Showing papers by "Clemson University published in 1984"
TL;DR: In this paper, the relative importance of five determinants of dyadic trust (integrity, competence, consistency, loyalty, and openness) were investigated from two perspectives: trust in superiors and trust in subordinates.
Abstract: The relative importances of five determinants of dyadic trust (integrity, competence, consistency, loyalty, and openness) were investigated from two perspectives: trust in superiors and trust in subordinates. Two experiments were designed from research on behavioral decision theory. The participants, 78 undergraduate management students, responded to cues that described hypothetical superiors (Exp. 1) and subordinates (Exp. 2). Responses indicated the amount of trust held in each of 32 superiors and 32 subordinates. Integrity, competence, and consistency were stronger than loyalty or openness as determinants of trust in one's superiors and in one's subordinates. There were no differences in the importance of any of the determinants of trust in one's subordinates versus one's superiors. Method considerations are discussed.
593 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a Vlasov type theory for thin-walled composite beams with open cross sections made from midplane symmetric, fiber-reinforced laminates is presented.
217 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a home economics model of the timing of the first birth, where the child-timing decision is treated as a multi-period planning problem in which the date of first birth influences both the mean and the dispersion of the household's intertemporal income distribution.
Abstract: Summary In this paper we present a new ‘home economics’ model of the timing of the first birth. The child-timing decision is treated as a multi-period planning problem in which the date of first birth influences both the mean and the dispersion of the household's intertemporal income distribution. Couples are assumed to use capital markets and the timing of childbirth to smooth life-cycle consumption. Optimal timing is shown to depend upon the rate at which job skills depreciate during unemployment, the wife's pre-marital work experience, the opportunity costs of completing a family, and the mean and dispersion of the husband's intertemporal earnings profile. The theory is tested with statistics drawn from the National Longitudinal Surveys. The results strongly support those theoretical hypotheses that can be tested and offer insights into timing patterns. If the upsurge in women's labour force participation and educational involvement continue, our work implies that there will be a marked economic incent...
193 citations
TL;DR: The histological aspects of the implant skin interfacial reactions are reviewed in this article and the five presently identified interfacial failure modes are described histologically with the aid of schematic drawings.
Abstract: Percutaneous devices (PD) are designed to serve a variety of clinical and biomedical research purposes. Characteristically they are objects that permanently penetrate through a defect in the skin. The histological aspects of the implant skin interfacial reactions are reviewed in this article. A short description is presented of common applications of PDs. The five presently identified interfacial failure modes are described histologically with the aid of schematic drawings. These failure modes are marsupialization, permigration , avulsion, infection, alone or in combination. Single or multiple etiological factors may be responsible for these failure modes. These factors can be surgically created skin defects around the penetrating foreign implant, epidermal healing characteristics that prevent the formation of a suitable seal at the implant-skin interface and mechanical forces that may disrupt dermal attempts to seal the interface. Eventually the interface becomes infected necessitating removal of the device. Terminology recommended for use in percutaneous device research is indexed and defined.
192 citations
189 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a list of 30 constraints, based on previous research, was developed for leisure constraints in old age, and a factor analysis of responses yielded five constraint factors: external resource; time; approval; ability/social; and physical well-being.
Abstract: Leisure lifestyles in a person's later years are often constrained by forces such as inadequate money, lack of transportation, and lack of knowledge. A body of knowledge related to leisure constraints in old age has been growing. This study was designed to advance the work in this area by determining whether commonalities exist which permit the reduction of specific limiting forces identified in previous research into broader constraint factors. A list of 30 constraints, based on previous research, was developed for this study. One hundred and twenty‐five individuals (ranging in age from 45 to 93) were asked to rate the importance of each of these constraints in limiting their leisure involvement. A factor analysis of responses yielded five constraint factors: external resource; time; approval; ability/social; and, physical well‐being. To gain further insight into these factors, their relationship to age, health, education, income, sex, and life satisfaction was examined through correlational ana...
184 citations
TL;DR: The consort pattern among eastern bluebirds does not completely correlate with the pattern of gametic contributions, leading to a reconsideration of their mating system as possibly polygamous, among the first unambiguous observations of multiple patenity in a wild bird population, and of multiple maternity in aWild passerine.
Abstract: In an effort to assess genealogical relationships between breeding adults and their putative offspring, we collected and analyzed blood from 257 wild, uniquely color-banded eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis). Electrophoretic analysis of the protein products of two loci, esterase-2 (EST-2) and nucleoside phosphorylase (NSP), revealed that at least 5% of adult males and 15% of adult females were caring for at least one offspring not their own. Multiple parentage was evident in 9% of all broods sampled. Twenty-five percent of complete families sampled evidenced multiple parentage. Biparental care of nestlings by adult eastern bluebirds is not necessarily a reflection of the genetic kinship between putative parents and their offspring. The consort pattern among eastern bluebirds does not completely correlate with the pattern of gametic contributions, leading to a reconsideration of their mating system as possibly polygamous. This is among the first unambiguous observations of multiple patenity in a wild bird population, and of multiple maternity in a wild passerine.
183 citations
TL;DR: The macrophage plays a pivotal role in both wound healing and cellular response to implants, including percutaneous devices as mentioned in this paper, and it is essential for the activation of collagen synthesis by fibroplasts.
Abstract: The macrophage plays a pivotal role in both wound healing and cellular response to implants, including percutaneous devices. Within twenty-four hours macrophages were found in close contact with the implant surface. Eventually fibroplasts and connective tissue proliferate, and finally the implant will be encapsulated. The presence of macrophages is essential for the activation of collagen synthesis by fibroplasts . Implant shape and surface can profoundly affect macrophage behavior. At rough implant surfaces macrophages with giant cells are present for many months with the possibility of chronic granulomatous reactions. Superior tissue compatibility should be associated with smooth, well contoured implants with no acute angles.
176 citations
01 Jan 1984
150 citations
TL;DR: The organic matrix of calcium carbonate structures can be involved in the formation of the biomineral by regulating various stages of crystal growth and the degree of specialization of the nucleation sites is uncertain; however, they are hypothesized to be a class of soluble, acidic, calcium-binding polymers which are present in matrix extracted from biominers as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The organic matrix of calcium carbonate structures can be involved in the formation of the biomineral by regulating various stages of crystal growth. The preponderance of evidence suggests that matrix can act as an initiator of crystal growth at the mineralizing front. The mechanism for this initiation is not known. However, the matrix may provide a template for the crystal lattice, or more likely, a surface that can simply stabilize the critical nucleus of calcium and carbonate. The degree of specialization of the nucleation sites is uncertain; however, they are hypothesized to be a class of soluble, acidic, calcium-binding polymers which are present in matrix extracted from biomineral. Recent studies have revealed that similar soluble components of extracted matrix have the capability of inhibiting nucleation and crystal growth in vitro and biomineralization in organisms exposed to the extracts. Further, crystals grown in vitro in the presence of extracted matrix have a morphology distinct from those of crystals grown without matrix. These findings generally support the hypotheses generated either a priori or from morphological observations which suggest that matrix must limit crystal growth and may well influence structure of biomineral. Hypotheses which explain a dual function of the soluble matrix have these components periodically released to the mineralization front where they can associate with more insoluble forms of matrix and sequentially initiate or inhibit growth. There also exists evidence to suggest that soluble regulatory components are intra-crystalline in orientation and thus may be released continuously
140 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that atmospheric CO2 is not now limiting net ecosystem production in the tundra and that its direct effects will be slight even at double the present concentration.
Abstract: Natural cores of vegetation and soils of arctic tundra were collected in frozen condition in winter near Barrow, Alaska (71°20′N). These cores were used as microcosms in a phytotron experiment to measure the interactions, if any, between increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration and fertilization by ammonium nitrate on net ecosystem CO2 exchange and net yield of tundra vegetation. Increased soil N significantly enhanced net ecosystem CO2 uptake. The effect of increased CO2 concentration had little or no effect on mean net ecosystem carbon balance of the tundra microcosms. Added N significantly increased leaf area and phytomass of vascular plants in the microcosms while increased atmospheric CO2 had no effect on these parameters. We conclude that atmospheric CO2 is not now limiting net ecosystem production in the tundra and that its direct effects will be slight even at double the present concentration. the most probable effects of carbon dioxide in the coastal tundra will be through its indirect effects on temperature, water table, peat decomposition, and the availability of soil nutrients.
01 May 1984
TL;DR: Digital computer simulations of toe landing are presented and the action of plantar fascia during toe landing is represented by a spring and dashpot pair.
Abstract: A biped system is subjected to an instant velocity change at the moment of impact with the environment. This instant velocity change is derived as a function of the biped state and the contact speed. The effects of the impact on the state, as well as on the constraints, are studied in biped landing on heels and toes simultaneously or on toes first. The control strategy that is called for in this case is zero final velocities and a somewhat arbitrary final position. Rate feedback and nonlinear position feedback are used for stability. The action of plantar fascia during toe landing is represented by a spring and dashpot pair. The arch of the foot is prevented by this action from collapsing. Digital computer simulations of toe landing are presented.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of variations in the shape or breadth of the drop size distribution (DSD) on rainfall parameters were derived for rainfall rate, liquid water content W, and median volume diameter D(O) in terms of Z(DR), Z(H), and size distribution dependent factors.
Abstract: A measurement technique employing the differential reflectivity factor Z(DR) and the horizontal polarization reflectivity factor Z(H) is the basis of the present study of the effects of variations in the shape or breadth of the drop size distribution (DSD) on rainfall parameters. Theoretical expressions are derived for rainfall rate, liquid water content W, and median volume diameter D(O) in terms of Z(DR), Z(H), and size distribution-dependent factors. The latter calculations assume backscattering cross sections for oblate, nonoscillating raindrops falling in still air with equilibrium shapes. These expressions are used to quantitatively assess the effects of changes in DSD breadth on values of R, W, and D(O) deduced from Z(DR) and Z(H).
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented estimates of hydrocarbon pollution control costs under the alternative regulatory approaches of individual source or process standards, plant standards, and regionally marketable permits.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provided much needed empirical data on loneliness and found that the UCLA Loneliness Scale performance correlated significantly with three of eight items of a social risk-taking scale.
Abstract: The present study provides much needed empirical data on loneliness. Subjects (n = 57, M = 64.9 years, SD = 5.04) were given measures of loneliness frequency, intensity, attributions, and coping styles. UCLA Loneliness Scale performance correlated significantly with three of eight items of a social risk-taking scale. In each instance, lonely persons were less willing to take a risk. Loneliness was most frequently attributed to being without others (44%o). Thus loneliness seems to be aggravated by social inaction and resultant isolation. The UCLA scare also correlated with measured depression and anxiety, but they are not identical constructs. Self-descriptions of loneliness ('depressed/sad"-39901? "anxious/restless," -30%) agree with correlations of loneliness with depression and anxiety. Mean incidence of loneliness was 1.50 bouts/mo. (M duration = 7.16 hrs.). In comparison with college samples, older adults evidence a low incidence of loneliness, but equivalent loneliness as measured by the UCLA scale. ...
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: The lack of consensus stems from variation in the extent to which we recognize that, whatever it may be ecologically, predation is a clear, unambiguous behavioral act as mentioned in this paper, which is an invitation to dispute.
Abstract: The first task faced by the writer of any book is the setting of limits around the material to be covered. This is primarily an exercise in definition and, as with any such exercise, is an invitation to dispute. Nearly every textbook dealing with ecology offers a unique definition of predation. The lack of consensus stems, I suggest, from variation in the extent to which we recognize that, whatever it may be ecologically, predation is a clear, unambiguous behavioral act. Other interactions of species, competition or mutualism for example, imply no particular behaviors, and their definitions emerge solely from their ecological consequences. By comparison, predation may be defined as a behavioral act, an ecological process, or more commonly as some combination of both.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the ability of McClelland's trichotomy of needs theory to provide a conceptual explanation of the job satisfaction and work performance of CPA firm professionals.
Abstract: This paper examines the ability of McClelland's trichotomy of needs theory (need for affiliation, need for power, need for achievement) to provide a conceptual explanation of the job satisfaction and work performance of CPA firm professionals. Seventy-seven of the 89 professionals at an office of a large international CPA firm participated in the study. For partners and managers, need for affiliation correlated negatively with job satisfaction. For partners and managers, junior-level audit/tax specialists and junior-level management consultants, need for power correlated positively with job satisfaction. Job satisfaction correlated positively with the intent to remain with their current firm for all three categories. Need for achievement correlated positively with hours devoted to work for junior-level audit/tax specialists, and with the firm's work performance ratings for partners and managers and junior-level audit/tax specialists. The results suggest that McClelland's theory, which has not been previously applied to examine job satisfaction, might provide a conceptual explanation of why some individuals experience relatively high job satisfaction in an environment where their contemporaries experience relatively low job satisfaction.
TL;DR: In the malaria model of Dietz, Molineaux, and Thomas as mentioned in this paper, the recovery rate depends on an approximation to a full time-dependent formulation of Macdonald's superinfection hypothesis.
Abstract: In the malaria model of Dietz, Molineaux, and Thomas [Bull. WHO 50:347–357 (1974)] the iroculation rate depends on a pseudoequilibrium approximation to a differential equation describing mosquito dynamics. By biasing a key parameter, the approximation can match the predictions of the differential equation; with fixed parameters, the approximation sometimes predicts qualitatively different disease behavior than does its approximand. The model's recovery rate depends on an approximation to a full time-dependent formulation of Macdonald's superinfection hypothesis. Judged by the ability to fit data, the approximation performs better than its approximand. Alternative implementations of the model yield significantly different estimates of scientifically meaningful parameters.
TL;DR: This paper discusses reliability modeling techniques based on a behavioral decomposition that provides tractability by separating the reliability model along temporal lines into nearly disjoint fault-occurrence and fault-handling submodels and implemented in the HARP program.
TL;DR: The work-of-fracture of human femoral bone was found to be independent of the degree of mineralization within the range of 60-80 weight %, and to not vary with transverse variation in location in the femoral shaft.
TL;DR: In this paper, the acquisition policies of 42 executives were examined and were found to be either individual or firm specific, and the decision makers had poor insight into their own decision policies.
Abstract: The acquisition policies of 42 executives were examined and were found to be individual or firm specific. The decision makers had poor insight into their own decision policies. Therefore, researche...
TL;DR: It is shown that this average number of nodes in certain families of subtrees of a tree increases when the underlying tree is enlarged and decreases if the family itself is enlarged within the same underlying tree.
TL;DR: The results confirm the relatively high Al-sensitivity of hybrid poplars, and they suggest a cause for some of the genotype x environment interactions that have occurred in trials of hybrid Poplar as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Twenty-two Populus clones, derived from various crosses among six species, were tested in solution culture for response to 3 ppm aluminum. Clonal mean responses varied from a maximum of 93 percent reduction in root elongation to a minimum of no reduction when compared with elongation in untreated solution. Hybrids derived at least in part from species in section Tacamahaca had significantly higher tolerances than those derived entirely from species in section Aegeiros. This difference is consistent with several reports of the performance of clones with similar pedigrees on moderately acid soils. The results confirm the relatively high Al-sensitivity of hybrid poplars, and they suggest a cause for some of the genotype x environment interactions that have occurred in trials of hybrid poplar. FOREST Sci. 30:404-410. ADDITIONAL
TL;DR: In this paper, several methods for the estimation of the reaeration coefficient were compared by determining the ability of the methods to recover the correct K value from a computer-simulated stream oxygen record affected by a variety of non-ideal conditions.
Abstract: Several methods for the estimation of the reaeration coefficient were compared by determining the ability of the methods to recover the correct K value from a computer-simulated stream oxygen record affected by a variety of non-ideal conditions. Noisy data and long observation intervals were not a serious problem for most methods. Saturating photosynthesis, fluctuating light intensity, afternoon depression and temperature variation caused failures by some methods but were well handled by others. Serious impairment of all methods occurred with low productivity or high K. In general, the best-performing methods were the modified hysteresis, nighttime regression, daytime regression, Odum and Hornberger-Kelly daytime methods.
TL;DR: In this paper, the properties of perfect elimination orderings in chordal graphs are investigated and the connections between convex subsets and quasiconcave functions in a graph are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, a generalized rain parameter diagram is developed which includes a third distribution parameter, the breadth of the DSD, to better specify rain rate and all possible remote variables.
Abstract: The measurement of rainfall by remote sensors is investigated. One parameter radar rainfall measurement is limited because both reflectivity and rain rate are dependent on at least two parameters of the drop size distribution (DSD), i.e., representative raindrop size and number concentration. A generalized rain parameter diagram is developed which includes a third distribution parameter, the breadth of the DSD, to better specify rain rate and all possible remote variables. Simulations show the improvement in accuracy attainable through the use of combinations of two and three remote measurables. The spectrum of remote measurables is reviewed. These include path integrated techniques of radiometry and of microwave and optical attenuation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors implemented a multiple time-step method that produces factors of 1.5 to 2.5 decrease in the computer time needed for performing molecular dynamics simulations of fluid alkanes, which was used to obtain a pair distribution function for n -butane that is compared with recent x-ray diffraction data.
TL;DR: During ontogeny, the Yolk sac of viviparous sharks differentiates into a yolk sac placenta which functions in gas exchange and hematrophic nutrient transport and the pre-implantation yolksac functions in respiration and yolk absorption.
Abstract: During ontogeny, the yolk sac of viviparous sharks differentiates into a yolk sac placenta which functions in gas exchange and hematrophic nutrient transport. The pre-implantation yolk sac functions in respiration and yolk absorption. In a 10.0 cm embryo, the yolk sac consists of six layers, viz. (1) somatic ectoderm; (2) somatic mesoderm; (3) extraembryonic coelom; (4) capillaries; (5) endoderm; and (6) yolk syncytium. The epithelial ectoderm is a simple cuboidal epithelium possessing the normal complement of cytoplasmic organelles. The endoplasmic cisternae are dilated and vesicular. The epithelium rests upon a basal lamina below which is a collagenous stroma that contains dense bodies of varying diameter. They have a dense marginal zone, a less dense core, and a dense center. The squamous mesoderm has many pinocytotic caveolae. The capillary endothelium is adjacent to the mesoderm and is delimited by a basal lamina. The endoderm contains yolk degradation vesicles whose contents range from pale to dense. The yolk syncytium contains many morphologically diverse yolk granules in all phases of degradation. Concentric membrane lamellae form around yolk bodies as the main yolk granules begin to be degraded. During degradation, yolk platelets exhibit a vesicular configuration.
TL;DR: The following conjectures due to Robyn Dawes are proved and improves the result obtained independently by Bollobas and Cockayne, Allan and Laskar.