Showing papers by "Long Island University published in 1988"
TL;DR: It is suggested that individual differences in affective organization, acquired during the course of development, result in affect-specific biases in expressive patterns and idiosyncratic perceptual organizations that contribute to psychological continuities that are identified as emotional traits.
Abstract: In this paper we take a discrete emotions approach to personality development. We suggest that individual differences in affective organization, acquired during the course of development, result in affect-specific biases in expressive patterns and idiosyncratic perceptual organizations. These affective biases, which have a pervasive influence on a wide domain of individual and interpersonal behaviours, contribute to psychological continuities that we identify as emotional traits. An array of data in support of this proposition is detailed. We propose a developmental model of how such affective organizations may be established initially, and the mechanisms by which they become consolidated over time. A final section discusses broader implications for developmental theory.
220 citations
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: This chapter attempted to introduce a model of personality development that emphasizes the important contribution of emotional experiences, specifically differential emotional experiences and established the case for the existence of emotional biases in adults and to show that these emotional biases appear to have rudimentary counterparts in infants and young children.
Abstract: In this chapter I have attempted to introduce a model of personality development that emphasizes the important contribution of emotional experiences, specifically differential emotional experiences. I have suggested that in the course of development children acquire affect-specific emotional organizations that then influence the way they subsequently engage the world. The attachment literature has led in establishing that early, formative social interactions with caregivers affect, in consequential ways, the nature of the subsequent parent-child bond and the child's social competence and cognitive skills. The discrete-emotions analysis undertaken here suggests it may be informative to learn more about the specific types of emotional exchanges that go on between infants and their caregivers. From this we may be able to understand more about differential personality development. In this chapter I also attempted to establish the case for the existence of emotional biases in adults and to show that these emotional biases appear to have rudimentary counterparts in infants and young children. I suggested that differential emotional biases are acquired developmentally in the context of differential social ecologies that elicit and emphasize certain emotions over others. Several mechanisms were proposed to account for the consolidation of emotional biases over time, including social learning principles, contagion and self-regulation, language, and the formation of cognitively mediated emotion loops. Once these kinds of ideoaffective organizations (Tomkins, 1963) or affective-cognitive structures (Izard, 1977) that are embodied in emotional organizations have taken shape, they tend to be self-sustaining without further "emotion socialization" from caregivers and other family members, although the wider social environment may continue to reinforce emotional biases, as is evident in the Dodge et al. (1986) study. Does this mean that emotional organizations established early in life will resist subsequent change? I suggest that cognition and feeling experience are capable of contributing to either further consolidation of emotional organizations and their dominance in personality and behavior or the forging of a new developmental path. Although emotion and cognition tend to sustain one another within emotion organizations, experience teaches that one can discover one's own "modes of states of mind" and deploy this information in the service of enlightened self-management (although there may be limitations on this ability, especially if the organization is of the more inflexible form found in psychopathology [Malatesta & Wilson, 1988]).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
109 citations
TL;DR: The determinants of import demand in trinidad and Tobago: 1967-84 Applied Economics: Vol 20, No 3, pp 303-313 as discussed by the authors, 1988].
Abstract: (1988) The determinants of import demand in trinidad and Tobago: 1967–84 Applied Economics: Vol 20, No 3, pp 303-313
56 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the stability of aspirin, as a model hydrolyzable drug, in combination with excipients having either hydrate water (dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate and lactose) or variable adsorbed moisture depending upon environmental conditions (microcrystalline cellulose and pregelatinized starch).
Abstract: The stability of a moisture sensitive drug is normally studied in relation to packaging which prevents water vapor ingress or minimizes its effect by using dessicants in a container. However, excipients contain intrinsic water which may degrade the drug. This paper deals with the stability of aspirin, as a model hydrolyzable drug, in combination with excipients having either hydrate water (dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate and lactose) or variable adsorbed moisture depending upon environmental conditions (microcrystalline cellulose and pregelatinized starch). Tablets containing 10 and 50 per cent aspirin with these excipients were stored in open and closed bottles at various temperatures and humidities. Pregelatinized starch based tablets were stable in closed containers for 30 weeks while tablets containing microcrystalline cellulose or dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate were unstable with respect to USP salicylic acid content. The stability of lactose based tablets was dependent on aspirin co...
43 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that legally intoxicated individuals cannot antagonize alcohol-induced, driving-related decrements with caffeine prior to driving an automobile, thought to be the major behavior for which caffeine is used in attempts to antagonizealcohol-induced decrements.
Abstract: Design aspects and results of experiments that investigated the effects of caffeine on alcohol-induced performance decrements in humans are discussed. Simple conclusions concerning those outcomes a...
30 citations
TL;DR: The working hypothesis that serial displays can speed information transfer for automatic but not for controlled processing is discussed, with large rate differences found, with faster serial communication for all levels of the clutter factors.
Abstract: Information communication rate for a conventional display with three spatially separated windows was compared with rate for a serial display in which data frames were presented sequentially in one window. For both methods, each frame contained a randomly selected digit with various amounts of additional display “clutter.” Subjects recalled the digits in a prescribed order. Large rate differences were found, with faster serial communication for all levels of the clutter factors. However, the rate difference was most pronounced for highly cluttered displays. An explanation for the latter effect in terms of visual masking in the retinal periphery was supported by the results of a second experiment. The working hypothesis that serial displays can speed information transfer for automatic but not for controlled processing is discussed.
25 citations
TL;DR: Trials evaluating the clinical utility of octreotide indicate efficacy in the management of symptoms associated with acromegaly and hypersecretory neuroendocrine tumors, and in the control of nontumoral secretory diarrheas.
Abstract: Octreotide is an investigational synthetic peptide exhibiting actions similar to those of endogenous somatostatin It has a longer half-life than the native hormone and can be administered by subcutaneous injection Octreotide inhibits the secretion of growth hormone and numerous regulatory peptides of the gastroenteropancreatic system Trials evaluating the clinical utility of octreotide indicate efficacy in the management of symptoms associated with acromegaly and hypersecretory neuroendocrine tumors, and in the control of nontumoral secretory diarrheas Octreotide therapy is well tolerated This agent should prove useful in the symptomatic control of a number of rare hypersecretory disorders
23 citations
TL;DR: The enthalpies of hydrogenation for all isomers of n-heptene and of the methylhexenes were given in this article for which there are few literature values.
17 citations
TL;DR: The components of the mucus skin secretions from eight species of trunkfish found in the coastal waters of Australia were analyzed by combined chemical ionization-gas chromatography mass spectrometry.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a survey of recent trends in collection development policies in the academic library is presented, focusing on how lack of a written policy has longlasting effects on library operation.
Abstract: As budgetary uncertainties continue, ever greater emphasis must be laid on collection management. Intuition and educated feeling no longer suffice as modes of operation. More varied and sophisticated management tools are needed in order to anticipate and deal with library needs. This article surveys recent trends in collection development policies in the academic library. Special attention is given to how lack of a written policy has longlasting effects on library operation.
13 citations
TL;DR: The pattern of poorer child performance and maternal interactive compensations is largely confined to children whose structural disabilities are speech-related, and maternal interactive behavior varies with the particular pattern of child disabilities found.
TL;DR: No significant difference in any of the mutagenicity parameters was found between control and treated groups, and no microscopic lesions were found in testes of the treated males.
Abstract: Methylene chloride, a widely used industrial solvent, has been shown to be mutagenic by in vitro tests. The aim of this study was to determine in vivo mutagenicity. Groups of 20 Swiss-Webster (S/W) male mice were injected subcutaneously three times/week with 5 ml/kg of 5% vol/vol or 10% vol/vol solution of methylene chloride in corn oil for 4 weeks, followed by 1 week of no treatment. Other groups of 20 S/W male mice were exposed to airflow of 10 L/min carrying 100, 150, or 200 ppm of methylene chloride daily for 2 hr/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks. Each study contained appropriate negative controls. Mating was started 1 week later for the injection group and 2 days later for the inhalation group. Each male mouse was mated with a S/W virgin adult female. The mating was allowed to continue for 2 weeks. Presence of a vaginal plug was taken as a sign of successful mating and was designated as day 0 of gestation. On day 17, the females were killed, and the fetuses were removed and processed. Male mice were kill...
TL;DR: The performance of third and fifth-grade good and poor readers was compared in order to determine if they differed in their ability to comprehend literal and metaphoric language, and their abilities to perform metaphor-related language tasks as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The performance of third- and fifth-grade good and poor readers was compared in order to determine if (a) they differed in their ability to comprehend literal and metaphoric language, (b) they differed in their ability to perform metaphor-related language tasks, and (c) their ability to comprehend metaphoric language was related to their performance on the metaphor-related language tasks. Results of separate 2 x 2 (group by grade) ANOVAs indicated that while there was no difference in performance between the two groups on the literal comprehension task, there were significant differences in their performance on both the metaphor comprehension task and on the metaphor-related language tasks. The findings also indicated differences in the pattern of correlations among the good and poor reading groups' metaphor scores and their scores on the metaphor-related language tasks. The results are discussed from a metacognitive perspective with implications for reading instruction.
TL;DR: The authors argue that the intentional state of a symbol's being meaningful to a subject is a functionally definable relation between the symbol and certain past and present states of the subject, and that a machine could bear this relation to a symbol.
Abstract: John Searle has argued that one can imagine embodying a machine running any computer program without understanding the symbols, and hence that purely computational processes do not yield understanding. The disagreement this argument has generated stems, I hold, from ambiguity in talk of ‘understanding’. The concept is analysed as a relation between subjects and symbols having two components: a formal and an intentional. The central question, then becomes whether a machine could possess the intentional component with or without the formal component. I argue that the intentional state of a symbol's being meaningful to a subject is a functionally definable relation between the symbol and certain past and present states of the subject, and that a machine could bear this relation to a symbol. I sketch a machine which could be said to possess, in primitive form, the intentional component of understanding. Even if the machine, in lacking consciousness, lacks full understanding, it contributes to a theor...
TL;DR: An additional convexity condition is given to correct a theorem characterizing city block distance and it is shown that the distance between a city block and its circumference is determined by the square of the city's radius.
TL;DR: In this article, the self plays a role of external reality in discourse about physical objects in the sense that it can be viewed as a domain or frame of reference which constrains what can be said about the entities, which is related to Johnson-Laird's theory of mental models.
Abstract: Sydney Shoemaker argues that introspection, unlike perception, provides no identification information about the self, and that knowledge of one's mental states should be conceived as arising in a direct and unmediated fashion from one's being in those states. I argue that while one does not identify aself as the subject of one's states, one does frequently identify and misidentify thestates, in ways analogous to the identification of objects in perception, and that in discourse about one's mental states the self plays the role of external reality in discourse about physical objects. Discourse about any sort of entity or property can be viewed as involving a domain or frame of reference which constrains what can be said about the entities; this view is related to Johnson-Laird's theory of mental models. On my approach evidence, including sensory evidence, may be involved in decisions about one's mental states. I conclude that while Shoemaker may well be right about different roles for sense impressions in introspection and perception, the exact differences and their significance remain to be established.
08 Aug 1988
TL;DR: A major goal is to minimize the difference between conventional problem specification and executable program so as to achieve self-documenting programs.
Abstract: Some of the principal features of the AUTOMATED PROGRAMMER system are discussed. The input language is oriented toward scientific, engineering, and mathematical applications. Mathematical formulas in conventional textbook two-dimensional notation and technical English, using a multi-clause and multi-line sentence structure with flexible syntax, are acceptable as input. A major goal is to minimize the difference between conventional problem specification and executable program so as to achieve self-documenting programs. Ambiguity resolution is accomplished by contextual analysis, reliance on a cognitive model of the user, and feedback of system interpretation. Programming rules are minimal and explicit declarations are usually unnecessary. Output is generated as a computationally equivalent program in a conventional language (such as FORTRAN) permitting linking with user manually coded programs or libraries.
TL;DR: In this article, the enthalpies of isomerization of 2,3-dimethylbut-1-ene to 2, 3-dimmethylbut-2-ene were investigated.
Abstract: The enthalpies of hydrogenation are given for all isomers of hexene. The enthalpy of isomerization of 2,3-dimethylbut-1-ene to 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene is discussed in relation to the enthalpies of endocyclic isomerization of methylenecyclopentane and methylenecyclohexane to the corresponding methylcycloalk-1-enes, which have also been determined by hydrogen thermochemistry.
TL;DR: Fyfe et al. as mentioned in this paper found that since 1973, the number of incidents in which New York City police officers discharged a firearm decreased by approximately 50% and that the ratio of aggregate incidents to the total number of officers in the department also decreased (2.57).
Abstract: A well-documented consensus holds that discharges of firearms by police officers have decreased in the 1980s, which is consistent with the implementation of stricter police policy guidelines for shooting (Fyfe, personal communication, November 11, 1987; 1; 4). Since 1973 the total number of incidents in which New York City police officers discharged a firearm decreased ap roximately 50%. Variables constructed to study the complex etiology of \"why\" and under wEat circumstances \"do\" police officers fire their weapons usually include the demo. graphic makeup of the force, education, length of service, assignment, and the like. The focal point of this research note is that the rior incidence of individual officers being involved in a rovl e a more definitive rognostic index. shootin could, sym tomaticdy, R ' ! , . he the totafnumber of s ootlng ~ncldents decline: over the 10-yr. period, the ratio of aggregate incidents to the total number of officers in the department also decreased (2.5% of the force were involved in shootings in 1973 versus 1.4% in 1983). The number of officers who were ~nvolved in shootings for the second time in theit careers increased from 21% in 1973 to 30 S9b LII 1983 (X' = 12.57). Data wcre obtained from the New York City Police Department-Firearms Discharge/ Assault on Ofi~cer Report (NYCPD-FDAR) for the years 1973 and 1983 (2, 3). The popula. tion contained 777 and 341 shooting incidents for 1973 and 1983, res ectively Each report represents one shooting event regardless of the total shots fired during eac! incident.
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: The psychological implications of Piagetian theory are considered in this article, where it is suggested that the central problem was to explain the formation of cognitive structures, and Genetic Epistemology was his unique philosophic solution to this problem, which stresses the importance of the constructive "activity of the subject".
Abstract: Piaget’s theory has been influential in psychological discussions of development and cognition. His theory is commonly considered a structural theory which posits the existence of logical-mathematical structures that direct the way the developing subject comes to know the world. This paper will argue that such a characterization of Piagetian theory is misleading. Instead, it is suggested that for Piaget, the central problem was to explain the formation of cognitive structures, and Genetic Epistemology was his unique philosophic solution to this problem, which stresses the importance of the constructive ‘activity of the subject’. In light of this interpretation, the psychological implications of Piagetian theory are considered.
TL;DR: The authors presented modified cloze exercises that have proven useful in instruction of reading comprehension, including reading comprehension reading comprehension and reading comprehension comprehension comprehension, and comprehension comprehension and read comprehension comprehension in reading comprehension.
Abstract: Five modified cloze exercises that have proven useful in instruction of reading comprehension
TL;DR: The enthalpies of hydrogenation for all isomers of n-heptene and of the methylhexenes were given in this article for which there are few literature values.
Abstract: The enthalpies of hydrogenation are given for all isomers of n-heptene and of the methylhexenes, for which there are few literature values.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the misrepresentation of Jim Harrison's fiction in the context of contemporary fiction and present a critique of the misrepresentation of Harrison's work in the literature.
Abstract: (1988). “Macho Mistake”: The Misrepresentation of Jim Harrison's Fiction. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction: Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 233-244.