Showing papers by "University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee published in 1969"
TL;DR: The attitude concept is the primary building stone in the edifice of social psychology [p. 45] and the extensive attitude literature in the past 20 years supports this contention as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Gordon Allport (1954) has described the attitude concept as "the primary building stone in the edifice of social psychology [p. 45]," and the extensive attitude literature in the past 20 years supports this contention. Stimulated primarily by the cognitive consistency theories, thousands of pages have been written recently on attitude formation and change. One possible reason for the popularity of the attitude concept is that social psychologists have assumed that attitudes have something to do with social behavior. Cohen (1964), in the concluding chapter of his book. Attitude Change and Social Influence, states:
2,229 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the particle number is an adiabatic invariant, but not a strict constant of the motion, and show that particle creation occurs in pairs.
Abstract: Spin-0 fields of arbitrary mass and massless fields of arbitrary spin are considered. The equations governing the fields are the covariant generalizations of the special-relativistic free-field equations. The metric, which is not quantized, is that of a universe with an expanding (or contracting) Euclidean 3-space. The spin-0 field of arbitrary mass is quantized in the expanding universe by the canonical procedure. The quantization is consistent with the time development dictated by the equation of motion only when the boson commutation relations are imposed. This consistency requirement provides a new proof of the connection between spin and statistics. We show that the particle number is an adiabatic invariant, but not a strict constant of the motion. We obtain an expression for the average particle density as a function of the time, and show that particle creation occurs in pairs. The canonical creation and annihilation operators corresponding to physical particles during the expansion are specified. Thus, we do not use an $S$-matrix approach. We show that in a universe with flat 3-space containing only massless particles in equilibrium, there will be precisely no creation of massless particles as a result of the expansion, provided the Einstein field equations without the cosmological term are correct. Furthermore, in a dust-filled universe with flat 3-space there will be precisely no creation of massive spin-0 particles in the limit of infinite mass, again provided that the Einstein field equations are correct. Conversely, without assuming any particular equations, such as the Einstein equations, as governing the expansion of the universe, we obtain the familiar Friedmann expansions for the radiation-filled and the dust-filled universes with flat 3-space. We only make a very general and natural hypothesis connecting the particle creation rate with the macroscopic expansion of the universe. In one derivation, we assume that in an expansion of the universe in which a particular type of particle is predominant, the type of expansion approached after a long time will be such as to minimize the average creation rate of that particle. In another derivation, we use the assumption that the reaction of the particle creation back on the gravitational field will modify the expansion in such a way as to reduce, if possible, the creation rate. This connection between the particle creation and the Einstein equations is surprising because the Einstein equations themselves played no part at all in the derivation of the equations governing the particle creation. Finally, on the basis of a so-called infinite-mass approximation, we argue that in the present predominantly dust-filled universe, only massless particles of zero spin might possibly be produced in significant amounts by the present expansion. In this connection, we show that massless particles of arbitrary nonzero spin, such as photons or gravitons, are not created by the expansion, regardless of its form.
996 citations
515 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that instructions can have major influences on the establishment and maintenance of human operant behavior.
Abstract: In three experiments, human subjects were trained on a five-component multiple schedule with different fixed intervals of monetary reinforcement scheduled in the different components. Subjects uninstructed about the fixed-interval schedules manifested high and generally equivalent rates regardless of the particular component. By comparison, subjects given instructions about the schedules showed orderly progressions of rates and temporal patterning as a function of the interreinforcement intervals, particularly when feedback about reinforcement was delivered but also when reinforcement-feedback was withheld. Administration of the instructions-reinforcement combination to subjects who had already developed poorly differentiated behavior, however, did not make their behavior substantially better differentiated. When cost was imposed for responding, both instructed and uninstructed subjects showed low and differentiated rates regardless of their prior histories. It was concluded that instructions can have major influences on the establishment and maintenance of human operant behavior.
181 citations
TL;DR: The temporal pattern of four successive sounds could not be recognized even when the duration of each sound was considerably longer than either the average phoneme in normal discourse or the notes of melodies.
Abstract: Accurate perception of temporal order is essential for many auditory tasks. Yet the temporal pattern of four successive sounds (for example, hisses, buzzes, and tones) could not be recognized even when the duration of each sound was considerably longer than either the average phoneme in normal discourse or the notes of melodies. Although each of the stimuli was perceived, their order remained frustratingly elusive.
179 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an integral for [P n (α,α) (x) P n (β,β) (y) (1) = ∫ −1 1 1 P n(β, β)(y)P n(α,β), β, β,β(y), dμ(y)), where α > β ⩾ − 1 2, − 1 ⩽ x ⩻ 1, and dμ (y), β is a positive measure which depends on x but not n.
114 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a set of reference frames, called superluminal inertial frames, relative to which charged tachyons in one spatial dimension behave as ordinary particles are introduced.
Abstract: By means of a mathematical transformation, we introduce a set of reference frames, called superluminal inertial frames, relative to which tachyons in one spatial dimension behave as ordinary particles. One-dimensional processes involving tachyons and photons can be analyzed in the new frames, and the results transformed to the subluminal frames. The mathematical symmetry or duality between subluminal and superluminal frames and particles suggests an extension of the principle of relativity, according to which the totality of physical laws has the same form relative to both subluminal and superluminal frames. One possible consequence of this extended principle of relativity is that charged tachyons might have properties similar to those of magnetic monopoles. Another consequence is that the cross section for the backward scattering of photons by photons should be twice as great as is predicted without taking into account tachyons. The relevance of these results to our three-dimensional world is questionable because it does not appear to be possible to extend the one-dimensional theory to three dimensions. Photon-photon scattering experiments in vacuum can reveal unambiguously whether or not the predictions have physical relevance.
73 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a numerical solution of Vollenweider's photosynthesis model is presented, where a digital computer is used to estimate the photosynthetic inhibition parameters and to integrate the model numerically over time and depth.
Abstract: A numerical solution of Vollenweider’s photosynthesis model is presented. This model provides for varying types and degrees of inhibition of photosynthesis by light. A digital computer is used to estimate the photosynthetic inhibition parameters and to integrate the model numerically over time and depth. The numerical approach exploits the full generality of the model by allowing the inhibition parameters to assume any values and by using the actual distribution of surface light over a day, thereby removing all the mathematical approximations made by previous authors. The assumptions and limitations of the solution and the data necessary to test it are discussed.
71 citations
01 Jan 1969
TL;DR: The climatology, or average long-term meteorological condition of a place depends both on what Kuppen has referred to as a broad group of external factors, i.e., astronomical location, general circulation, surface features, altitude and exposure, and on a group of climatic elements which characterize each of the broad factors and are closely interrelated with them as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The climatology, or average long-term meteorological condition, of a place depends both on what Kuppen has referred to as a broad group of external factors, i.e., astronomical location, general circulation, surface features, altitude and exposure, and on a group of climatic elements which characterize each of the broad factors and are closely interrelated with them. These elements include temperature and rainfall averages and extremes, atmospheric pressures, wind speeds and directions, relative humidity and cloudiness. Since the climatic factors and elements all depend upon the daily weather conditions, the discussion of the climates of South America must necessarily draw heavily on meteorological data. It should be noted that long-term weather records are frequently unavailable for this part of the world, so that much extrapolation and interpretation must be carried out in order to arrive at a generalized idea of climate.
68 citations
TL;DR: The results of this experiment confirmed earlier evidence that subjects are more efficient at recalling digits presented to the right ear than to the left, and theorized that if such a preference does exist under certain conditions, it may be due to the same factors which cause the right-ear effect.
62 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, there is no evidence to support the statement that private brand purchasers constitute an identifiable market segment and do these consumers differentiate among different private brands of the same brand.
Abstract: Is there any evidence to support the statement that private brand purchasers constitute an identifiable market segment? Do these consumers differentiate among different private brands of the same p...
TL;DR: The contributions made by biologists to the philosophy of biology will be touched on only briefly, both because the biological literature is too vast to permit anything like a fair summary in the confines of a short paper and because the strengths and weaknesses of this literature tend to be quite different from the efforts of philosophers as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Periodically through the history of biology, biologists have tried to do a little philosophy and occasionally a philosopher has turned his attention to biology. In the past decade or so a body of literature has arisen which might legitimately be called 'philosophy of biology'. The purpose of this paper will be to review the contributions made to this literature by phi losophers during the past 10 or 15 years. Earlier work will be discussed only if it has proven especially influential. The contributions made by biologists to the philosophy of biology will be touched on only briefly, both because the biological literature is too vast to permit anything like a fair summary in the confines of a short paper and because the strengths and weaknesses of this literature tend to be quite different from the efforts of philosophers.1 In this paper, though it is sure to result in acrimony, I have not refrained from criticism. There is too great a discrepancy be tween what philosophers produce under the guise of philosophy of biology and what philosophy of biology could be or, in my opinion, should be to pass over without comment. One striking feature of the remarks made by philosophers about biology is how frequently they are misinformed. For example, Mario Bunge in a paper on the weight of simplicity in the construction and assaying of scientific theories asks the following question:
TL;DR: In this article, low temperature heat capacities of eleven 4th, 5th and 6th group transition metal borides were measured from 1.5 −18°K to test current theories about bonding and band structure of borsides.
TL;DR: The contributions made by biologists to the philosophy of biology will be touched on only briefly, both because the biological literature is too vast to permit anything like a fair summary in the confines of a short paper and because the strengths and weaknesses of this literature tend to be quite different from the efforts of philosophers as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Periodically through the history of biology, biologists have tried to do a little philosophy and occasionally a philosopher has turned his attention to biology. In the past decade or so a body of literature has arisen which might legitimately be called 'philosophy of biology'. The purpose of this paper will be to review the contributions made to this literature by phi losophers during the past 10 or 15 years. Earlier work will be discussed only if it has proven especially influential. The contributions made by biologists to the philosophy of biology will be touched on only briefly, both because the biological literature is too vast to permit anything like a fair summary in the confines of a short paper and because the strengths and weaknesses of this literature tend to be quite different from the efforts of philosophers.1 In this paper, though it is sure to result in acrimony, I have not refrained from criticism. There is too great a discrepancy be tween what philosophers produce under the guise of philosophy of biology and what philosophy of biology could be or, in my opinion, should be to pass over without comment. One striking feature of the remarks made by philosophers about biology is how frequently they are misinformed. For example, Mario Bunge in a paper on the weight of simplicity in the construction and assaying of scientific theories asks the following question:
TL;DR: Gymnema sylvestre, a plant used in the Ayurevedic medicine of India for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, selectively and temporarily reduces sensitivity to sweet substances.
Abstract: Gymnema sylvestre (GS), a plant used in the Ayurevedic medicine of India for the treatment of diabetes mellitus1,2, has been known from antiquity also to have an antisaccharin taste effect3–5. Chewing the leaves, rinsing the mouth with aqueous extracts, or topical application to the tongue, selectively and temporarily reduces sensitivity to sweet substances. The mechanism of this selective ageusia or hypoageusia which follows treatment with GS is unknown.
TL;DR: In this article, a probabilistic analysis of relationships among selected elements of a consumer's purchase decision: brand purchased, store visited, and size of purchase is presented, and the relationship between them is analyzed.
Abstract: Probabilistic analysis of relationships among selected elements of a consumer’s purchase decision: brand purchased, store visited, and size of purchase.
TL;DR: In this paper, a general method for the construction of wave functions and wave equations for higher spins is proposed, based on the full use of projection operators, without any use of boosting and without explicit use of auxiliary fields.
Abstract: A general method for the construction of wave functions and wave equations for higher spins is proposed. This method is based on the full use of projection operators, without any use of boosting and without explicit use of auxiliary fields. The wave equations are always expressed in the form of single matrix equations, so that their Lagrangians follow immediately. Then the entire program of quantization of the free fields can follow straightforwardly by using the so-called $d(\ensuremath{\partial})$-operator technique which was developed previously. The present method is made up of two steps: The first step is to derive wave equations when the maximum spin is specified; the second step is to derive equations when the spin itself is specified. The techniqu employed in the first step, when it is applied to many-spinor representations, can be used to put the Bargmann-Wigner equations into the form of a single matrix equation. The same technique enables us to write explicitly the Harish-Chandra $\ensuremath{\beta}$ matrices in terms of Dirac matrices. General arguments explain why the relativistic wave equations in general contain a certain number of arbitrary parameters, such as have been observed by several authors. The method is illustrated by several examples of relativistic wave equations.
TL;DR: The addition of a known quantity of Na 2 C 2 O 4 to the urine before precipitation and use of a radioisotope-determined factor to correct for incomplete precipitation improve the accuracy of the results and permit the analysis to be completed in one day.
TL;DR: The essential identity of weathering cracks and split-lines is demonstrated experimentally and possibilities for split-line analysis of fossil and archeological bone are opened up.
Abstract: The essential identity of weathering cracks and split-lines is demonstrated experimentally. Innominate bones, left in the open to weather, developed cracks similar to the split-line orientation typically observed in the same region. These bones were decalcified and intermittent split-lines prepared along their course. The orientation of the split-lines always corresponds to the weathering splits. The same results were obtained with bird and mammal bones collected in the field and showing weathering cracks. The same also applies to cracks in bones of a gorilla which had been partly defleshed and salted down for preservation. Apparently any process which shrinks bone will produce cracks with the same orientation as split-lines. Possibilities for split-line analysis of fossil and archeological bone are opened up by these experiments.
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of the white counselor may be one of supervisor of lay therapists in the black community or change-agent and interpreter in the white community, and some techniques are reviewed that may facilitate their full freedom.
Abstract: Counselors working in the black community must understand the special problems of black people in discovering and affirming their identity. Black Power, proclaiming the integrity of the black community, has special relevance for black people in search of an identity. Counselors cannot ignore the new self-awareness which many black clients bring to counseling. An approach to counseling black clients is suggested, and some techniques are reviewed that may facilitate their full freedom. The role of the white counselor may be one of supervisor of lay therapists in the black community or change-agent and interpreter in the white community.
TL;DR: In this paper, a model for an intake interview is proposed that can be applied flexibly and selectively by different workers in different settings and can be adapted to different workgroups in different environments.
Abstract: A model for an intake interview is proposed that can be applied flexibly and selectively by different workers in different settings
TL;DR: After discrimination learning with and without errors, three groups of pigeons were tested for generalization to the angularity (negative stimulus) dimension, demonstrating a decremental gradient with maximum response strength to the negative stimulus.
Abstract: After discrimination learning with and without errors, three groups of pigeons were tested for generalization to the angularity (negative stimulus) dimension. For half the subjects from each group, each angle was superimposed on a light of 555-nanometer wavelength, the positive stimulus during training; for the other half, the angles were on a black background. When tested to the angularity alone, the group which had made errors (pecked at the negative stimulus) during discrimination training showed a typical incremental (inverted) gradient of responding to the negative stimulus dimension. The control group and the one learning the discrimination without errors showed no differential control by the negative stimulus dimension. When each angle was superimposed on the positive stimulus during testing, a decremental gradient with maximum response strength to the negative stimulus was evidenced by the group learning with and the one group learning without errors.
TL;DR: The finding that subjects did not minimize the total number of shocks suggested that when avoidance behavior is punished, responding is controlled more by the local consequences of responding than by overall shock frequencies during the course of the session.
Abstract: In two experiments, the free-operant shock-avoidance behavior of rats was punished by electric shock. Two aspects of the schedule of response-produced shock were varied: the frequency of punishment over time (punishment density) and the temporal interval between the punished response and the punishment (punishment delay). The general finding was that response-produced shock suppressed avoidance responding under most of the density-delay combinations studied, and suppression increased as a function of increases in density and decreases in delay. Rate increases of small magnitude also were observed, usually as an initial reaction to the lesser densities and longer delays. Response suppression, while decreasing the number of punishment shocks received, also increased the number of avoidance shocks, so that the total number of shocks received usually was greater than the minimal number possible. The results were discussed from the standpoint of similarities between the effects of punishing positively and negatively reinforced behavior. The finding that subjects did not minimize the total number of shocks suggested that when avoidance behavior is punished, responding is controlled more by the local consequences of responding than by overall shock frequencies during the course of the session.
TL;DR: In this article, a thermal conductivity method was used to study the oxidation kinetics of molybdenum disilicide over the temperature interval, 1328 to 1765° K. The rates of oxidation were found to follow a parabolic relationship once a protective coating was formed.
Abstract: The oxidation kinetics of molybdenum disilicide over the temperature interval, 1328 to 1765° K, has been studied using a thermal conductivity method. The rates of oxidation were found to follow a parabolic relationship once a protective coating was formed. From the temperature dependence of the parabolic rate constants, an activation energy of 20 kcal/mole was obtained.
Abstract: : The report treats some parametric estimation problems in which one observes a random variable which is the sum of two independent nonidentically distributed random variables Some basic identifiability theorems are given which suggest the method of moments as a general method for attacking such problems, particularly when one of the summand variables is discrete Moment estimators and their asymptotic distributions are examined for various specific examples (Author)
TL;DR: In this paper, a computer simulation model is developed which consists of the sequence of operating procedures used by the school system's administrators in making their choices, including preliminary decisions on departmental requests, decisions on a general salary increase and new debt service, a comparison of revenue forecasts to total expenditures and processes to balance the budget by removing a deficit or distributing a surplus.
Abstract: This paper is concerned with the resource allocation process in public organizations. In particular, the operating budget of a large urban school system is investigated in an effort to discover the manner in which appropriation decisions are made. A computer simulation model is developed which consists of the sequence of operating procedures used by the school system's administrators in making their choices. The model consists of preliminary decisions on departmental requests, decisions on a general salary increase and new debt service, a comparison of revenue forecasts to total expenditures and processes to balance the budget by removing a deficit or distributing a surplus. Preliminary departmental appropriations are influenced by expectations of added revenues and the existence of an informal priority system. A general salary increase is budgeted as the result of a comparison of the existing salary structure with those of certain similar organizations. New debt service is influenced by the financial pressure exerted by the level of working capital in the bond fund. An important factor in removing a deficit is the attempt to use strategies which will not affect existing appropriations. Surpluses when they exist, are distributed in order to prevent certain pressures from building up. The predictions of the model are tested in so far as possible and a sensitivity analysis is conducted on certain parameters estimated from sparse data.
TL;DR: Groups of disabled and normal readers were compared on the Bender-Gestalt, Auditory Discrimination Test, and a visual-motor matching task, finding no significant differences between the groups.
Abstract: Research comparing normal and disabled readers on perceptual tasks is equivocal. Benton (1962) cites inadequate matching of groups on the factor of general intelligence as a reason for the disparat...