Showing papers by "Ford Motor Company published in 1977"

A Fast Computational Algorithm for the Discrete Cosine Transform

Abstract: A Fast Discrete Cosine Transform algorithm has been developed which provides a factor of six improvement in computational complexity when compared to conventional Discrete Cosine Transform algorithms using the Fast Fourier Transform. The algorithm is derived in the form of matrices and illustrated by a signal-flow graph, which may be readily translated to hardware or software implementations.

Adaptive Coding of Monochrome and Color Images

Abstract: An efficient adaptive encoding technique using a new implementation of the Fast Discrete Cosine Transform (FDCT) for bandwidth compression of monochrome and color images is described. Practical system application is attained by maintaining a balance between complexity of implementation and performance. FDCT sub-blocks are sorted into four classes according to level of image activity, measured by the total ac energy within each sub-block. Adaptivity is provided by distributing bits between classes, favoring higher levels of activity over lower levels. Excellent performance is demonstrated in terms of mean square error and direct comparison of original and reconstructed images. Results are presented for both noiseless and noisy transmission at a total rate of 1 bit and 0.5 bit per pixel for a monochrome image and for a total rate of 2 bits and 1 bit per pixel for a color image. In every case the total bit rate includes all overhead required for image reconstruction and bit protection.

A Turbulent Entrainment Model for Spark-Ignition Engine Combustion

Abstract: A turbulent entrainment model for the turbulent combustion process in spark-ignition engines is described The model uses the basic quantities of turbulent flow, ie, the integral length scale, micro length scale, and turbulent intensity The characteristic reaction time for a large eddy tau was calculated using the characteristic reaction time tau/sub c/ for the microscale, lambda/S/sub l/, where S/sub l/ is the laminar flame speed and propagation of ignition sites within a coherent turbulent structure Tau is related to the flame kernel development time and shows similar trends to the ignition delay time The combustion model is demonstrated by calculations showing the typical trend behavior of combustion duration with equivalence ratio, exhaust gas recirculation, spark timing and engine speed

Keyless entry system

Abstract: A keyless entry system for an automotive vehicle permits a plurality of operations to be achieved from outside the vehicle by one who is knowledgeable of predetermined digital codes. Functions such as unlocking the doors of the vehicle, opening the rear deck lid, opening a roof window, lowering the windows or programming the system with a user preferred digital access code are all performed by proper sequential operation of a digital keyboard mounted on the outside of the vehicle.

Materials for luminescent greenhouse solar collectors.

Abstract: Luminescent greenhouse solar collectors are potentially useful for concentrating sunlight onto photovoltaic power cells. Measurements of the performance of small-scale collectors made of two commercially available materials (Owens-Illinois ED2 neodymium-doped laser glass and rhodamine 6G-doped plastic) are presented. The results are encouraging, but they indicate a need for further spectral sensitization and for reduced matrix loss coefficient. The measurements with monochromatic illumination agree with the predictions of a mathematical model developed to take account of reemission following the absorption of luminescence. Under solar illumination, the model predicts photon flux concentrations of about 15 for optimized full-scale collectors made of the materials studied and concentrations of 110 for reasonably improved glass.

Spectrophone measurements of the absorption of visible light by aerosols in the atmosphere

Abstract: Simultaneous in situ measurements of the absorption and scattering by aerosols were made in ambient room air and in air with large amounts of added aerosols, such as cigarette smoke. For room aerosols, the extinction contribution due to absorption was typically one half that from scattering. The absorption measurements were made with an acoustically resonant spectrophone powered with a 0.5-W argon laser.

Meat tenderness: distribution of molecular species of collagen in bovine muscle

Abstract: The collagen of bovine striated muscle has been shown to be comprised of three genetically distinct types of collagen, the proportions of which vary from the tendon to the endomysium. Despite the variation in genetic type all three collagens are stabilised by lysine-derived cross-links. It is proposed that the change in the tenderness of meat at temperatures above 65°C is caused by the tension generated during thermal contraction of all three types of collagen and that the extent is determined by the thermal stability of the intermolecular cross-links. The relative contributions of each type of collagen remain to be elucidated.

Theory of surface-plasmon excitation in metal-insulator-metal tunnel junctions

Abstract: A new calculation of surface-plasmon excitation in tunnel junctions is described. The tunnel junction is divided into three regions of complex dielectric function ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{L}(\ensuremath{\omega})$, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}(\ensuremath{\omega})$, and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{R}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ which correspond to the left electrode, the barrier, and the right electrode, respectively. Maxwell's equations are solved for the classical electromagnetic fields. The source terms are given by the quantum-mechanical transition current and charge, $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{J}}=(\frac{\mathrm{ie}\ensuremath{\hbar}}{2m})(\ensuremath{\psi}_{}^{*}{}_{R}{}^{}\ensuremath{ abla}{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{L}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{L}\ensuremath{ abla}\ensuremath{\psi}_{}^{*}{}_{R}{}^{})$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}=\ensuremath{-}e\ensuremath{\psi}_{}^{*}{}_{R}{}^{}{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{L}$, for an electronic transition from a state ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{L}$ in the left electrode to a state ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{R}$ in the right. The transition rate is given by $(\ensuremath{-}\frac{2}{\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}})\mathrm{Re}\ensuremath{\int}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{E}}}^{*}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{J}}{d}^{3}r$ where $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}={E}_{L}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{R}$. This new formulation avoids the need to quantize the electromagnetic fields and allows the use of complex dielectric functions. Current-carrying orthogonal eigenfunctions are used for ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{L}$ and ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{R}$ in place of the nonorthogonal basis set associated with the transfer-Hamiltonian theory of inelastic tunneling. The transition rate calculated from the latter theory differs from the present calculation by a factor as large as 10 to 100 in some instances. Numerical estimates of the rate of surface-plasmon excitation in Al-${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$-Ag junctions are given. The inelastic tunneling rate is found to be \ensuremath{\sim}0.1 of the elastic rate (for electrons tunneling into Ag). Excitation of electromagnetic modes which can be made radiative by roughening the electrodes is discussed.

The effect of temperature on the drip, denaturation and extracellular space of pork longissimus dorsi muscle

Abstract: Pork longissimus dorsi muscles were cut across the muscle into slices as soon as possible after slaughter. The slices were held at temperatures ranging from 10 to 37°C during the first 24 h post-mortem. 1–2% drip was obtained from slices held at 10°C and increased to 10–14% at 37°C. As the amount of drip increased, the protein concentration of the drip fell from about 150 mg/ml to 100 mg/ml. Some of this decrease could be attributed to the denaturation of sarcoplasmic protein, which amounted to a maximum of 19% in the samples with the highest drip. It is also suggested that diffusion of fluid from the myofilaments or sarcoplasmic reticulum could dilute the sarcoplasm. Denaturation of the myofibrillar proteins, as measured by their ATPase activity, was also observed but this was measurable only at holding temperatures above 30°C. The extracellular space which was 2–5% of the muscle section when the holding temperature was 10°C and drip was low, increased to a maximum of 16–25% at 37°C when drip was high. It is suggested that this is a contributory factor to the increase in drip with increasing temperatures.

Linearized secondary-electron cascades from the surfaces of metals. II. Surface and subsurface sources

Abstract: Segmentation of the linearized cascade from a metallic surface was shown in Paper I to be initiated by internal sources. Here the nature of the line shape accompanying the segmentation is related to a distinction between internal sources according to surface and subsurface distributions of their constituents. These sources are assumed to be activated during the decay processes that accompany excitation of bound electrons by passing primary electrons and derive from atomic constituents having distinguishable spatial distributions. The distributions correspond to a surface source if they exist within an inelastic mean free path ${l}_{i}(E)$ of the vacuum-solid interface, and are subsurface sources if they exist below this level in the solid. Composite distributions are considered also. Characteristic spectra in the $\frac{logj(E)}{log(E)}$ display mode are shown for nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, and sulfur serving as internal sources in nickel and aluminum.

Collagen of Dupuytren's disease.

Abstract: 1. In contrast to collagen from the aponeurosis of normal adult subjects, the nodules, contractures and apparently unaffected aponeurosis from patients with Dupuytren's disease contained substantial amounts of type III collagen. 2. The presence of type III collagen supports the previous proposal that the initial response to injury is the synthesis of an increased proportion of this form of collagen. The increased amounts in the apparently unaffected aponeurosis indicate the disease is not strictly focal but more systemic than is usually considered.

Optimization of Automotive Engine Calibration for Better Fuel Economy-Methods and Applications

Abstract: A method is presented for determining an optimum engine calibration that maximizes fuel economy for the CVS-H cycle subject to a set of emission constraints. The method combines the results of a powertrain simulation with steady state engine dynamometer emissions and fuel flow data to project cycle emission and fuel economy values. Dynamic Programming is used to allocate emission contributions among selected speed/load points to maximize projected cycle fuel economy. The corresponding engine calibration is then directly inferred from the optimum emission allocation. Typical results for 2.3 liter and 400 CID engines are presented.

Interaction of many discrete states with many continua

Abstract: The problem of many discrete states of a Hamiltonian which are embedded in and interact with many continua is considered. Exact continuum eigenstates are found by a direct extension of Fano's formalism, without use of scattering theory. Our procedure reduces the computation time when many continua are involved. The conditions for the existence of exact discrete states are discussed. The line shapes in ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}(E)$, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}(E)$, $\mathrm{Im}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}(E)}]$, and the absorption coefficient are compared.

Quick connect fluid fitting

Abstract: A fluid fitting for attaching fluid conduits to a housing which makes possible a simplified assembly procedure that requires only the insertion of a tube assembly into a preassembled nut located in a threaded opening in the housing. The assembly includes an expandable clip located on the tube between retainer beads formed on the tube. The clip contains locking fingers that engage a shoulder on the nut.

A One‐Dimensional Model of Stretching Float Glass

Abstract: One of the important steps in the manufacture of glass by the float process is the control of glass thickness by stretching the ribbon. The first step in a program to model the stretching of float glass is discussed. A simple, 1-dimensional analysis is presented for the mechanics of stretching a free ribbon, i.e. one without edge constraints in the stretching region. For the case of a stiff (“cold”) ribbon, the present analysis yields closed-form solutions which are generally valid but do not encompass all phenomena of interest. The stretching of a “hot” ribbon is, therefore, treated quantitatively by computer simulation. This approach is used to illustrate the differential attenuation of the width and thickness of hot ribbons. In another numerical example, the caculated width attenuation is compared with the results of in-plant measurements.

Method of producing a forged article from prealloyed- premixed water atomized ferrous alloy powder

Abstract: A method of making powder metal compacts having a low but optimized alloy content, the compacts being characterized by improved response to heat treatment (hardenability) and improved physical characteristics. A ferrous based powder is prepared having a predetermined particle size (about -80 mesh), a low O 2 content (less than .25%), a predetermined particle shape, less than .04% carbon and balanced pre-alloyed ingredients (.2-1.0% nickel, .2-.8% Mo, and .25-.6% Mn). A nonferrous based powder having at least a high content of copper (-320 mesh if pure copper or about -200 mesh if alloyed copper) is admixed with the prealloyed ferrous based powder to achieve a Cu content of .2-2.1% in the resulting sintered material. Graphite powder is also admixed (.1-1.0% of admixture) to provide a carbon content of at least .17%, but up to .65% in the sintered material; the graphite is preferably a naturally occurring crystalline flake with up to 4.9% max. The admixture is compacted to form a preform having a green density of about 6.4 g/cm 3 and the same weight as the intended forged product but with greater length and reduced width. The preform is ready to be sintered in a low O 2 potential furnace at between 2050°-2500° F and subsequently hot forged at about 1800° F under a force of 50 to 100 tons/in 2 . Also disclosed are related methods of making powder ingredients for compacts and the method of carrying the process through the forging stage. Variations of the alloying ingredients in said admixed powders include: (a) employing 0.4-0.65% each of one or all of the alloying ingredients for said prealloyed iron powder, admixing the ferrobased powder with pure copper powder (99.5% pure) in the amount typically about .9% of the mixture, (b) employing a 0.40-0.65 Ni, 0.45-0.65 Mo) prealloyed iron powder with a Cu-Mn powder, (c) employing a Mo prealloyed iron powder admixed with a Cu-Mn-Ni powder or Cu-Mn powder, or (d) employing Mo and Ni in the prealloyed ferrobased powder limited to .19% and employing additional Ni and Mn in a nonferrous based powder having copper to be admixed; graphite powder is added to the admixture in all of the foregoing.