Showing papers by "University of Akron published in 1973"

Simulated cedar shake construction

Abstract: A simulated cedar shake panel for walls or roofs having at least two courses of simulated shakes in relief therein, the shakes being in overlapped and underlapped relation with a varied butt line, and recessed underlaps between side-by-side shakes. Part of each underlap is recessed enough to contact the roof or wall surface and provide a multiplicity of support surfaces for the panel. A step provided in each underlap near the bottom thereof forms part of the shake simulation and also adds to the structural rigidity of the panel. Tongue and groove side-to-side and top-to-bottom panel interlocks form part of the shake array simulation, so that the interlock structure is concealed and the desired non-uniform shake appearance enhanced. A stackable corner member one shake high is provided, the corner member having a skirt element which interfits with the butt edges of overlapped panel shakes to take up gaps due to the random butt line. An angled cap member is provided to finish off hips and ridges.

Diimide as a reagent for the hydrogenation of unsaturated polymers

Abstract: (Eingegangen am 13. Marz 1972) SUMMARY: The hydrogenation of various butadiene polymers and of polyisoprene with diimide generated in situ from p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide was investigated. The best results were obtained when concentrated polymer solutions were heated with a five-fold excess of p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide. Complete hydrogenation of all polymers was obtained under such conditions, but some 1,2-butadienyl units were found to contain fragments derived from p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide. Diimide seems to be a good reagent for hydrogenating unsaturated units in polymers, but mild conditions for generating it are needed if side reactions are to be avoided. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Die Hydrierung von verschiedenen Butadien- und Isopren-Polymeren mit Diimid wurde untersucht, wobei das Diimid durch thermische Zersetzung von p-Toluolsulfonylhydrazid in situ bereitet wurde. Die besten Ergebnisse erzielte man durch Erhitzen konzentrierter Losungen von Polymeren mit einem fiinffachen UberschuB an Hydrazid. Unter diesen Bedingungen wurde vollstindige Hydrierung aller Polymeren erreicht ; allerdings fand man in einigen 1,2-Butadien-Einheiten Zersetzungsprodukte des p-Toluolsulfonylhydrazids. Das Diimid scheint ein gutes Reagens fur die Hydrierung ungesattigter Einheiten in Polymeren zu sein. Um Nebenreaktionen zu vermeiden, sind jedoch milde Bedingungen erforderlich.

Deviance and Respectability: An Observational Study of Reactions to Shoplifting

Abstract: In general, observational field studies dealing with reactions to deviance have lacked the kind of control that allows for experimental manipulation of variables and the systematic examination of posited relationships. In addition, there are few studies dealing with public reactions to deviance. The research reported here consisted of a field experiment in which rigged shoplifting events were enacted in the presence of store customers who were in a position to observe and react to the shoplifting incidents. Three variables were varied as part of the field experiment: (1) appearance of shoplifter, (2) sex of shoplifter, and (3) sex of store customer. Major findings were that sex of shoplifter and sex of store customer had little effect on reporting levels whereas appearance of shoplifter exerted a major independent effect on reporting levels. The interactionist-labeling perspective in deviance asserts that audience responses to deviant acts are crucial to the understanding of deviant behavior. Furthermore, to understand audience response-reactions toward various types of deviance-investigators need to discover the meaning these behaviors have for potential reactors. These meanings may vary with the deviant's other social identities, with situational factors such as social support and social setting, and the characteristics of potential reactors. Although some research relates these variables to audience reactions, few studies have manipulated such variables within a field setting. A growing body of observational field studies treats the reactions of official control agents such as the police (e.g., Black, 1970; Piliavin and Briar, 1964) and courts to deviant actors (Emerson, 1969). But such research has generally lacked the kind of control that allows for experimental manipulation of variables and the systematic examination of posited relationships. In addition, studies examining the reactions of the general public have been largely ignored. With few exceptions (e.g., Darley and Latane, 1968; Denner, 1968; Freed et al., 1955; Lefkowitz et al., 1955), there is a dearth of experimental field research that systematically examines posited relationships between reactions of the general public and deviant behavior. Current thinking in Sociology indicates that the study of deviant behavior must overcome problems in the validity of official statistics (see, especially, Douglas, 1971a; Kitsuse and Cicourel, 1963; Wheeler, 1967), must recognize that while official control agents are important it is the general public that usually initiates responses to deviant behavior (e.g., Black, 1970), and must study deviance in its natural setting rather than as mediated through the official reports and actions of formal control agents (e.g., Douglas, 1971b; Humphreys, 1970). This research attempts to shed some light on the nature and basis of reactions to a particular kind of deviance and, in doing so, tries to overcome the aforementioned problems by (1) using field research methods, (2) ascertaining responses of the general public to instances of deviant behavior in real life situations, and (3) making direct observations of behavior of members of the social audience. Specifically, appearance and sex of the deviant are varied systematically in order to assess their effects upon the * The authors are grateful for financial assistance provided by the Center for Research in Interpersonal Behavior and the Graduate College of the University of Iowa. We would also like to thank Renee Steffensmeier for critical readings of earlier drafts of this paper and Larry Rhoades for helpful suggestions regarding final editing.

Mechanical Anisotropy of Open-Cell Foams:

Abstract: cells in la, ( assuming the same area of crosssection for threads in all the three directions) will be larger than the real volume fraction. It can also be seen that more threads support the stress when it is applied at right angles to the plane of the cells in la than in the other directions. A modified GentThomas model is shown in Figure 2. The model in Figure 2 is not the most general one that can be visualized, but as far as the observed anisotropy demands, this model is considered satisfactory. In this model it is assumed that the threads are of uniform cross-sections throughout and the anisotropy is only two directional, i.e. the cell boundary is square when viewed from one

Role of acetylglucosamine in chitin synthesis in crayfish. I. Correlation of 14C-acetylglucosamine incorporation with stages of the molting cycle.

Abstract: 1. 1. Incorporation of 14C-acetylglucosamine into the chitin of crayfish (Orconectes obscurus) has been correlated with the stages of the molting cycle. 2. 2. Acetylglucosamine incorporation increased earlier in premolt (stage D1″) and remained much higher than previously reported 14C-glucose incorporation. 3. 3. Acetylglucosamine incorporation was similar to previously reported glucose incorporation during intermolt and postmolt. 4. 4. Substantial amounts of breakdown products from the old cuticle are reincorporated into new cuticle. Over half of the radioactivity incorporated into postmolt chitin was reutilized in new chitin synthesis during the succeeding premolt. 5. 5. These data support a major role for acetylglucosamine in premolt chitin synthesis.

Pyrolysis of Anionic and Thermally Prepared Polystyrenes.

Abstract: The changes in molecular weights, their distributions, and initial rates have been measured, for a series of polystyrenes prepared by thermal and anionic procedures. The information obtained and previous results can be explained to a very large extent by a kinetic chain decomposition comprised of competing end and random initiation, depropagation, intra- and intermolecular transfer and termination by combination.

Puncture sealing tire

Abstract: A puncture sealing tire has an inner layer consisting of closed cell cellular rubber, in direct contact with the inflation gas. The inner layer is preferably coated with a solid fluent material capable of flowing into punctures at operating temperatures.

Semi-pneumatic energy absorbing bumper system for motor vehicles

Abstract: Disclosed is a pneumatic energy absorbing bumper system for interposition between two objects at least one of which is movable including an inflatable elastomeric module means for receiving an external force, support means for mounting said module means to at least one of said objects, means for hermetically sealing the module means to the support means to form a cavity therebetween closed to the atmosphere, and means for permitting selective communication between the cavity and the atmosphere upon the application of an external force of predetermined magnitude to the module means.

Hydroxyl-ended epihalohydrin polymers by cationic polymerization

Abstract: 1. A PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF A HYDROXYL-ENDED POLYMER WHICH COMPRISES POLYMERIZING AN EPIHALOHYDRIN IN THE PRESENCE OF FROM ABOUT 0.03 PART TO 15.0 PARTS BY WEIGHT OF WATER OR ETHYLENE GLYCOL, BASED ON 100 PARTS BY WEIGHT OF THE EPIHALOHYDRIN AND WITH THE USE OF CATALYTIC AMOUNTS OF A TRIALKYL OXONIUM SALT OF AN HMF6 ACID WHEREIN M IS AN ELEMENT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF PHOSPHORUS, ARSENIC AND ANTIMONY.

Expandable rigid vinyl chloride polymer compositions

Abstract: Extruded expanded substantially gel and cross-link free rigid vinyl chloride polymer articles are prepared from mixtures of high molecular weight vinyl chloride polymers and copolymers of a styrene and an acrylonitrile or alkyl methacrylate, optionally with a polymer of butadiene, styrene and acrylonitrile, and a blowing agent, without the use of plasticizers, solvents or cross-linking agents. In extruding these compositions, sized pipe, bottles, boards and the like are readily prepared having fine, uniform, cell structure, hot strength, and specific gravities from about 0.38 to 0.95.

Depolymerization of GeO2 and B2O3‐GeO2 Network Glasses by Sb2O3

Abstract: Binary Sb2O3-GeO2 glasses containing 45 mol% Sb2O3 and ternary Sb2O3-B2O3-GeO2 glasses containing 50 mol% GeO2 were prepared. Their densities (volumes), refractive indices, and infrared spectra were determined, and their colors and high-temperature viscosities were estimated visually. Small amounts of Sb2O3 (∼10 mol%) appear to perturb neither the Ge-O-Ge network nor those B-O-Ge networks with small B/Ge ratios (∼0.2). The B-O-Ge networks with larger B/Ge ratios (∼1.0) depolymerize in the presence of even less Sb2O3. Amounts of Sb2O3 >10 mol% appear to depolymerize the Ge-O-Ge and Ge-O-B networks progressively, possibly with the formation of chains. A structurally sensitive ir isofrequency contour technique developed for ternary glass systems was applied successfully to these Sb2O3-B2O3-GeO2 glasses. These contours can thus readily detect significant network depolymerization in the absence of the usual network modifiers.

Tire building machine

Abstract: An electronically digitally controlled tire building machine having a pair of supply mechanisms for supplying a pair of continuous strips of breaker material of the same or different physical characteristics, a pair of severing devices which sever the strip into strip portions, a pair of transfer mechanisms for transporting the severed strip portions, respectively, to a pair of spaced locations, and a single breaker building drum which is intermittently shiftable along a fixed axis between a number of stopped positions two of which coincide with said spaced locations, respectively. After the breaker plies are built up on the building drum at said pair of spaced locations, a tread applicator mechanism, located at a third one of the stopped positions, applies a strip of tread material around the breaker ply assembly. In another of the stopped positions of the building drum a transfer ring cooperates with the drum for transferring a completed breaker-tread assembly from the building drum onto a carcass supported on a carcass support member.

Role of acetylglucosamine in chitin synthesis in crayfish—II. Enzymes in the epidermis for incorporation of acetylglucosamine into UDP-acetylglucosamine

Abstract: 1. 1. Activity of an enzyme which phosphorylates acetyglucosamine has been found in the epidermis of crayfish. This activity does not appear to be competitively inhibited by glucose. 2. 2. A quantitative assay based on area of epidermis was developed for UDP-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase. The activity of this enzyme was correlated with the stages of the molting cycle. 3. 3. UDP-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase activity was low during intermolt but increased early in premolt and declined in postmolt. 4. 4. These data are discussed in terms of the onset of premolt chitin synthesis and the precursor to premolt chitin synthesis.

Infrared gas analyzers

Abstract: Infrared gas analyzers for measuring the presence of specific gas molecules in an unknown gas sample. The gas sample is illuminated by a source of infrared radiation and the radiation passing therethrough is directed to a single radiation detector. A unique absorption filter, generally comprised of a plurality of transparent chambers mounted and rotatable about an axis, is disposed so that the chambers may be caused to sequentially pass through the optical path of the infrared radiation. The plurality of chambers are adapted so as to alternately filter out the characteristic absorption bands of the specific gas molecules being tested for, and to alternately pass radiation of the same energy content which will not be substantially absorbed by the gas being tested for. By comparing the magnitude of the sequential signals derived from the detector, an accurate measure of the specific gas molecules in the unknown sample may be determined. Various embodiments of the invention are disclosed.

Application of Holography to the Study of Tire Vibration

Abstract: Tire vibrations were studied by applying an oscillatory load to bias, belted bias, and radial ply tires in the radial, lateral, and circumferential directions. Resonant frequencies were noted in each type of tire and the corresponding mode shapes observed with both real time and time average holography. The importance of tire vibrations in affecting vehicle ride is noted and the variables affecting these vibrations discussed.

Crazing and fracture of glassy plastics

Abstract: A recently proposed mechanism of crazing in glassy plastics is reviewed and then extended to account for the observed structure of crazes, for the tensile properties of the crazed material, and for the effect of rate of loading upon the crazing process.

NMR of dissolved water in ultrathin and thick membranes of cellulose acetate

Abstract: Wide-line proton magnetic resonance spectra of thick (100 μ) and ultrathin (0.25 μ) membranes of cellulose acetate have been obtained in the “bone-dry” state and in the wet state up to 2.5% water by weight. The NMR spectra were recorded with the membrane face aligned parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field direction. The first derivative spectra of wet thick membrane (above 0.4% water) show a sharp center peak and at least one broad outer peak, both in the parallel and perpendicular orientations. The spectra of wet ultrathin membrane, on the other hand, show a pseudodoublet in the perpendicular orientation and a broad singlet in the parallel orientation. The differences in the spectra of the thick and ultrathin membranes are discussed in terms of “free” and restricted water believed to arise from the differences in the structure of thick and ultrathin membranes.

Metal oxide paste dispersions and use as curing agents

Abstract: 1. A PASTE CO-DISPERSION COMPRISING A MIXTURE OF FROM ABOUT 30 TO ABOUT 80 PARTS BY WEIGHT OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE AND FROM ABOUT 10 TO ABOUT 60 PARTS BY WEIGHT OF ZINC OXIDE, THE OXIDES HAVING AN AVERAGE PARTICLE SIZE OF UP TO ABOUT 10 MICRONS, A NON-AQUEOUS LIQUID VEHICLE, AND AN OIL-SOLUBLE OR OIL-DISPERSIBLE SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT.

Method of reclaiming scrap vulcanized rubber and the soluble reclaimed rubber thus produced

Abstract: A first charge of 10 to 100 parts by weight of scrap vulcanized rubber is added to 100 parts by weight of a hydrocarbon solvent, and the resultant mixture is heated at 400° to 700° F. until the rubber is solubilized. At least one additional charge of scrap rubber is made to increase the percentage of rubber in the mixture to at least 60% by weight and the heating is continued until all the rubber is solubilized. The product is incorporated into new rubber articles.