,2.2, 2.3P] 2 -1,6, 2
Abstract: The arachno-carbaborane 1,3-C2B7H13 reacts with [Co(PEt3)4] and with [Rh(η-C3H5)(PEt3)2] to afford, respectively, [2-H-2,2-(Et3P)2-1,6,2-C2-CoB7H9] and [2-H-2,2-(Et3P)2-1,6,2-C2RhB7H9]; both structures have been established by X-ray diffraction studies, whilst they crystallise in nearly identical unit cells and the same space group, these species are not isostructural.
TL;DR: This paper provided an overview of some major trends in the British press during 'the age of television' and concluded that the empirical facts can be seen as illustrating both Marxist and functional accounts of mass media in market economies.
Abstract: THIS article seeks to provide an overview of some major trends in the British press during 'the age of television'. While the press industry remains in a broadly healthy financial state, television has played an important part in other major changes in the press. Social class polarisation within the press audience has increased, as have other related forms of polarisation such as the national/provincial and the popular/prestige divides. Television has indirectly played its part in major changes in the pattern of British press ownership. Broadly since 1945 there has been a change from a predominantly family pattern of ownership to a conglomerate pattern. This article concludes by noting that the empirical facts can be seen as illustrating both Marxist and functional accounts of mass media in market economies.
TL;DR: In this article, the identity of the toluene complex was established by X-ray crystallography; reaction of the η6-naphthalene complex with the ligands L = CO or P(OMe)3 affords the complexes [closo-1-(η6arene)-2,4-Me2-1,1-L3-2, 4-Me 2,1,L3, 2,4Me 2 -1, 2.4-FeC2B9H9].
Abstract: Reaction of 2,3-Me2-2,3-C2B9H9 with [Fe(1,5-C8H12)(η-C5H5)] in benzene, toluene, o-xylene, or with an excess of naphthalene in light petroleum, affords the complexes [closo-1-(η6arene)-2,4-Me2-1,2,4-FeC2B9H9], the identity of the toluene complex being established by X-ray crystallography; reaction of the η6-naphthalene complex with the ligands L = CO or P(OMe)3 affords [closo-1,1,1-L3-2,4-Me2-1,2,4-FeC2B9H9].
TL;DR: In this paper, an X-ray crystallographic study of cyclohexa-1,3-diene complex shows that the diene is more weakly held than in mononuclear systems.
Abstract: Reaction of [Rh3(µ-CO)3(η5-C9H7)3] with buta-1,3-diene, trans-penta-1,3-diene. isoprene, trans, trans- hexa-2,4-diene, cyclopentadiene, and cyclohexa-1,3-diene affords the stable complexes [Rh2(µ-CO)(µ-1,3-diene)(η5C9H7)2]; an X-ray crystallographic study of the cyclohexa-1,3-diene complex shows that the diene is more weakly held than in mononuclear systems.