Showing papers by "Russian State University for the Humanities published in 2018"

Serotonergic gene polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR, 5HTR1A, 5HTR2A), and population differences in aggression: traditional (Hadza and Datoga) and industrial (Russians) populations compared.

Abstract: Current knowledge on genetic basis of aggressive behavior is still contradictory. This may be due to the fact that the majority of studies targeting associations between candidate genes and aggression are conducted on industrial societies and mainly dealing with various types of psychopathology and disorders. Because of that, our study was carried on healthy adult individuals of both sex (n = 853). Three populations were examined: two traditional (Hadza and Datoga) and one industrial (Russians), and the association of aggression with the following polymorphisms 5-HTTLPR, rs6295 (5HTR1A gene), and rs6311 (5HTR2A gene) were tested. Aggression was measured as total self-ratings on Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Distributions of allelic frequencies of 5-HTTLPR and 5HTR1A polymorphisms were significantly different among the three populations. Consequently, the association analyses for these two candidate genes were carried out separately for each population, while for the 5HTR2A polymorphism, it was conducted on the pooled data that made possible to introduce ethnic factor in the ANOVA model. The traditional biometrical approach revealed no sex differences in total aggression in all three samples. The three-way ANOVA (μ + 5-HTTLPR + 5HTR1A + 5HTR2A +e) with measures of self-reported total aggression as dependent variable revealed significant effect of the second serotonin receptor gene polymorphism for the Hadza sample. For the Datoga, the interaction effect between 5-HTTLPR and 5HTR1A was significant. No significant effects of the used polymorphisms were obtained for Russians. The results of two-way ANOVA with ethnicity and the 5HTR2A polymorphism as main effects and their interactions revealed the highly significant effect of ethnicity, 5HTR2A polymorphism, and their interaction on total aggression. Our data provided obvious confirmation for the necessity to consider the population origin, as well as cultural background of tested individuals, while searching for associations between genes and behavior, and demonstrated the role of cultural attitudes towards the use of in-group aggression. Our data partly explained the reasons for disagreement in results of different teams, searching for candidate-gene associations with behavior without considerations of culturally desirable norms. Previous studies suggested that the 5HTR2A gene polymorphism associates with aggression and criminality. Our data extended these findings, demonstrating the role of rs6311 (5HTR2A gene) in aggression in adult healthy men and women from our samples. We found that G-allele carriers were rated higher on total aggression.

On Object Representation by Bit Strings for the VKF-Method

Abstract: An algorithm for the bit-string encoding of objects described by discrete attributes with a binary similarity operation on each attribute value is proposed and analyzed. In this encoding, the bitwise multiplication operation must correspond to the componentwise similarity operation.

Studying language evolution in the age of big data

Abstract: The increasing availability of large digital corpora of cross-linguistic data is revolutionizing many branches of linguistics. Overall, it has triggered a shift of attention from detailed questions about individual features to more global patterns amenable to rigorous, but statistical, analyses. This engenders an approach based on successive approximations where models with simplified assumptions result in frameworks that can then be systematically refined, always keeping explicit the methodological commitments and the assumed prior knowledge. Therefore, they can resolve disputes between competing frameworks quantitatively by separating the support provided by the data from the underlying assumptions. These methods, though, often appear as a ‘black box’ to traditional practitioners. In fact, the switch to a statistical view complicates comparison of the results from these newer methods with traditional understanding, sometimes leading to misinterpretation and overly broad claims. We describe here this evolving methodological shift, attributed to the advent of big, but often incomplete and poorly curated data, emphasizing the underlying similarity of the newer quantitative to the traditional comparative methods and discussing when and to what extent the former have advantages over the latter. In this review, we cover briefly both randomization tests for detecting patterns in a largely model-independent fashion and phylolinguistic methods for a more model-based analysis of these patterns. We foresee a fruitful division of labor between the ability to computationally process large volumes of data and the trained linguistic insight identifying worthy prior commitments and interesting hypotheses in need of comparison.

A Novel Methodology for Simulation of EEG Traveling Waves on the Folding Surface of the Human Cerebral Cortex

Abstract: There is an ample evidence on the existence of traveling waves in the cortex of subhuman animals such as rats, ferrets, monkey, and even birds. These waves have been registered invasively by electrical and optical imaging techniques. Such methodology is not possible in healthy humans. Non-invasive EEG recordings show scalp waves propagation at rates two orders greater than the data obtained invasively in animal experiments. At the same time, it has recently been argued that the traveling waves of both local and global nature do exist in the human cortex. In this article, we report a novel methodology for simulation of EEG spatial dynamics as produced by depolarization waves with parameters taken from animal models. Our simulation of radially propagating waves takes into account the geometry of the surface of the gyri and sulci in the areas of the visual, motor, somatosensory and auditory cortex. The dynamics of the electrical field distribution on the scalp in our simulations is fully consistent with the experimental EEG data recorded in humans.

Kant and the Crusians in the Debate on Optimism

Abstract: В данной статье, завершающей двухчастный цикл о проблеме оптимизма в трудах Канта, подробно разбираются аргументы крузианцев А. Ф. Райнхарда и Д. Веймана против действительного мира как наилучшего из всех возможных и в пользу действительного мира как одного из хороших, контраргументы Канта в черновых набросках середины 50-х гг. XVIII в. и в «Опыте некоторых рассуждений об оптимизме» (1759), а также дальнейшие полемические выпады по этой теме в адрес Канта со стороны Д. Веймана в работах 1759—1760 гг. Прослеживается эволюция взглядов Канта на оптимизм с середины до конца 50-х гг. XVIII в., заключавшаяся в том, что это понятие из характеристики неприемлемой в некоторых отношениях позиции Г. В. Лейбница в «Теодицее» становится собственно кантовским. Противником та кой позиции для Канта безотносительно к резонансным сочинениям Вольтера по поводу землетрясения в Лиссабоне оказывается собирательный образ крузианцев (Хр. А. Крузий, А. Ф. Райнхард, Д. Вейман и др.), доведенный в ряде тезисов до карикатурности. На основе полемики Веймана с Кантом показано, что ранний Кант в докритический период разделял убеждения в сфере практической философии, радикально пересмотренные им в критический период, а именно о свободе и человеческом достоинстве. Заведомая предвзятость большинства кантоведов к кантовским противникам не поз воляла увидеть обоснованность критики Вейманом игнорирования Кантом проблемы свободы на примере различения свободы противоречия (libertas contradictionis) и свободы противоположности (libertas contrarietatis), что, вероятно, в какой-то мере заметил сам Кант, отказавшийся после 1759 г. как от самого термина «оптимизм», так и — в поздние годы — фактически от своего раннего «Опыта некоторых рассуждений об оптимизме».

Some morphological parallels between Hokan languages

Abstract: In this paper I present a detailed analysis of a number of morphological comparisons between the branches of the hypothetical Hokan family. The following areas are considered: 1) subject person/number markers on verbs, as well as possessor person/number markers on nouns, 2) so-called ‘lexical prefixes’ denoting instrument and manner of action on verbs, 3) plural infixes, used with both nouns and verbs, and 4) verbal directional suffixes ‘hither’ and ‘thither’. It is shown that the respective morphological parallels can be better accounted for as resulting from genetic inheritance rather than from areal diffusion.

Knowledge Discovery in Social Research

Abstract: The paper deals with knowledge discovery tools that represent the formalization of research heuristics for the qualitative analysis of sociological data. The results of studying various forms of constructive social activities of citizens using the JSM Socio intelligent system, which implements the proposed tools, are presented. Significant differences in some characteristics of social behavior of representatives of various nominal groups, in particular, political and civic activists are revealed.

Ontology Libraries on the Web: Status and Prospects

Abstract: This paper reviews the use of computer ontologies for Internet data linking and knowledge representation. We discuss a trend in organizing ontology libraries and servers for the joint development of ontologies and their application. Ontology libraries are regarded as public Web resources. We pay special attention to the design of ontology libraries, their debugging, and directions for their development.

The ‘Golden Key’ Program and Its Cultural-Historical Basis

Abstract: This paper describes the cultural-historical methodology, which lie at the base of the innovative educational program ‘Golden Key’ for preschool and primary school age children.

Clustering the performance efficiency of Russian scientists in the natural sciences

Abstract: The authors prove, on the basis of the analysis, that no one full-scale study of scientific performance of the organizations and researchers in the natural science has been conducted in the Russia. They propose to project the study of the publication flow in about 30 disciplines within the natural sciences based on the data of the Russian Science Citation Index to analyze the performance of Russian scientists and to obtain new knowledge on leading regional scientific clusters, organizations and personalia. The findings of the study, based on the Hirsch index and other citation indicators would enable to evaluate the Russia’s contribution into the disciplines in the form of the demanded and cited study results. The data for three disciplines are presented, namely: informatics, cybernetics, and computer engineering, supplemented with the ranking lists of Russian organizations with maximum values of citation and Hirsch indexes. The article is complemented with the tables. The article is prepared through the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Grant No. 18-07-00036.

History as a challenge to the modern time in the russian booker novel

Abstract: Held in the Silver Age extension of the State Literary Museum, the Booker Conference 2017 was devoted to the contemporary historical novel. Why is it that novelists are increasingly more likely to look for solutions to present-day problems through retrospection, invoking the long bygone or a more recent past, travelling back to the origins of Russian history and the 20th century’s turbulent revolutionary events that paved the way for our present existence? Which challenges seem particularly poignant, and where do they come from? The speakers include novelists Petr Aleshkovsky and Olga Slavnikova, critic and essayist Vladimir Novikov, and literary critics Evgeny Vezhlyan, Anna Zhuchkova, and Elena Pogorelaya. Also present was writer and historian Sergey Belyakov (Ekaterinburg) to talk about the novel Nomakh. All participants concurred that, while overcoming historical inertia remained a key challenge in contemporary novel-writing, serious progress has been achieved in recent years, judging by the shortlists and the winners of the major literary prizes.As usual at this conference, the Russian Booker’s literary secretary Igor Shaytanov was its moderator. The hosting institution was represented by Mikhail Shaposhnikov, head of the Silver Age Literature Department.

Сравнительный анализ результативности научной деятельности федеральных государственных и национальных исследовательских университетов России

Abstract: The history of establishing national research universities (NRU) and federal state universities (FSU) and relevant standards is reviewed in brief. Based on several scientometric indicators (Hirsch index, publication record, citation, etc.), the research results of 10 FSU and 29 NRU are analyzed (as for the early 2017). The estimations were made by qualitative indicators of the universities’ faculty staff, data on publication activity and citation of Russian institutions in the Russian Science Citation Index databases. As a result of the study, the NRU and FSU rating lists were acquired, and the leaders were defined. Revealed are the universities which academic results are highly demanded, and the universities that need to improve their scientometric indicators. The leaders are named among the NRU and FSU. Five FRUs and 14 NRU undoubtedly comply with their status which is evidenced by their productivity since their establishment up to January, 2017.

Counting Belyi Pairs over Finite Fields

Abstract: Alexander Grothendieck’s theory of dessins d’enfants relates Belyi pairs over \(\overline {\mathbb {Q}}\) with certain graphs on compact oriented surfaces; the present paper is aimed at the extension of this correspondence. We introduce two closely related categories of Belyi pairs over arbitrary algebraically closed fields, in particular over the algebraic closures \(\overline {\mathbb {F}_p}\) of finite fields. The lack of the analogs of graphs on surfaces over \(\overline {\mathbb {F}_p}\) promotes the development of other tools that are introduced and discussed. The problem of counting Belyi pairs of bounded complexity is posed and illustrated by some examples; the application of powerful methods of counting dessins d’enfants together with the concept of bad primes is emphasized. The relations with geometry of the moduli spaces of curves is briefly mentioned.

Family Representations in Adolescents of Different Psychological Age

Abstract: * Горлова Елена Леонидовна, кандидат психологических наук, доцент, Российский государственный гуманитарный университет (ФГБОУ ВО РГГУ), Москва, Россия. E-mail: el.gorlova@gmail.com Gorlova Elena Leonidovna, PhD in Psychology, Associate Professor, Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: el.gorlova@gmail.com Для цитаты: Горлова Е.Л. Представления о семье у подростков разного психологического возраста // Культурно-историческая психология. 2018. Т. 14. No 2. С. 24—32. doi:10.17759/chp.2018140203

Followership theory: is leadership without followers possible?

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of followership in leadership. Basing on the analysis of foreign literature the concept of followership is formulated, as well as its role in leadership development. It is emphasized that at present the role of followers in the process of leadership is being rethought. Followership is seen as a necessary component of leadership. Followership is defi ned as the

Historicodogmatic Treatise by Elias Meniates and its 18th-century Serbian Translators from Greek

Abstract: The article discusses the history of translation by the 18th-century Serbian translators of the Greek treatise “Πέτρα σκανδάλου” (“Rock of Offence”) written by the theologian and preacher Elias Meniates (1667–1714) in which he deals with the causes of interconfessional polemic between the Orthodox and the Catholic Churches. The history of these translations is placed within the context of interest in Meniates’ works, evidenced in Europe and in the Christian East throughout the 18th century. The vivid style and argumentation of Meniates inspired Stefan Pisarev, inter alia, to translate “Πέτρα σκανδάλου” into Russian, which he did in 1744. In the focus of our research are manuscripts stored in several Serbian libraries and archive collections, namely, manuscripts of “Πέτρα σκανδάλου” translations made by Jovan Mladenovic (in 1742) and Vicentije Rakic (in 1797/98). In the study we present, the biographies of the two authors of these unpublished translations are traced and defined more accurately. At the final stage of the study, we correlate the historical settings and probable reasons motivating Mladenovic and Rakic to make the Serbian translations of the Greek treatise “Πέτρα σκανδάλου”, on the one hand, and the factors leading to the emergence of a Russian translation of the same treatise by Pisarev, on the other. As believed by the author of this article, the aforementioned translations will serve as a valuable linguistic source for historians of Slavic languages and letters in their comparative studies. DOI: 10.31168/2305-6754.2018.7.2.6

Contrasting Human Brain Responses to Literature Descriptions of Nature and to Technical Instructions

Abstract: The problem of semantic mapping of the brain is one of the urgent problems in human neurocognitive studies. At the present time there are only few studies reported in the world literature, all of which are made on the material and with the participation of English language native speakers. Russian language can thus become the second language for which this kind of research will be carried out, namely, finding out a correspondence between the semantic classes of the Russian vocabulary and the cortical areas responsible for processing these semantic classes when the text is orally presented. To solve this problem, it is necessary to develop techniques that allow us to investigate cognitive and neurolinguistic mechanisms of perception and understanding of the continuous text segments in natural language. In this paper, we present data on the comparative mapping of the human brain structures involved in the perception of meaningful texts containing technical instructions and literature descriptions of nature.

Contemporary Research in Early Childhood: Roots and Perspectives

Abstract: This chapter examines common historical and theoretical roots of new areas and directions of contemporary research and unique innovative practices in early childhood education, which exist in Eastern European and post-Soviet countries. In many ways, they follow the academic tradition established in 1960s and developed in 1970s and 1980s in Soviet Union, which remains foundational for international contemporary studies and educational practices. Unique combination of traditional classical pedagogical research and strong “non-classical” developmental cultural-historical theoretical framework could be considered as a distinguishing feature, which predetermined both the foundations and directions of the history of early childhood studies in contemporary Russia, former Soviet republics and Eastern-European countries.

Self-identification in cross-cultural space: women’s perspective in monica ali’s brick lane

Abstract: . The paper deals with self-identification as one of the most topical problems in view of British postcolonial literature. Women’s multicultural prose, being a bright combination of gender and ethnic discourses, gives an opportunity to form even more interesting ground for discussion. In this regard Brick Lane (2003), the debut novel of half-English half-Bangladeshi Monica Ali is particularly appropriate. Nazneen, a young woman, is in the center of the novel’s narrative. At the age of 18 she and her husband Chanu move from Guripur, a Sylhetian village, to Tower Hamlets, a borough inhabited by the biggest East Pakistani diaspora in London. The novel covers 17 years, from 1985 to 2002. During the period described the main heroine does not only mature, take death of the son, become a mother of 2 daughters, but also finds her city and female self. The story presents a peculiar example of cross-cultural and gender issues’ interaction which is reflected through the depiction of the female protagonist in search of identity. Keywords: Monica Ali, Brick Lane, self-identification, multicultural, cross-cultural space, postcolonial novel, female.

Der Streit der russischen Marxisten um Kants Ethik

Abstract: At the beginning of 20th century, there was a problem of establishing which version of the association of Kant’s and Marx’s ideas is correct. If some Legal Marxists more or less combined Kant and Marx, most Russian Social Democrats, especially Bolsheviks, were against such an association. Under the influence of G. V. Plekhanov, Russian Marxists announced a sharply critical attitude toward Kant’s philosophy. This position was reinforced by Russian philosophers, poets, and slavophiles who accused Kant of being militarist. During the World War I, both tendencies faced each other. Plekhanov’s desperate appeal to „the simple laws or morals and justice” and Kant’s “Critique of Practical Reason”, which was supported by L. I. Axelrod, failed. It was rejected by the majority of Marxists both during the World War I and after the triumph of the 1917 October Revolution.

The structure of ethnic identity of adolescents in contemporary crosscultural space

Abstract: Мурсалыева Г.М. Российский государственный гуманитарный университет 125993, ГСП-3, г. Москва, Миусская пл., д. 6, Российская Федерация Аннотация.В статье представлены результаты эмпирического исследования структуры этнической идентичности подростков, сделан обзор научной психологической литературы, выделены значимые труды исследователей в этойобласти. Исследование было проведено в московской городской общеобразовательной школе No 170 имени А.П. Чехова и исмаиллинской средней школе No 1 имени И.А. Гасанова. Респондентами в исследовании были выбраны 251 подросток, из них 127 – из московской школы и 124 – из исмаиллинской школы. Для изучения структуры этнической идентичности была использована методика Дж. Финни «Этническая идентичность». В результате исследования автор пришёл к выводу, что: структура этнической идентичности включает два компонента; уровень этнической идентичностиисмаиллинских подростков выше, чем у московских сверстников; уровень когнитивного и аффективного компонента у исмаиллинских подростков также преобладает над московскими подростками;аффективный компонент этнической идентичности у московских и исмаиллинских подростков выше, чем когнитивный компонент.