Showing papers by "National Dairy Research Institute published in 1984"

Methadone Folklore: Beliefs about Side Effects and Their Impact on Treatment

Abstract: In the Tri-State Ethnographic Project (TRISEP) we found many of the same side effects ascribed to methadone as reported in the clinical literature: constipation, body aches and bone problems, sweating, sexual problems, weight changes, stomach distress, drowsiness and insomnia. Clinical evidence suggests that many reported symptoms may be related to dosage acclimation, interaction of methadone with other drugs, detoxification effects or problems undiagnosed during addiction. Clients of methadone maintenance treatment programs have explanations of the side effects of methadone that arise from the needs of clients to understand and control their physical condition, and from experiences which they bring from the addict world where self-management of medication is the norm. Information shared among clients about how to interpret and manage side effects produces client home remedies, including innocuous regimens such as vitamins or exercise, as well as harmful practices such as the use of cocaine or sedatives a...

Isolation, screening and characterization of thermophilic Bacillus species isolated from dairy products

Abstract: Proteolytic thermophilic bacterial cultures (171 strains) were isolated from different milk and milk products. After screening these isolates for protease production in a liquid medium, fifty that exhibited enzyme activity in excess of 100 units/ml were selected and identified. Twenty-nine were Bacillus stearothermophilus (constituting 58% of the total), twelve were B. coagulans, five were B. circulans and four were B. licheniformis. Skim milk powder contributed the maximum number of B. stearothermophilus (64.7%) followed by raw milk (63.2%) and pasteurized milk (44.4%). When the culture supernatant liquids from the selected isolates were given heat treatment, five cultures retained 100% protease activity at 65 degrees C for 30 min. Protease of B. stearothermophilus RM-67 had the maximum heat resistance because it retained 87.5% of its activity at 70 degrees C for 30 min.

Environmental and genetic variation in milk yield of native cattle and crosses with Brown Swiss in India.

Abstract: Effects of year, season, parity, age, their two-way interactions, lactation length and calving interval on milk yield were investigated utilizing 9,086 lactation records collected from 1930 to 1975 from six breed groups kept in one herd at Karnal, India. The breed groups involved three native breeds (Sahiwal, Red Sindhi and Tharpakar) and three crossbreds with Brown Swiss (F1 crosses between Brown Swiss and three native breeds, inter se crosses, and 3/4 Brown Swiss). Breed, year, season, parity, age and all of the two-way interactions with the exception of breed X season and parity X season were important. Tharpakar produced more milk than Sahiwal and Red Sindhi by 232 and 204 kg. The milk production difference between Sahiwal and Red Sindhi was only 28 kg. The three crossbreds outproduced the purebreds by an average of 766 kg; however, differences in management could have favored crossbreds. Among the crossbreds, F1 crosses were superior. The linear and quadratic regressions on lactation length accounted for 28% of the variation in milk yield after year, season, parity, age and their interactions were absorbed. Calving interval and lactation length together accounted for 29%. Estimates of heritability, from paternal half-sib analyses, and repeatability of milk yield for Red Sindhi, Sahiwal and Tharpakar ranged from .10 to .30. Differences among heritability estimates from different parities were small when more than 500 records were involved.

Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Selected Fungi Grown on Whey Medium

Abstract: The molds Aspergillus nidulans, Penicillium frequentans, and Fusarium lycopersicum were tested for lipid production when grown on a deproteinized whey medium. F. lycopersicum produced highest total lipid (38.56%) followed by A. nidulans LC-1 (16.90%) and P. frequentans (10.53%). Triglycerides and phospholipids were the predominant components in the neutral lipid fraction followed by partial glycerides, free fatty acids and nonsaponifiable matter. Phospholipid content was highest in P. frequentans. Palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids and their relative concentrations varied among the three fungi. Lower chain fatty acids were absent.

Isolation and identification of proteolytic psychrotrophic sporeforming bacteria from raw milk supplies at an experimental dairy in India

Abstract: Of 51 samples of raw milk produced at the National Dairy Research Institute, 65% were found to contain proteolytic psychrotrophic sporeforming bacilli. The protease activity of 50 isolates selected ranged from 20 to 480 units/ml. Twenty/four per cent (12) of the total isolates exhibited enzyme activity in the range 51–100 units/ml, while 20% (10) had protease activity of more than 300 units/ml. Of the 50 isolates, 36% were Bacillus cereus, 20% B. polymyxa, 14% each B. laterosporus and B. circulans. 10% B. pumilus. 4% B. subtilis and 2% were identified as B. coagulans.

Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) of Algae Spirulina

Abstract: The rapid growth of population in India and fast dwindling resources of land and water have made it obligatory to depend more on sea and microbial conversion of agriculture and industrial wastes to biomass for meeting future protein requirements. Spirulina is an algae, rich in organic nitrogenous constituents.

Induction of parturition in cattle

Abstract: Ten crossbred (Karan Swiss) cows were induced to calve about 1 month prior to expected term using either 25 mg dexamethasone alone (Group B) or 25 mg dexamethasone in combination with 25 mg vetoestrol (Group C). Another five animals served as controls (Group A). The average time interval from injection to calving was not significantly influenced by the two treatments used, and was 52·2 ± 4·07 h and 49·0 ± 1·55 h for groups B and C respectively. The mean gestation lengths for animals in groups A, B and C were 283·60 ± 2·77, 255·20 ± 1·93 and 255·20 ± 2·3 days respectively. The calves born from cows induced to calve early were significantly lighter at birth compared to controls (P 0·05).

Voluntary Intake and Efficiency of Feed Utilization in Buffalo Calves Fed formaldehyde Treated Soybeans

Abstract: Infusion of high quality protein via the abomasum enhances the retention of nitrogen and efficiency of its utilization. This is probably due to escape of such protein from degradation in rumen Many workers have suggested the means to prevent degradation in rumen by treating it with formaldehyde. However reports OD the utilization of such feeds are contradictory in nature This could be either due to proteins from different sources reacting with formaldehyde in different fashion, level of protein and energy in the ration or due to effect on the voluntary intake of feed and altered pattern of feed utilization. Since some reports are available on the first two aspects, this study was envisaged to see the effect on the latter aspect of voluntary intake and feed efficiency only.

Intracellular nuclease activities of buffalo rumen bacterial population.

Abstract: Nuclease activities of the predominantly bacterial population obtained from buffalo rumen were investigated. Optimum temperature for hydrolysis of both DNA and RNA was 50°C whereas DNAase activity was observed to be stable up to 50°C, a decrease in RNAase activity was observed even after 40°C. Two pH optima, one at 5.5 and the other at 7.5, were recorded for hydrolysis of DNA. RNAase activity was maximum between pH 6.0 to 7.0. Whereas DNAase activity was stable near its optimum pH, RNAase activity was stable between pH 7.0 to 8.5. Mn2+ ions stimulated DNAase activity. It was strongly inhibited by Hg2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ and Ag+. RNAase activity was stimulated by Mg2+ ions and was strongly inhibited by Hg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Ag+. Cysteine hydrochloride and 2-mercaptoethanol stimulated DNAase activity. The activity was strongly inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, 4-chloromercuribenzoate, 8-quinolinol, iodoacetic acid and 1,10-phenanthroline. RNAase activity was stimulated by cysteine hydrochloride, reduced glutathione and 2-mercaptoethanol and was strongly inhibited by 4-chloromercuribenzoate, 8-quinolinol and 2,2′-bipyridyl.

Screening of Milk and Milk Products for Thermonuclease

Abstract: Out of 208 samples of dairy products, 17.8% contained thermonuclease. Staphylococcal TNase (6-49 μg/100 mL or g) was detected in 14.4% samples that also contained TNase positive S. aureus and their enterotoxins. Enterotoxin A was recorded most frequently. Incidence of TNase was maximum (30.4%) in raw cow's milk followed by nonfat dry cow's milk (25.9%) and Kulfli (25.0%). The most frequent contaminants in the seven nonstaphylococcal TNase positive samples (6 – 16 μg per 100 mL org) were TNase-positive enterococci. TNase-positive B. cereus was recovered from a TNase-positive sweetened condensed milk sample. Unidentifiable TNase producing molds were detected in three TNase-positive samples.