Showing papers by "University of Michigan published in 1971"
TL;DR: The MAST responses of 15 subjects who were found to be alcoholic in the record search were analyzed to determine where the screening failures had occurred and recommendations are made for reducing the number of such "falsė negatives."
Abstract: The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), devised to provide a consistent, quantifiable, structured interview instrument to detect alcoholism, consists of 25 questions that can be rapidly administered. Five groups were given the MAST: hospitalized alcoholics, a control group, persons convicted of drunk driving, persons convicted of drunk and disorderly behavior, and drivers whose licenses were under review. The validity of the MAST was assessed by searching the records of legal, social, and medical agencies and reviewing the subjects' driving and criminal records. The MAST responses of 15 subjects who were found to be alcoholic in the record search were analyzed to determine where the screening failures had occurred. Recommendations are made for reducing the number of such "falsė negatives."
3,422 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that the value priorities of the more affluent postwar group do contrast with those of groups raised under conditions of lesser economic and physical security, suggesting that the age-group differences reflect the persistence of pre-adult experiences, rather than life cycle effects.
Abstract: A transformation of basic political priorities may be taking place in Western Europe. I hypothesize: (1) that people have a variety of needs which are given high or low priority according to their degree of fulfillment: people act on behalf of their most important unsatisfied need, giving relatively little attention to needs already satisfied—except that (2) people tend to retain the value priorities adopted in their formative years throughout adult life. In contemporary Western Europe, needs for physical safety and economic security are relatively well satisfied for an unprecedentedly large share of the population. Younger, more affluent groups have been formed entirely under these conditions, and seem relatively likely to give top priority to fulfillment of needs which remain secondary to the older and less affluent majority of the population. Needs for belonging and intellectual and esthetic self-fulfillment (characterized as “post-bourgeois” values) may take top priorities among the former group. Survey data from six countries indicate that the value priorities of the more affluent postwar group do contrast with those of groups raised under conditions of lesser economic and physical security. National patterns of value priorities correspond to the given nation's economic history, moreover, suggesting that the age-group differences reflect the persistence of preadult experiences, rather than life cycle effects. The distinctive value priorities imply distinctive political behavior—being empirically linked with preferences for specific political issues and political parties in a predictable fashion. If the respective age cohorts retain their present value priorities, we would expect long-term shifts in the political goals and patterns of political partisanship prevailing in these societies.
1,334 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the non-linear optical polarization of an isolated atom or molecule is treated, giving careful consideration to secular and resonant terms in the perturbation expansion, and the Method of Averages introduced by Bogoliubov and Mitropolsky is used.
Abstract: The non-linear optical polarization of an isolated atom or molecule is treated, giving careful consideration to secular and resonant terms in the perturbation expansion. The Method of Averages introduced by Bogoliubov and Mitropolsky is used. The case where resonance-induced excited state populations are negligible, which is relevant to a wide range of non-linear optical experiments, is examined in detail for polarizations through third order in the perturbing fields. This yields concise expressions which are valid for any combination of applied field frequencies, including static fields.
1,184 citations
TL;DR: The periodate-resorcinol method was substantially more sensitive than the resorcinl procedure, was not affected by lipids, amino acids, or sugars, and could be used to detect free or glycosidically bound sialic acids on paper chromatograms.
969 citations
TL;DR: Lombard observed that a speaker changes his voice level similarly when the ambient noise level increases, on the one hand, and when the level at which he hears his own voice (his sidetone) decays as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Lombard noted in 1911 that a speaker changes his voice level similarly when the ambient noise level increases, on the one hand, and when the level at which he hears his own voice (his sidetone) dec...
711 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors have learned that this result was shown earlier by Marczewski and Steinhaus and regret the consequent redundancy of their paper, and they tried to ensure its novelty by searching standard references and enquiring among mathematicians and statisticians.
Abstract: SINCE the publication of our communication on the metric properties of the one-complement of Jaccard's similarity coefficient1, we have learned that this result was shown earlier by Marczewski and Steinhaus2. We regret the consequent redundancy of our paper. We tried to ensure its novelty by searching standard references and enquiring among mathematicians and statisticians, but apparently the earlier work, more extensive than ours, is not well known. We hope publication of our paper will have the positive effect of making it more well known. It is interesting that the earlier work also occurred in an ecological context3. A discussion of these and other properties of this useful function occurs in a recent contribution by Holgate4, who refers to it as the Marczewski–Steinhaus coefficient of similarity.
668 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of slowly moving targets as they appear in the output of an airborne coherent side-looking synthetic aperture imaging radar are considered, and two approaches to airborne moving target indication (AMTI) are summarized.
Abstract: This paper considers the effects of slowly moving targets as they appear in the output of an airborne coherent side-looking synthetic aperture imaging radar. The image of a moving reflector is described, and two approaches to airborne moving target indication (AMTI) are summarized. It is shown that the effects of target movement are decreased as the radar scan rate is increased, and are increased as the (Doppler processed) compression ratio is increased.
585 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a mailed-questionnaire study of 156 staff registered nurses, perceived role clarity was related negatively to voluntary turnover, propensity to leave, and job tension, and positively to work satisfaction.
544 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the non-Lambertian directional reflectance of a multilayer vegetative canopy is derived and the cause of the reflectance is traced to the properties of the biological elements of the canopy.
503 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the existence of a competitive equilibrium is proved by the "as if" argument and the Schumpeterian competition model, which is a generalization of the selection model.
Abstract: I. Introduction: Managerialism, behavioralism, and the competitive model, 237. — II. Firm decision processes and the "as if" argument, 240. — III. Selection, decision rules, and competitive outcomes, 244. — IV. A competitive industry: Orthodox analysis, 248. — V. A competitive industry: Assumptions of the selection model, 249. — VI. Proof of the theorem, 254. — VII. Extensions and generalizations, 257. — VIII. Schumpeterian competition, 259. — IX. Concluding comments, 260. — Appendix: Proof of the existence of competitive equilibrium, 261.
443 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a class of four composition rules in three variables [A + P + U, (A+ P) U, AP + U and APU~] are analyzed using ordinal properties.
Abstract: Composition rules are theories that describe the relationships among several measurable variables. Conjoint measurement provides methods for analyzing such rules using ordinal information only. This analysis is applied to a class of four composition rules in three variables [A + P + U, (A + P) U, AP + U, APU~], which have been widely employed in different areas of psychology. It leads to the formulation of observable ordinal properties that can be used to test and diagnose which of the rules, if any, is appropriate for a given set of data.
TL;DR: Patients with borderline hypertension and hyperkinetic circulation simultaneously exhibit an increase of sympathetic and a decrease of parasympathetic tone and after atropine administration, the difference in cardiac output and heart rate between the two groups disappeared.
Abstract: Eleven patients with borderline hypertension and high cardiac output were compared to 16 paid healthy volunteers. Cardiac output, heart rate, and intraarterial blood pressure were determined at rest, after administration of 0.2 mg/kg of propranolol i.v., and after administration of an additional 0.04 mg/kg of atropine. In four additional patients, response to infusion of isoproterenol before and after administration of 0.2 mg/kg of propranolol i.v. was evaluated. Resting heart rate and cardiac output in patients with borderline hypertension were elevated. After propranolol infusion, the values decreased more in the patients with borderline hypertension, but remained significantly elevated. After atropine administration, the difference in cardiac output and heart rate between the two groups disappeared. Consequently, patients with borderline hypertension and hyperkinetic circulation simultaneously exhibit an increase of sympathetic and a decrease of parasympathetic tone.
TL;DR: Limitation of the reproduction of the presently dominant phytoplankton organisms, which require silica, may lead to drastic and, on the whole, undesirable changes in the ecosystem.
Abstract: Accelerated eutrophication stimulated by pollution inputs is causing silica depletion in the surface waters of Lake Michigan during summer stagnation. Limitation of the reproduction of the presently dominant phytoplankton organisms, which require silica, may lead to drastic and, on the whole, undesirable changes in the ecosystem.
TL;DR: The patella contributes to the knee extension moment arm through the entire range of knee motion and its contribution increases with progressive extension.
Abstract: The patella contributes to the knee extension moment arm through the entire range of knee motion. Its contribution increases with progressive extension. In terms of extension moment, special modifications of transverse repair have no advantage over simple transverse approximation of the patellar lig
TL;DR: In all cases, ingestion, assimilation, survivorship, and reproduction of D. pulex fed blue-green algae were lower than of those fed green algae, although there were differences among the blue-greens in their effects on these parameters.
Abstract: Daphnia pulex (Crustacea, Cladocera) was fed the blue-green algae (Cyanophyceae) Anacystis nidulans, Synechococcus elongata, S. cedrorum, Merismopedia sp., Anabaena flosaquae, Synechocystis sp., and Gloeocapsa alpicola. The green algae (Chlorophyceae) Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Chlorella vulgaris were used for comparison. Direct observations were made of D. pulex feeding in depression slides filled with the test food. Food labeled with 14C was used to determine ingestion and assimilation. Life tables were constructed for cohorts fed blue-greens, greens, and no food, and survivorship (lx), net reproductive rate (Ro), median age of death, and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) were calculated.
In all cases, ingestion, assimilation, survivorship, and reproduction of D. pulex fed blue-green algae were lower than of those fed green algae, although there were differences among the blue-greens in their effects on these parameters. Anacystis nidulans, Merismopedia sp., and Synechocystis sp. showed some toxicity or inhibition towards D. pulex. Although some blue-green algae can be ingested and assimilated by D. pulex, few if any of those tested provide sufficient nutrition to support a population that does not have other food available.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the drag on spheres and disks moving rectilinearly through an incompressible fluid and used hydrogen bubble flow visualization to relate these forces to the unsteady wake flows.
Abstract: The drag on spheres and disks moving rectilinearly through an incompressible fluid has been measured for Reynolds numbers (Re) from 5 to 100,000. Test models were mounted on a carriage which rode along a linear air bearing track system. Tests were performed by towing the models through a channel filled with glycerine-water mixtures. Forces and moments on the models were sensed by strain gage transducers; hydrogen bubble flow visualization was utilized in relating these forces to the unsteady wake flows. Steady drag results agreed with existing data except for the disk at 100 < Re < 1000, in which the drag coefficient values were up to 50% below the level of existing data; drag force unsteadiness during steady motion was always <5% for the sphere and <3% for the disk. Sphere drag measurements under constant acceleration from rest showed the apparent mass concept to be valid (at high Re) until the sphere had traveled approximately one diameter, after which the quasi-steady drag (based on instantaneous velocity) showed good agreement with the actual drag. Interference effects of the sting supports used in these tests are discussed.
TL;DR: An enzymic system of sheep vesicular gland which forms prostaglandins showed a time-dependent, concentration-dependent activation by phenol before full dioxygenase activity could be manifested, and the activation process could be reversibly inhibited by o-phenanthroline.
TL;DR: The OI appears to correlate highly with the clinical standard, indicating high validity; the OI also appears to be valid during time, since the average group scores did not decrease during time.
TL;DR: The reduction of methaemoglobin is one of the few oxidation-reduction reactions known to occur in the mature red blood cell and is needed in the cell to maintain a low concentration of met Haemoglobin.
Abstract: THE reduction of methaemoglobin is one of the few oxidation-reduction reactions known to occur in the mature red blood cell. Approximately 3% of the circulating haemoglobin of an adult man is oxidized each day to methaemoglobin1 and so a methaemoglobin reduction system is needed in the cell to maintain a low concentration of methaemoglobin (normally less than 1% of the total haemoglobin2).
TL;DR: A poorly-defined area of borderline abnormal blood pressures is explored, which ranges from a tentative indictment of borderline hypertension as a precursor of hypertensive disease to a view supporting a more favorable outlook.
TL;DR: Both heuristic argumentation and rigorous analysis are presented, as are the results of a simple laboratory experiment on how stretch affects signal slowdown, speedup, or time reversal.
Abstract: Stretch is a passive, linear, time-variant technique for performing temporal operations on many classes of signals. The technique employs three dispersive networks and a mixer. Signal slowdown, speedup, or time reversal can be attained by choice of network slopes. These temporal operations are performed within a signal "window," and the duration of the window is determined by the network time-bandwidth products. Both heuristic argumentation and rigorous analysis are presented, as are the results of a simple laboratory experiment.
01 Nov 1971
TL;DR: In this article, it is hypothesized that organizational stresses, such as high quantitative work load, responsibility for persons, poor relations with role senders, and contact with alien organizational territories, may be associated with high levels of psychological and physiological strain which are risk factors in coronary heart disease.
Abstract: It is hypothesized that organizational stresses, such as high quantitative work load, responsibility for persons, poor relations with role senders, and contact with alien organizational territories, may be associated with high levels of psychological and physiological strain which are risk factors in coronary heart disease. It is further hypothesized that persons with coronary-prone Type A personality characteristics are most likely to exhibit strain under conditions of organizational stress. Measures of these stresses, personality traits, and strains were obtained from 205 male NASA administrators, engineers, and scientists. Type A personality measures included sense of time urgency, persistence, involved striving, leadership, and preference for competitive and environmentally overburdening situations.
TL;DR: The role of the sacred in human communication and in the regulation of social and ecological systems is approached through ritual in this paper, where a concept of sanctity relating it to a problem inherent in symbolic communication is derived.
Abstract: The role of the sacred in human communication and in the regulation of social and ecological systems is approached through ritual. After a brief review of salient features of Maring ethnography, formal characteristics of rituals making them suitable for communication and regulation functions are examined. From this discussion a concept of sanctity relating it to a problem inherent in symbolic communication is derived. The non-discussive basis of sanctity is then considered and the role of the sacred in the cybernetics of social and ecological systems is then discussed. Next it is suggested that the relationship between sanctity and authority changes with technological development. Finally, some tentative suggestions concerning the origins of the sacred are advanced. I THE ROLES that ritual and sanctity play in communication, and in the regulation of the systems in which they participate are examined in this essay in an attempt to gain some additional understanding of the nature of religion. This essay differs from an earlier study I made of Tsembaga ritual (Rappaport 1967,
TL;DR: Parameter sensitivity is a theoretical criterion that can be used in the quantitative evaluation and comparison of different biochemical systems that regulate, for example, the supply of end product.
Abstract: Parameter sensitivity is a theoretical criterion that can be used in the quantitative evaluation and comparison of different biochemical systems that regulate, for example, the supply of end product
TL;DR: In this article, the strong unimodality of log-concave probability density functions was demonstrated for lattice distributions and the potential significance of their potential significance was suggested. But their results were not considered.
Abstract: In a classical theorem, Ibragimov demonstrated the strong unimodality of log-concave probability density functions. Comparable results for lattice distributions are exhibited and their potential significance is suggested.
TL;DR: In the past four decades student opinions of teaching have been gathered as a source of data on teaching effectiveness as mentioned in this paper, and studies of the interaction of teaching methods and student motives in determining achievement have been conducted.
Abstract: Within the past four decades student opinions of teaching have been gathered as a source of data on teaching effectiveness. In connection with studies of the interaction of teaching methods and student motives in determining achievement, the Michigan researchers have had continuing interest in the use of student ratings of teacher effectiveness (e.g., McKeachie, 1957; McKeachie and Solomon, 1958; Carney and McKeachie, 1966). Certain stable dimensions of teaching as rated by students (Isaacson, et al., 1964) and personality characteristics of teachers related to effectiveness (Isaacson, et al., 1963) have been established. More recently we have been concerned with determining the validity of the ratings in terms of criteria of student achievement.