Showing papers by "University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee published in 1970"
TL;DR: When an extraneous sound (such as a cough or tone) completely replaces a speech sound in a recorded sentence, listeners believe they hear the missing sound.
Abstract: When an extraneous sound (such as a cough or tone) completely replaces a speech sound in a recorded sentence, listeners believe they hear the missing sound. The extraneous sound seems to occur during another portion of the sentence without interfering with the intelligibility of any phoneme. If silence replaces a speech sound, the gap is correctly localized and the absence of the speech sound detected.
967 citations
TL;DR: This article examined multitudinous definitions of "communication" in the light of the meaning of "concept" as reflected in the literature of the philosophy of science and found that among the 15 conceptual components there are three upon which the definitions rather critically divide.
Abstract: This essay examines multitudinous definitions of ‘communication’ in the light of the meaning of ‘concept’ as reflected in the literature of the philosophy of science. The examination produced 15 main themes from the definitions. Among the 15 conceptual components there are three upon which the definitions rather critically divide. These three points of conceptual split are examined for their impact on theory construction in communication. Some suggestions are made for conceptual clarification.
187 citations
TL;DR: This phenetic school of taxonomy had its origins in a series of papers in which several workers attempted to quantify the processes and procedures used by taxonomists to classify organisms, of special interest was the process of weighting.
Abstract: During the past decade, taxonomists have been engaged in a controversy over the proper methods and foundations of biological classification. Although methodologically inclined taxonomists had been discussing these issues for years, the emergence of an energetic and vocal school of taxonomists, headed by Sokal and Sneath, increased the urgency of the dispute. This phenetic school of taxonomy had its origins in a series of papers in which several workers attempted to quantify the processes and procedures used by taxonomists to classify organisms. Of special interest was the process of weighting. These early papers give the impression that the primary motivation for the movement was the desire to make taxonomy sufficiently explicit and precise to permit quantification and, hence, the utilization of computers as aids in classification [22, 23, 41, 91, 106, 107, 111, 112], The initial conclusion that these authors seemed to come to was that taxonomy, as it was then being practiced, was too vague, intuitive, and diffuse to permit quantification. Hence, the procedures and foundations of biological classification had to be changed.
127 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a simulation model was developed to predict the changing scale of the ghetto configuration in Milwaukee, Wisconsin from 1960 to 1970, and the simulation model employed can be described as a strict segregation model since all Negro housing demand is satisfied within contiguous space, described here as ghetto space.
Abstract: The Negro ghetto represents an expanding residential spatial configuration in all of the major metropolitan areas in the United States. The process of ghetto development is essentially related to the refusal of Whites to share residential space with Blacks on a permanent basis, and to the search behavior employed by Blacks in seeking housing accommodations. An attempt has been made to predict the changing scale of the ghetto configuration in Milwaukee, Wisconsin from 1960–1970. A simulation model was developed for this purpose. The model employed can be described as a strict segregation model since all Negro housing demand is satisfied within contiguous space, described here as ghetto space. It is apparent from the results that the model includes some inherent weaknesses, but only a few are related to its conceptual base. In general the simulated pattern of Negro residential occupance in Milwaukee is characterized by general overprediction in a low income area along the eastern side of the ghetto and by underprediction along the northern margin of the ghetto. The actual pattern of black residential-movement in Milwaukee demonstrated that the heaviest entry occurred in an area of more desirable housing.
81 citations
TL;DR: The Howard-Sheth buyer behavior model was cast in the form of a multiple-equation regression model for testing data on a grocery product in a specific market, but the test put extreme pressure on the data.
Abstract: The Howard-Sheth buyer behavior model was cast in the form of a multiple-equation regression model for testing data on a grocery product in a specific market. Estimated structural parameters were generally consistent with the model’s predictions, but some goodness-of-fit measures were weak. The model was useful for organizing this analysis of consumer behavior, but the test put extreme pressure on the data. Considerably improved data collection techniques and procedures will be needed before the full empirical potential of such models will be realized.
76 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the stability of First Sister Lake, Michigan has been studied and it was shown that salt entering the lake increased the density of the water in the lower lake strata.
64 citations
TL;DR: The flow instability and the associated laminar secondary flow pattern discussed here are, to my knowledge, being reported and studied for the first time and do not appear anywhere in the published scientific literature.
Abstract: CONSIDER a long sealed container partially filled with a liquid or completely filled with two immiscible liquids and oriented horizontally. If the container is rotated about a horizontal axis, a laminar secondary flow pattern develops that is characterized by large regular regions of segregated material. The onset of this new flow pattern appears to be the result of a natural instability in the normal flow, and is found to occur in containers of all geometries. The flow instability and the associated laminar secondary flow pattern discussed here are, to my knowledge, being reported and studied for the first time and do not appear anywhere in the published scientific literature. This might seem surprising at first in view of the apparent simplicity of the phenomenon, but when it is viewed in terms of its mathematics, with its difficult boundary conditions and unusual body force orientation, it becomes understandable why it would be unlikely that anyone could predict its existence from mathematical considerations alone. Further, it is rather difficult to demonstrate the instability by experiment with inelastic fluids.
58 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the teaching learning process, as it occurs in the classroom setting of the public schools, has been the target of considerable research and the emphasis has been on assessing the performance of the learner in meeting prescribed performance objectives.
Abstract: 1 The financial help received from the University of lowa and the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee in support of this study is gratefully acknowledged. 2 Now an associate professor at the University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. The teaching-learning process, as it occurs in the classroom setting of the public schools, has historically been the target of considerable research. For the most part, the emphasis has been on assessing the performance of the learner in meeting prescribed performance objectives. The independent variable in such research has typically been
53 citations
TL;DR: Evidence of individual differences in responsiveness in non-homogeneous strains is suggestive of a trend towards maintaining sensitivity to bitter stimuli in free-ranging animals.
Abstract: BECAUSE of the high correspondence between bitterness and the toxicity of naturally occurring bitter products1, it is important for many free-ranging animals to be able to recognize and reject bitter tasting stimuli. The wild rat and mouse have also been subjected to synthetic rodenticides, many of which are bitter tasting2. Selection pressures would therefore be expected to be directed toward maintaining sensitivity to bitter stimuli. By the same reasoning, sensitivity to bitter stimuli might well have been lost in some of the highly inbred strains of laboratory mice. Evidence of individual differences in responsiveness in non-homogeneous strains is suggestive of this trend3.
39 citations
TL;DR: The isoenzyme patterns of individual Xanthium leaves at various stages of development were determined by acrylamid electrophoresis and the Leaf Plastochron Index was used to measure leaf and plant age.
Abstract: The isoenzyme patterns of individual Xanthium leaves at various stages of development were determined by acrylamid electrophoresis. The Leaf Plastochron Index was used to measure leaf and plant age. The nature of the changes occurring during leaf development differed from enzyme to enzyme and from gfrom isoenzyme to isoenzyme; for instance, one of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases was peculiar to very young leaves, another to rapidly expanding leaves, and yet another to still older ones. On the other hand, the number of amylase isoenzymes merely increased with leaf age. Many of the changes in the isoenzyme patterns coincide with the cessation of cell division in the leaf or with the completion of leaf growth. The particular isoenzyme patterns of a given leaf depended on both leaf and plant age. While the isoenzyme patterns of leaves from maximum aldolase activity per unit protein and at a later stage than the leaves from the vegetative plants.
33 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extended the boson method in superconductivity and applied it to the problem of vortices in neutral and type-II superconductors, where the distributions of current and magnetic field of a single vortex are given in the whole domain, up to the center of the flux line.
Abstract: The boson method in superconductivity, developed in previous articles, is extended and applied to the problem of vortices in neutral and type-II superconductors. In the approximation considered, the distributions of current and magnetic field of a single vortex are given in the whole domain, up to the center of the flux line. Expressions for the vortex self-energy and the interaction energy between two vortices are also derived. In the limiting case in which $\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{\gg}1$ (where $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ is the Ginzburg-Landau parameter) and the structure of the core is approximated by a $\ensuremath{\delta}$ function, our results agree with those of Abrikosov's theory, based on the Ginzburg-Landau equations.
TL;DR: In this article, the location of the zeros of Stieltjes and Van Vleck polynomials in the generalized Lamé differential equation was generalized to systems of partial fraction sums.
Abstract: Stieltjes and Van Vleck polynomials arise in the study of the polynomial solutions of the generalized Lamé differential equation. Our object is to generalize a theorem due to Marden on the location of the zeros of Stieltjes and Van Vleck polynomials. In fact, our generalization is two-fold: Firstly, we employ sets which are more general than the ones used by Marden for prescribing the location of the complex constants occurring in the Lamé differential equation; secondly, Marden deals only with the standard form of the said differential equation, whereas our result is equally valid for yet another form of the same differential equation. The part of our main theorem concerning Stieltjes polynomials may also be regarded as a generalization of Lucas' theorem to systems of partial fraction sums.
TL;DR: A simple cannula-swivel unit which allows chronic discrete or continuous injections into brains of moving and behaving small laboratory animals is described and may also be used for intravenous and intragastric injections.
01 May 1970
TL;DR: In this article, Pincus et al. discuss some methodological issues in measuring institutional environments and their impact on residents, based on two exploratory studies involving 11 nursing homes and homes for the aged.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION THERE has been growing interest in the last decade in developing easily-administered techniques for studying institutional environments in geriatric and other institutions (Bennett, 1963; Cohen & Struening, 1964; Jackson, 1964; Kleemeier, 1961; Pincus, 1968a, 1968b). Such techniques are necessary in order to move from exploratory case studies of single institutions to hypothesis-testing research on a large sample of institutions. This paper will discuss some methodological issues in measuring institutional environments and their impact on residents. The discussion is based on two exploratory studies involving 11 nursing homes and homes for the aged. Specifically we will be touching upon the following issues: (a) differences in perception of the institutional environment among staff and between staff and residents: (b) relationship between the residents’ behavior and subjective feelings with regard to the environmental dimensions: (c) relationship between the institution’s ranking on the environmental dimensions and the impact on the behavior and subjective feelings of the residents; and (d) relationship between the residents’ behavior and subjective feelings with regard to the environmental dimensions and their over-all satisfaction with the environment. In an earlier paper Pincus (1968a) presented a conceptual framework for studying institutional environments in homes for the aged and reported on an instrument-the Home for the Aged Description Questionnaire (HDQ-to measure the environment. Briefly, the term institutional environment is defined as the psycho-social milieu in which the residents live, as expressed through and generated by such factors as physical plant characteristics, rules, policies and programs, and staff behavior. The following four dimensions of institutional environments were proposed as important in studying geriatric institutions:
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that superselection rules are universal for additive quantities, unless a process of relativization with respect to a Q-reservoir is employed.
TL;DR: The p K R of the 2-ferrocenyl-2-propyl cation has been evaluated by a spectrophotometric indicator acidity study as discussed by the authors, and the observed value, −0.01, is in substantial disagreement with a previous report of the stability of this carbonium ion.
TL;DR: Need-free rats prefer sucrose solutions and saline when each solution is paired with water, and preference is a complex function of concentration within each pair.
TL;DR: The major variability in split-line orientation indicates that oversimplified interpretations of the patterns in terms of conformity to gross structure, or direction of bone growth, are untenable.
Abstract: Split-line patterns are reported in skulls of five adult male baboons. While variations in pattern occur in all parts of the skull, these variations are relatively minor in the following regions: supraorbital, lateral orbital, medial orbital, nasal bones, zygomatico-alveolar crest, nasal opening, alveolar process of maxilla and mandible. Wide differences in pattern occur in these regions: infraorbital, zygomatic bone, body of maxilla, and frontal bone posterior to the supraorbital area. The major variability in split-line orientation indicates that oversimplified interpretations of the patterns in terms of (1) conformity to gross structure, or (2) direction of bone growth, are untenable. The variations do not contradict a functional interpretation in which mechanical forces and skull form interact to different degrees in different individuals, however. Skulls of a variety of primates are useful for functional analysis, because they have similar structural plans, but the differences are well outside the normal range of variation for a single species.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that cities of pre-industrial cultures with long-standing and continuous urban life as part of their indigenous tradition are likely to retain historical characteristics even after complete industrialization and modernization.
Abstract: Cities of pre-industrial cultures with long-standing and continuous urban life as part of their indigenous tradition are likely to retain historical characteristics even after complete industrialization and modernization. Also, in old cultures with a pre-industrial urban tradition, urban innovations and changes may need to be molded to fit the traditional and inherited pattern. This thesis is based on the observation of contemporary urban characteristics and trends of postwar West Germany. Today West Germany is one of the most highly developed and industrialized nations in the world but has nevertheless retained a number of pre-industrial and early industrial traditions and institutions only slightly adjusted to the modern urban economy. In addition, many innovations of the modern age have been adopted only after considerable adjustment to existing patterns. In view of the vast and sometimes complete destruction of most German cities during World War II, even the typical appearance of the urban l...
TL;DR: In this paper, the form of the special Lorentz transformation and the corresponding transformation of the electromagnetic field in which the transformation matrix is diagonal are discussed, and it is shown that it is sometimes more convenient to apply than the algebraically equivalent conventional form.
Abstract: We discuss the form of the special Lorentz transformation, and the corresponding transformation of the electromagnetic field, in which the transformation matrix is diagonal. We derive the diagonal form of the special Lorentz transformation directly, in a simple way, and show that it is sometimes more convenient to apply than the algebraically equivalent conventional form of the transformation. The convenience is especially evident in deriving the linear Doppler effect, and the relativistic addition of more than two parallel velocities. By writing Maxwell's equations in terms of linear combinations of coordinates which have simple transformation properties, we arrive at the transformation equations of the Maxwell fields in a diagonal form, as well as at the plane wave solutions, in a natural manner. The derivations and applications described above should be of use in a course on relativity because of their simplicity and directness.
01 Jan 1970
TL;DR: In this paper, a statistical treatment of the kinetics of adsorption for immobile, diatomic molecules which may adsorb in one of two states, the α-state (single bond to a single surface site) and the β-state(double bond to one of its nearest neighbor sites).
TL;DR: The Andean highlands of the world have a unique position and the atmospheric humidity is not so much a function of elevation than of the prevailing climatic regime and is characterized by large differences in space and time.
Abstract: Among the mountain regions of the world the Andean highlands have a unique position. They show the highest elevation in subtropical-tropical latitudes and are populated for centuries. Strong sun-shadow contrasts and day-night thermal differences exist. The annual range of temperature is larger at 4, 000 m than at sea level. The atmospheric humidity is not so much a function of elevation than of the prevailing climatic regime and is characterized by large differences in space and time. The values of the cooling power are similar to those in the lowlands of the mid-latitudes and have a small daily range due to the high day-time temperatures and low nighttime wind speeds. At these altitudes the regular but especially the irregular pressure variation may assume major significance for the appearance of mountain sickness. Possible bioclimatic classifications have to specify if they refer to adjusted aboriginals, acclimatized residents, or casual travelers.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of lattice and surface scattering from the experimentally measured effective mobility was separated out by subtracting the effects from the experimental mobility, and the defect scattering is separated out.
TL;DR: The specific activity of scopoletin and scopolin synthesized by tobacco callus from uniformly labeled phenylalanine reached a maximum at 18 hours and then decreased.
TL;DR: In this paper, a diagrammatic representation of the diagonal form of the special Lorentz transformation is given, where the null coordinates x±ct are plotted along a single set of orthogonal axes.
Abstract: We give a diagrammatic representation of the diagonal form of the special Lorentz transformation. The null coordinates x±ct are plotted along a single set of orthogonal axes. Special Lorentz transformations are then represented only by a change of scale along those orthogonal axes. This diagram, which we call a null coordinate diagram, and the Minkowski diagram are closely connected. To demonstrate the use of the null coordinate diagram, we apply it to the linear Doppler effect, time dilation, and Lorentz contraction.
TL;DR: In this paper, the rates of gas release from a solid which is subjected to a linear temperature increase, i.e. desorption transients, have been computed assuming bulk diffusion to be the rate controlling process.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that since an objective temporal framework of earlier later relations is not sufficient to determine any unique experiential location for the minds involved, Griinbaum's analogy merely presupposes (without offering a basis for) the fact of intersubjective copresence of experience.
Abstract: is here precisely at issue. But since an objective temporal framework of earlierlater relations is not sufficient to determine any unique experiential location for the minds involved, Griinbaum's analogy merely presupposes (without offering a basis for) the fact of intersubjective copresence of experience—unless he covertly assumes some privileged objective ground for the common experienced \"now\" (or some occult process of spiritualistic harmonising).