Showing papers by "University of Missouri published in 1971"

Interpersonal and Economic Resources

Abstract: High population density and increased institutional specialization, which are relatively novel features of human society. have provided conditions for a more efficient exchange of universalistic resources, while decreasing the opportunity for exchanging particularistic ones. The parallel with physical environment is striking: in both cases technology has created new problems in the process of solving old ones. Whether it is natural resources or interpersonal resources, physical ecology or social ecology, recognizing and defining the new problem is the first step toward its solution. The importance of particularistic resources in solving problems of modern society has scarcely been recognized. Welfare institutions, for example, often require clients to lose status for the money they receive. This form of exchange deprives the client of a resource which is already scarce for him, thus further reducing his chances of autonomous performance as a resource exchanger in society. By ignoring the significance of particularistic resources for social functioning, we tend to see the solution of social problems exclusively in terms of a better distribution of economic resources. Improvement of education, for instance, is considered almost equivalent to allocating more money for schools. Truly money is one of the neighbors of information in the order, but the other one is status. Evidence to suggest that higher status improves educational achievement has, indeed, been repeatedly reported (26). The very mention of particularistic resources in social planning causes uneasiness and bafflement. The economist Levitan (27), for example, in reviewing the activities of VISTA (a program of the Office of Economic Opportunity), wonders how to evaluate goals such as dedication, involvement, and good feeling. The reluctance to include particularistic resources in social engineering will hopefully decrease as we improve techniques for their observation and measurement and as we begin to understand their rules of exchange and their relationship to other resources. The work described here may constitute a step in such a direction. The opportunity to progress more decisively toward a comprehensive picture of the state of resources in society is provided by the proposal to institute social indicators (28). Properly constructed they could supply much needed information about resource deficiencies that affect the health of society and could suggest. measures to overcome them. The purpose of this article has been to summarize some of the knowledge we already possess about interpersonal resources and to outline its application to certain problems of modern society. It has been shown that when resources are classified into six categories and plotted on a two-coordinate space a definite structural pattern emerges. The position of each resource class in the structure appears related to certain properties which in turn affect differentially the exchange of resources in an urban environment. The structural charateristics of resources provide a theoretical basis for the understanding and solution of social problems in modern culture.

The weight-bearing function of the fibula: a strain gauge study

Abstract: The Weight-Bearing Function of the Fibula: A STRAIN GAUGE STUDY KENNETH LAMBERT; The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery

Neonatal megaloblastic anemia due to inherited transcobalamin II deficiency in two siblings.

Abstract: Two infants presented at three and five weeks of age with megaloblastic anemia and systemic manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency in spite of normal levels of serum vitamin B12. A defic...

An Inductively Coupled RF System for the Transmission of 1 kW of Power Through the Skin

Abstract: In systems in which inductive coupling between a pancake-shaped coil on the surface of the body and a similar coil within the body is utilized for the transport of electromagnetic energy, the minimization of temperature rise in the tissue is intimately related to the achievement of minimum losses in the region of the implanted coil. A detailed theoretical analysis indicates the design considerations for achieving minimum losses in the vicinity of the implanted coil and predicts relevant internal losses of about one-half of 1 percent of the transported power. Experimental verification of theoretical expectations has involved an operating frequency of 428 kHz for the transmission of 1 kW of power between a simple water-cooled coil on the surface of the chest and a coil implanted in the chest wall of a dog. A maximum tissue temperature of 103.5° F was observed. Since 1-h operation per day at the 1-kW level would supply the anticipated energy requirements for a patient with an artificial heart, the system may find application in the charging of internal energy storage units of artificial heart systems.

Visual recognition memory for complex configurations

Abstract: Previous studies of recognition memory for heterogeneous pictorial stimuli suggest an unusually large storage and retrieval capacity. In the first experiment, three series of homogeneous pictures (faces, ink blots, snow crystals) were presented to six independent groups of Ss, and recognition was tested immediately or 48 h later. Accuracy and sex were related to stimulus configuration; at both time intervals, accuracy was best for faces and poorest for snow crystals. Levels of accuracy were below those attained in studies using heterogeneous arrays. The results of two other experiments suggest the relative unimportance of verbal mediation in recognition of homogeneous pictorial stimuli.

Transthoracic Ventricular Defibrillation in the Dog with Truncated and Untruncated Exponential Stimuli

Abstract: From 10 560 transthoracic fibrillation-defibrillation episodes in large anesthetized dogs, the effectiveness of 88 types of untruncated and truncated exponential waveforms in reversing ventricular fibrillation was evaluated. The study involved waveforms which could be generated with stored energy levels (in the simple capacitor-switch sense) of 60, 90, 120, and 180 J and initial current levels of 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, and 100 A. The 10-A waveforms were untruncated or truncated at final current values of 5, 7.5, and 9 A. The 20-, 30-, and 40-A waveforms were untruncated or truncated at 5, 10, and 15 A. The 60-, 80-, and l00-A waveforms were untruncated or truncated at the 15-A level.

Tectonic Investigations in Western Colombia and Eastern Panama

Abstract: Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic(?) metamorphic rocks form the basement of the central Colombian Andes, which was intruded by Mesozoic quartz diorite batholiths and was the site of Tertiary volcanism. Mesozoic miogeosynclinal rocks are preserved to the east in the Magdalena Valley, and eugeosynclinal rocks are preserved on the west flank of the Cordillera Central. The Cordillera Occidental includes highly deformed rocks of the Mesozoic eugeosyncline, intruded by Tertiary(?) dioritic to granitic plutons and overlain locally by Tertiary volcanic rocks. The fault-bordered Cauca Valley separates these two Andean ranges and was the site of deposition of fluviatile, lacustrine, and volcanic Tertiary rocks. Thick sequences of marine Tertiary sedimentary rocks occupy the Atrato-San Juan basin to the west and the Sinu-Uraba basin at the northern end of the Andes. Pillow basalts, gabbros, and andesites, are the chief rocks forming the basement complex of the Serrania de Baudo along the Pacific coast of Colombia. Bouguer anomalies attain values as high as + 135 mgals over pillow basalts and gabbros of the Serrania de Baudo. A negative anomaly with values as low as −90 mgals is found over the Atrato-San Juan basin. Values increase to +95 mgals over the Sautata arch and then decrease to −45 mgals over the Sinu-Uraba basin. Bouguer anomalies are negative along the Cordillera Occidental southward from Mutata to near lat 5° N., but there the values become positive. These positive values are a southeastern continuation of the gravity high over the Sautata arch, and they persist southward along the Cordillera, despite topographic elevations greater than 3,000 m, which indicates an isostatic imbalance in the crust or upper mantle. This anomaly, the West Colombian gravity high, extends southward into Ecuador. Bouguer anomalies are negative (−20 to −150 mgals) over the Cauca Valley, Cordillera Central, and Magdalena Valley. These regional relations indicate that granitic crust is present under the Cordillera Central but may be thin or absent beneath the Mesozoic eugeosyncline. Mafic, perhaps oceanic, crust serves as floor of the Mesozoic eugeosyncline, the Pacific Lowlands, and the Serrania de Baudo. If an oceanic crust of 16 km is assumed in the Pacific area, west of the Colombian coast, the gravity data indicate an eastward increase in crustal thickness to 30 or 35 km beneath the Cordillera Central and Magdalena Valley. Major tectonic boundaries may be inferred from gravity data as follows: (1) Steep marginal gravity gradients suggest that the Atrato-San Juan basin is like a gigantic graben. (2) Steep gradients on the flanks of the Suatata arch suggest that it is a horst-like feature. (3) Rocks of the Mesozoic-early Tertiary eugeosyncline may locally override the mafic rocks that cause the West Colombian gravity high. (4) Steep gradients on the east side of this high mark the boundary between granitic crust to the east and oceanic crust to the west. South of lat 5° N., this zone coincides with the great Romeral-Cauca fault system. The Mesozoic eugeosyncline is interpreted to be the site of Mesozoic underflow of the Pacific plate beneath nuclear South America; the Romeral fault, with associated serpentinites, is the trace of a Mesozoic Benioff zone. The Atrato-San Juan basin may represent a Tertiary zone of underflow that was an early branch of the Peru-Chile trench. From analysis of regional distribution of earthquakes and focal depths in northern South America and vicinity it is concluded that relative motion between the South American plate and the Pacific plate is partitioned into two types: (1) some underthrusting occurs along the northern extension of the Peru-Chile trench, and (2) right-lateral movement occurs along the Dolores-Bocono-El Pilar megashears. The western Cordillera of northern Ecuador and Colombia and eastern Panama are semi-attached to the Pacific plate and have an east to northeast motion related to eastern spreading from the East Pacific rise and northward spreading along the Galapagos rift zone. Thus, gross relative motion of northern nuclear South America is counterclockwise with respect to the Pacific plate, Panama, and the Caribbean plate.

Reasons for Adult Participation in Group Educational Activities

Abstract: Additional information on why adults participate in educational activities appears to be necessary if the field of adult education is to continue to improve educational offerings. Consequently, this study was designed and conducted to explore further the total framework of educational orientations as developed by Cyril O. Houle, Professor of Education at The University of Chicago.The results reported here were to test the hypothesis that reasons chosen by men and women for participating in educational activi ties will factor into eight groups. To test the hypothesis, 1,046 adult learners responded to an instrument developed by the author—Reasons for Educational Participation. The results were factor analyzed and seven groups of reasons were identified. Based on the nature of the items comprising each, the factors were named:The Desire to Know;The Desire to Reach a Personal Goal;The Desire to Reach a Social Goal;The Desire to Reach a Religious Goal;The Desire to Escape;The Desire to Take Part in an Activit...

Effects of Catecholamines and Renal Nerve Stimulation on Renin Release in the Nonfilterlng Kidney

Abstract: The mechanisms whereby catecholamines and renal nerve stimulation increase renin secretion were studied in dogs with nonfiltering kidneys. In six dogs, epinephrine was infused into the renal artery at a rate that decreased renal blood flow to half of the control value. Papaverine was then infused into the renal artery to block the decrease in renal blood flow produced by the catecholamine, and the epinephrine infusion was resumed while the papaverine infusion was continued. In this experiment, renin release increased during infusion of epinephrine alone, but no change occurred with epinephrine during papaverine infusion. The protocol for the experiment on six other dogs was similar except that the infused catecholamine was norepinephrine. In this experiment, norepinephrine increased renin release both prior to and during papaverine infusion. In seven dogs, the effect of electrical stimulation of the renal nerves on renin secretion was studied both before and during the infusion of papaverine into the renal artery; renin release increased strikingly both before and during papaverine infusion. It is suggested that epinephrine increased renin secretion in the nonfiltering kidney by an action on the renal arterioles. In contrast, norepinephrine and renal nerve stimulation apparently increased renin secretion in the nonfiltering kidney by a direct effect on the juxtaglomerular cells. These data provide evidence for specific mechanisms of action of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and the renal nerves in renin release.

Catalytic Conversion of Fatty Acids to Petroleum-like Paraffins and their Maturation

Abstract: Experiments on the decarboxylation of n-docasanoic acid and the subsequent cracking of the n-paraffins are described and related to petroleum genesis.

Least squares estimation in the regression model with autoregressive-moving average errors

Abstract: SUMMARY To treat the problem of correlated errors in regression, a model in which the errors follow a stationary autoregressive-moving average time series is suggested. Simultaneous least squares estimation of the regression and the time series parameters is discussed, and it is shown that asymptotically the estimates obtained in this manner possess normal distributions, whether or not the errors themselves are normally distributed. The estimates of the regression parameters are uncorrelated with those of the time series parameters; the former are distributed as if they had arisen from a certain transformed model with uncorrelated errors, while the latter have the same covariance matrix as those from a stationary series with no deterministic component. The estimate of variance is also asymptotically normal. A Monte Carlo sampling study indicates that these results can serve as a useful approximation for samples of moderate size.

Role of pancreozymin-cholecystokinin and structurally related compounds as calcitonin secretogogues.

Abstract: Surgically isolated pig thyroid glands were perfused in situ under controlled conditions with blood, or modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, to which individual gastrointestinal hormones or related compounds were added at a constant rate. The thyroid venous effluent was collected quantitatively and the calcitonin (CT) concentration measured by either bioassay or radioimmunoassay so that the CT secretion rate could be calculated. Porcine secretin (50 pM to 145 nM) did not stimulate CT secretion, in contrast to a significant effect with porcine pancreozymin (1.3–25 nM). Stimulation of CT secretion was also produced by the Cterminal octapeptide of pancreozymin (1.8–17 nM), whereas the N-terminal hexapeptide (70 nM) was inactive. This stimulatory action was reduced by mild oxidation. Cerulein (1–14 nM) and pentagastrin (0.5 μM), which share with pancreozymin the same C-terminal tetrapeptide, also stimulated CT release. (Endocrinology 89: 262,1971)

Children who are cruel to animals

Abstract: Eighteen cases of children who raised concern because of their cruelty to animals were reviewed. The results revealed that they were all boys, usually young (average age 91/2), and of normal intelligence, and that they showed many other aggressive symptoms, such as destructiveness, bullying, fighting, stealing, and fire setting. Etiologic factors ranged from strictly biologic factors (Organic Brain Syndrome) to strictly environmental factors or to a combination of psycho-bio-social factors. The chaotic home with aggressive parental models was the most common factor.

Review: What Signals the Kidney to Release Renin?

Abstract: • Much has been said and much has been written on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterqne system but one of the most important problems remains unresolved. The specific signals perceived by the renal juxtaglomerular (JG) cells to secrete renin are still unknown. In an editorial in 1964 (1), attention was called to the paucity of experimentation in this area. There is now no lack of interest in and pursuit of this important problem, and recently a number of innovative approaches have resulted in pertinent new data. This article is written to describe these new approaches and to stimulate interest and further research which might close this important gap in our knowledge. Early attempts at elucidation of this problem were aimed at testing either the baroreceptor hypothesis or the macula densa theory. Increasing evidence has accumulated to support the idea that the sympathetic nervous system is also involved. And, a number of humoral agents influence renin release, espedally in pharmacologic doses; these findings raise the question of the physiological roles of these substances in the control of renin secretion. The JG cells, the macula densa, and the renal sympathetic nerves are depicted diagrammatically in relation to the renal arterioles (Fig. 1). In homeostasis and in several experimental and clinical situations with secondary aldosteronism, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

Dissolution of clay minerals in dilute organic acids at room temperature

Abstract: TWO GRAMS EACH OF REPRESENTATIVE CLAY MINERALS WERE SHAKEN AT ROOM TEMPERATURE IN DISTILLED WATER, AND IN 0.01M ASPARTIC, CITRIC, SALICYLIC, TARTARIC, AND TANNIC ACIDS (REPRESENTATIVE OF COMPONENTS OF HUMIC ACID). ALIQUOTS OF CENTRIFUGED SOLUTION, UP TO 102 DAYS DISSOLUTION, WERE ANALYZED FOR SILICON, IRON, ALUMINUM, IRON, MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM, SODIUM, AND POTASSIUM. THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF CLAY MINERALS DISSOLVED BY STRONGLY COMPLEXING ORGANIC ACIDS EXCEEDS THAT DISSOLVED BY DISTILLED WATER BY FACTORS 5 TO 75. DISSOLVED SILICON IN STRONGLY COMPLEXING ACID SOLUTIONS EXCEEDED 2-35 TIMES ITS CONCENTRATION IN DISTILLED WATER; DISSOLVED ALUMINUM, 3-500 TIMES. ASPARTIC, AN AMINO-ACID, DISSOLVED CALCUM AND MAGNESIUM BEST. CLAY MINERALS DISSOLVE INCONGRUENTLY IN DISTILLLED WATER, SILICON PREFERENTIALLY TO A ALUMINUM. IN ALL ACIDS USED, SILICON INCONGRUENTLY EXCEEDS ALUMINUM DISSOLVED FROM ARIZONA AND WYOMING SMECTITES, SEMI-PLASTIC REFRACTORY CLAY, ALSO FOR ILLITES IN SALICYLIC ACID, AND KEOKUK KAOLINITE IN CITRIC AND TANNIC ACID. CONGRUENT DISSOLUTION, OR ALUMINUM INCONGRUENTLY EXCEEDING SILICON, 1.3-1.6:1, OCCURRED WITH BUEKER FLINT CLAY, GEORGIA KAOLINITE, AND ILLITES IN CITRIC, TARTARIC, AND TANNIC ACIDS. PREFERENTIAL SOLUBILITIES OF EITHER SILICON OR A ALUMINUM FROM CLAY MINERALS INDICATE GENETIC MECHANISMS FOR POSSOLS, LATERITES, KAOLIN (ESPECIALLY MOORVERWITTERUNG TYPE), AND BAUXITES. GEOLOGIC AND PEDOLOGIC EXAMPLES ARE CITED. /AUTHOR/

Formal and Informal Crime Control: An Exploratory Study of Urban, Suburban, and Rural Orientations*

Abstract: (1971). Formal and Informal Crime Control: An Exploratory Study of Urban, Suburban, and Rural Orientations. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 319-327.

Adrenergic receptors and cyclic amp in the regulation of human adipose tissue lipolysis

Abstract: For the past several years our major objective has been the elucidation of mechanisms controlling the release of stored triglyceride by adipose tissue. Since derangement of such mechanisms could well be involved in important human diseases. it was felt that human adipose tissue should be studiedalong with that of appropriate experimental animals-to avoid being misled by species variation. In retrospect, this was a prudent decision since substantial differences between human and rat adipose tissue have been Rat tissue responds to a wide range of lipolytic substances including ACTH, TSH, growth hormone plus dexamethasone, glucagon, and catecholamines. Human adipose tissue is much more selective, responding to catecholamines, TSH, and crude human pituitary fractions associated with TSH, but not responding to ACTH (see FIGURE 1 ) , glucagon, or growth hormone plus dexamethasone. In view of such observations, we felt it important to determine if cyclic AMP played a central role in human adipose tissue lipolysis as it appears to do in the rat. For this purpose, the effects of cyclic AMP, its dibutyryl derivative (DAMP), and theophylline, singly and in combination with insulin, on lipolysis by human and rat adipose tissue have been observed. We have also evaluated the hypothesis that adrenergic receptors may be linked to the cyclic AMP system.x. According to this hypothesis, interaction of a catecholamine with beta receptors causes activation of adenyl cyclase and an increase in cyclic AMP, whereas interaction with alpha receptors reduces the effective concentration of cyclic AMP and leads to an opposite effect on cell function. To evaluate this hypothesis, we have observed the effects of propranolol, a beta blocking agent, and phentolamine, an alpha blocker, on basal and stimulated lipolysis of human and rat cells and tissue fragments. The stimulating substances used were isoproterenol, a relatively pure beta agonist, and epinephrine, a mixed agonist having both alpha and beta stimulating capabilities.

Evidence for a Renal Vascular Mechanism in Renin Release: New Observations with Graded Stimulation by Aortic Constriction

Abstract: To examine the possibility of a renal intravascular receptor for renin secretion, bilateral ureteral ligation and a two-hour period of renal ischemia were used to produce a nonfiltering kidney model in dogs. In conscious animals with both innervated and denervated, nonfiltering kidneys, hemorrhage and suprarenal aortic constriction produced significant increases in plasma renin activity. To measure renin secretion directly, a unilateral, nonfiltering kidney was produced, and renal blood flow was determined with a square-wave electromagnetic flowmeter in anesthetized dogs. Renin secretion was significantly elevated after a 20 ml/kg hemorrhage in these animals. In another group of dogs, adrenalectomy was combined with renal denervation in the unilateral, nonfiltering kidney model. In these animals hemorrhage produced significant increases in renin secretion. After a recovery period three of these dogs were subjected to graded constriction of the suprarenal aorta. Slight decreases in blood pressure with and without decreases in renal blood flow produced increases in renin secretion. Since increased renin secretion occurred in the absence of sodium delivery to the macula densa, from denervated kidneys, and without the major portion of circulating catecholamines, it is suggested that an intrinsic receptor for renin release is present within the renal vascular tree.

Isolation of Psychrophilic Bacteriophage-Host Systems from Refrigerated Food Products

Abstract: Thirty-eight bacteriophage-host systems were isolated from 22 of 45 refrigerated food products examined under psychrophilic conditions. Isolates were obtained from ground beef, pork sausage, chicken, raw skim milk, and oysters, whereas no isolations were made from liquid egg whites and processed meat products. Thirty of the 38 psychrophilic bacterial hosts were gram-negative rods, and 27 of these were classified within the genus Pseudomonas; three were members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The remaining eight were gram-positive cocci, which were tentatively classified as Leuconostoc. Plate counts of psychrophilic bacteria were greater than 2.2 x 10(5)/ml (g) in all but one sample which contained phage, whereas phage titers ranged from less than 100 to 6.3 x 10(6) plaque-forming units/ml (g). Phage isolates showed limited host ranges usually attacking only those hosts upon which they were isolated. Of eight phages tested against 13 cultures of known identity, one showed lytic action, and this was against strains of P. fragi.