Showing papers in "Acta parasitologica Turcica in 2016"

In vitro and in vivo Nematocidal Activity of Allium sativum and Tagetes erecta Extracts Against Haemonchus contortus.

Abstract: Objective In the Mexican ethno-medicine, a number of plants have shown a successful anthelmintic activity. This fact could be crucial to identify possible green anti-parasitic strategies against nematodes affecting animal production. This research evaluated the in vitro and in vivo nematocidal effects of two single and combined plant extracts: bulbs of Allium sativum (n-hexane) and flowers of Tagetes erecta (acetone). The in vivo assay evaluated the administration of extracts either individually or combined against Haemonchus contortus in experimentally infected gerbils. Methods The in vitro larvicidal activity percentage (LAP) of A. sativum and T. erecta extracts against H. contortus (L3) was determined by means of individual and combined usage of the extracts. Similarly, the extracts were evaluated in terms of reduction in the parasitic population in gerbils infected with H. contortus by individual and combined usage. Results The LAP at 40 mg/mL was 68% with A. sativum and 36.6% with T. erecta. The combination caused 83.3% mortality of parasites. The oral administration of A. sativum and T. erecta extracts at 40 mg/mL, caused 68.7% and 53.9% reduction of the parasitic burden, respectively. Meanwhile, the combined effect of both extracts shown 87.5% reduction. Conclusion This study showed evidence about the effect of A. sativum and T. erecta plant extracts by means of individual and combined usage against H. contortus in in vitro and in vivo bioassays in artificially H. contortus-infected gerbils as a model.

Prevalence of Ectoparasites of Indigenous Chickens From Dalahu Region, Kermanshah Province, Iran.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE Ectoparasitism is an important factor associated with the poor production of indigenous chickens. The present study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence and ectoparasite diversity in indigenous chickens of the Dalahu region in the western part of Kermanshah province, Iran. METHODS A total of 600 indigenous chickens (250 roosters and 350 hens) were randomly examined for the presence of different ectoparasites over the period April to September 2011. Ectoparasites were collected from different parts of chicken body using a hand lens, magnifying glass, and flashlights. The samples were preserved in 70% alcohol and cleared in lactophenol. RESULTS The overall prevalence of ectoparasites was 52.8% (66% hens and 34.4% roosters) (p<0.001). Mixed infestation was noted in 70.34% of the chickens. The prevalence was significantly higher in young (66.3%) animals compared with older animals (39.33%) (p<0.001). Five species of ectoparasites were identified: Menopon gallinae (35.3%), Menacanthus stramineus (26.7%), Argas persicus (19%), Dermanyssus gallinae (11%), and Echidnophaga gallinacea (the "sticktight flea") (8%). CONCLUSION The results of the present investigation reveal that ectoparasite infestation is prevalent in this area. Further studies are recommended to evaluate the effects of the ectoparasites on indigenous chicken health and production in the region.

Risk Factors and Relationship Between Intestinal Parasites and the Growth Retardation and Psychomotor Development Delays of Children in Şanlıurfa, Turkey.

Abstract: Objective The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors for and relationship among parasitic infections, growth retardation, and psychomotor developmental delays in children aged 6 years and below Methods This case-control study was performed in Sanliurfa in southeastern Turkey between October and December 2007 Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, anthropometry, Ankara Development Screening Inventory, and laboratory analysis of stool specimens Results The most common parasite was Giardia intestinalis (4253%) followed by Enterobius vermicularis (2758%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1839%), Hymenolepis nana (575%), Trichuris trichiura (345%), Escherichia coli (115%), and Blastocystis spp (115%) Fifty-eight percent of all children were infected with intestinal parasites; 552% had only one parasite, whereas 448% had multiple parasites The children infected with G intestinalis and other intestinal parasites had significantly higher levels of growth retardation and psychomotor development delay than non-infected children Children with parasitic infections had growth delay up to 29 times, general development delay up to 19 times, language-cognitive development delay up to 22 times, and fine motor development delay up to 29 times higher than children without any parasitic infections However, no significant relationship among intestinal parasites, gross motor development, social-self skills, and development delay was identified The education level of parents, poor economic situation, number of households, not washing hands, playing with soil, family history of parasitic infection were the significant risk factors for intestinal parasites Conclusion Our study indicates that the presence of either malnutrition or intestinal parasites may put a child in a high-risk group for developmental delays and growth retardation Therefore, public health interventions can embrace nationwide deworming in children

Management of Extra-Hepatopulmonary Hydatid Cysts (157 cases).

Abstract: Objective Hydatid cyst disease (HCD) is a zoonotic infestation of Echinococcus granulosus, which is frequently seen in some regions of the world. Unusual localization of Echinococcus granulosus is very rare. Hence, we would like to present our experience of identifying an extra-hepatopulmonary location of hydatid cysts. Methods A total of 157 patients with an unusual location of hydatid cysts treated between 2000 and 2012 were retrospectively evaluated according to their age, sex, symptoms, diagnosis, stage, location of the cyst, and treatment modality. Results Out of 157 patients, 68 were male and 89 were female. The mean age was 43.65 (4-85) years. The most involved organ was the spleen. The cysts were classified in 96, 57, and 4 patients as type I-II, III, and IV-V, respectively. Conclusion The Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, and Reaspiration regimen should be the primary treatment option for hydatid cysts with unusual locations. As much as possible, organ-preserving surgery should be a treatment of choice in extra-hepatopulmonary hydatid cysts.

Cystic Eechinococcosis in Childhood: Five-Years of Experience From a Single-Center.

Abstract: Objective To evaluate the clinical data and prognosis of cystic echinococcosis during a 5-year period who were followed by the pediatric clinics. Methods Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and prognosis data of 34 patients with cystic echinococcosis obtained between 2009 to 2014 were retrospectively evaluated. Of these, 10 patients were excluded because of incomplete data or failure to follow up. Results A total of 24 (12 males and 12 females) children were included the study. The mean ages of patients were 11.17 ± 3.71 (range, 5-17) years. The most common symptoms were abdominal pain (41.7%), cough (16.7%), and fatigue (12.5%). Localization of the parasite in the patients was determined to be as follows: liver (54.2%), lung (33.3%), and intraabdominal (4.2%). Multiorgan involvement was observed in 8.3% of the cases. Indirect hemagglutination test was positive in 13 (54.2%) patients at admission. All patients received treatment with albendazole. Seven patients were treated with puncture-aspiration-injection-re-aspiration (PAIR) (29.2%). Open surgery was performed in six patients (24.2%). One patient was treated with both PAIR and open surgery. Conclusions Cystic echinococcosis is a serious public health problem in developing countries. Hydatid cyst should be considered in the presence of suspicious radiological and clinical findings in endemic areas.

Coexistence of Helicobacter pylori and Intestinal Parasitosis in Children with Chronic Abdominal Pain.

Abstract: Objective The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of coinfection with Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasitosis in children with chronic abdominal pain (CAP) and to investigate the common risk factors in the development of both infections. Methods Ninety patients with CAP were enrolled in this study. Blood samples of each case were screened for human preformed IgG (HpIgG) antibodies, and stool samples were tested for HpSA and also examined for intestinal parasites by direct wet-mount, formalin-ethyl-acetate concentration, and Trichrome staining procedures. Cellophane tape test was used for Enterobius vermicularis. Children tested positive for HpIgG and/or HpSA were accepted as H. pylori positive. The risk factors were compared with a questionnaire. Results The incidence of Giardia intestinalis was 14.8% in the H. pylori-positive group and was found to be statistically higher than that in the H. pylori-negative group (1.6%). The positivity rates of H. pylori were found to be statistically higher in children attending school and using drinking water from taps. The incidences of parasitosis were significantly higher in children with a low maternal education level and with a history of parasitosis treatment in the family. Conclusion The most common etiologies of CAP in children are H. pylori infection and intestinal parasitosis. Improvement of hygienic conditions would be beneficial in preventing both infections.

Investigation of Intestinal Parasites and Level of Hygiene Knowledge of School Students

Abstract: OBJECTIVE In this study, the prevalence of intestinal parasites and its relationship with some hygiene habits and socio-demographic characteristics of students in Yigilca were investigated. METHODS This study was conducted in three parts. Firstly, the prevalence of parasitic diseases was measured, and questionnaires about the level of knowledge of hygiene were administered. Secondly, control and intervention groups were determined. Lastly, some education and training courses were organized and provided to the intervention group, including parents and children, about the prevention of parasitic diseases and habits of cleaning. RESULTS In this study, 540 cellophane tapes and 523 stool samples were studied. Among the samples analyzed, 87 (16.1%) with Enterobius vermicularis, 79 (15.1%) with Giardia intestinalis, 73 (13.9%) with various non-pathogenic parasites, 1 (0.19%) with Ascaris lumbricoides, and 1 (0.19%) with Hymenolepis nana were found. G. intestinalis was highly positive among the children who do not wash their hands after defecation. Also, some intestinal parasites were found to be related to the socio-demographic characteristics of families; parental education, family income, and father's profession were found to be associated with the presence of intestinal parasites. After training, the intervention group showed a significant decrease in the number of giardiasis and enterobiasis cases. CONCLUSION Education on hygiene will prevent parasitic diseases from an early age.

Comparing the Efficacy of Commercially Available Insecticide and Dimeticone based Solutions on Head Lice, Pediculus capitis: in vitro Trials

Abstract: Objective: Head lice infestation is a public health and social problem for almost all countries worldwide. For its treatment, insecticide and dimeticone-based solutions are currently available in the markets in many countries. We aimed to compare the efficacy of commercially available anti-head lice shampoos containing insecticide and physically effective products with different percentages of dimeticone using an in vitro technique. Methods: Head lice specimens were collected from primary school children using special plastic and metal combs. Anti-head lice products were commercially purchased and used directly. The specimens were placed one by one in 5-cm Petri dishes containing a slightly wet filter paper and were kept in a plastic cage at 28±2°C and 50%±20% relative humidity. A standardized protocol was used for testing all the products, and mortality data were obtained after 24 h. Two control tests were performed with each batch of trials. For each product and control, 10-20 head lice specimens were used, and the results were statistically analyzed. Results: Our study demonstrated that among all the tested products, two products containing mineral oils [5.5% dimeticone & silicone (patented product) and dimeticone (no percentage mentioned in the prospectus) & cyclopentasiloxane] were found to be more effective for killing head lice in vitro. Conclusion: Physically effective products can be repetitively used because they are non-toxic and resistance to them is not expected. To control the infestation at a public level, the use of these products needs to be encouraged with respect to their cost price. (Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2015; 39: 305-9)

Investigation of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in Periodontitis or Gingivitis Patients in Kayseri.

Abstract: Objective The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in periodontitis and gingivitis patients. Methods The study consisted of 107 periodontitis patients and 68 gingivitis patients. Bacterial plaque samples were collected with a curette from the deepest pocket in each quadrant and placed into separate tubes containing sterile 0.9% saline solution. Samples were examined at a magnification of ×400 by light microscopy. Cultivation for T. tenax was performed using the same samples, and the cultures were examined after 48 hours. Results E. gingivalis was present in the samples from 38 periodontitis patients, whereas T. tenax was present in samples from only 3 periodontitis patients. Both E. gingivalis and T. tenax were found together in the samples from 2 periodontitis patients. In total, 22 and 2 gingivitis patients were found to be infected with E. gingivalis and with T. tenax, respectively. Only 1 gingivitis patient was found to be infected with both E. gingivalis and T. tenax. Conclusion In our study, oral protozoa were found in a high percentage in periodontitis and gingivitis patients. We believe that the prevalence of E. gingivalis and T. tenax should be determined via new studies and, in particular, the protection principles should be complied with.

Incidence of Parasitic Diarrhea in Patients with Common Variable Immune Deficiency.

Abstract: Objective Parasites might cause atypical and severe infections in immunocompromised hosts. The prevalence of diarrhea among common variable immune deficiency (CVID) syndrome patients varies between 20% and 94%, which indicates that diarrhea and gastrointestinal system (GIS) complaints could be the second leading cause of morbidity in CVID patients after respiratory tract infections. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasites in CVID patients with GIS complaints and diarrhea. Methods In this study, all cases followed up in the Immunology and Allergy Clinic of Ege University School of Medicine from July 2008 to August 2015 with the diagnosis of CVID were reviewed retrospectively. The stool samples of patients with diarrhea were identified using direct microscopy of native (0.09% NaCl) and Lugol's iodine preparations followed by formol-ethyl acetate concentration to apply modified Kinyoun, trichrome, acid-fast trichrome, and modified trichrome stains for the presence of intestinal parasites. Results Overall, 26 of 37 CVID patients had diarrhea; white and red blood cells (WBCs and RBCs, respectively) were identified in 11 and 10 of these 26 samples, respectively. Intestinal parasites were found to be present in 7 of the 11 patients with WBCs and 3 of the 10 patients with RBCs. With the addition of patients who neither had WBCs nor RBCs in their stool, a parasitic agent was detected in 13 (50%) of the 26 patients with diarrhea. There was no significant difference between the diarrheic patients with or without intestinal parasites with respect to cramps, fever, nausea and vomiting, tenesmus, bloody feces, and presence of mucus in the stool. Only one patient had malabsorption, which was not associated with intestinal parasites. The most common parasites detected in this study were Cryptosporidium spp. (n=9; 69.2%), Giardia spp. (n=7; 53.8%), and Blastocystis spp. (n=3; 23.1%). We also identified that parasitic diarrhea in CVID patients tended to last longer (M (mean): 16.2 days) than other causes of infectious diarrhea; this is in accordance with previous studies. Conclusion Cryptosporidium spp. was found be the major cause of parasitic intestinal infection in this patient population. It was concluded that parasitic infections may cause chronic diarrhea, which are major causes of morbidity in CVID patients. Therefore, special attention is necessary for the identification of intestinal parasites in CVID patients with diarrhea.

Study of Pathophysiological Effects of the Nematode Parasite Eustrongylides sp. on Freshwater Fish Channa punctatus by Hematology, Serum Biochemical, and Histological Studies.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to study the pathophysiological effects on Channa punctatus due to the nematode parasite Eustrongylides sp. METHODS A total of 250 fish were examined during the period January 2012-2014. Hematological, serum biochemical, histological, and scanning electron microscopic studies were performed on normal and infected hosts to study the effects caused by the nematode. RESULTS The mean values of red blood corpuscle [RBC] count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were significantly higher (P<0.01) in noninfected fish, while the values of white blood corpuscle [WBC] count, mean corpuscular volume [MCV], and mean corpuscular hemoglobin [MCH] were significantly higher (P<0.01) in infected fish. In infected fish, the average values of aspartate amminotransferase [AST] (416 UL-1), alanine amminotransferase [ALT] (73.35 UL-1), alkaline phosphatase [ALP] (161.6 mg dl-1), and cholesterol (154.82 mg dl-1) were significantly higher (P<0.01) than those in noninfected fish. Significant differences were also observed in total protein and glucose levels between the infected and noninfected fish. Histological and scanning electron microscopic studies of the host tissues revealed a series of pathological changes and mechanical damage. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that Eustrongylides sp. has a significant impact on its host and thus the parameters outlined in the present paper may be employed as tools in monitoring the health status of fish in culture practices.

Cystic Echinococcosis: One Entity, Two Unusual Locations.

Abstract: We report two cases of cystic echinococcosis at unexpected locations. Patients were a 64-year-old man and 35-year-old woman. A cystic mass was incidentally found between the prostate and seminal vesicles in the male patient, using ultrasonography during a check-up for ischemic coronary disease. The female patient was admitted to the hospital with symptoms of cardiopulmonary disease, but her detailed radiological examination showed a cystic lesion in the interventricular septum of the heart. Both patients were operated, and examinations of the histologic sections revealed cyst walls consistent with echinococcal infection. Attention should be focused on this entity even in endemic areas, and pathologists should be aware of the histologic characteristics of this lesion, to avoid misdiagnosis as a nonspecific cyst.

Seroprevalance of leishmaniasis in dogs from Hatay and Burdur provinces of Turkey and Northern Cyprus.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalance of leishmaniasis in dogs from Hatay and Burdur provinces of Turkey and Northern Cyprus. METHODS Blood was collected from a total of 278 dogs, including 124 from Hatay, 49 from Burdur, and 105 from Northern Cyprus. Dilutions of serum samples were prepared, and the presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies was investigated by indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT). RESULTS A total of three dogs were found to be seropositive (1.1%), one from Hatay (0.8%) and two from Northern Cyprus (1.9%). Also, one dog (0.4%) from Northern Cyprus was found to be borderline positive. All dogs from Burdur have been identified as seronegative. CONCLUSION This is the first research on the seroprevalence of the parasite in dogs from Hatay and Burdur. The seropositivity detected in dogs from Hatay and Northern Cyprus demonstrates the presence of the parasite in these regions, and obtained results contribute data on the prevalence of the disease in an epidemiological manner. To obtain more reliable data, it will be useful to conduct studies on wider dog populations and vector sandflies.

New species of Genus Diplotriaena Railliet and Henry, 1909 (Filariidae: Nematoda) from Passer domesticus Linnaeus and P. pyrhonotus Blyth (Passeridae: Passeriformes) in Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE The present study was conducted to examine the filarial nematodes of house sparrow [Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)] and Sindh sparrow (P. pyrrhonotus Blyth, 1844) from Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. METHODS Twenty-three house sparrows and 12 Sindh sparrows were examined for nematode parasites. A total of seven birds were found infected by 16 filarial worms belonging to the genus Diplotriaena Railliet and Henry, 1909. Birds were dissected and parasites were processed through the standard method of temporary slide mounting. Live worms were found embedded in the lungs of the host. RESULT The present specimens were known to be new to science. It is the first record of species of both domestic and Sindh sparrows in Pakistan. The prevalence and male-female ratio of the present species were conducted. CONCLUSION The present species was named as Diplotriaena passeri. This name is given to new nematode species on the name of its type host. It was compared with previously known species of the genus Diplotriaena on the basis of their diagnostic characteristics.

An Alternative Method for Percutaneous Treatment Of Hydatid Cysts: PAI Technique.

Abstract: Objective Surgery is still the first choice in complicated cystic echinococcosis. However, percutaneous methods have performed increasingly in recent years. The Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, Reaspiration (PAIR) technique is mostly the preferred percutaneous method. The Puncture, Aspiration, Injection (PAI) technique is the new modified method, which is differentiated from PAIR technique by its applicability to all types of hydatid cysts (types 1-5) and unperforming of reaspiration. Methods The 52 hydatid cysts were prospectively examined in the study. Thirty-four of them were Types I and II, 13 of them were Type III, and 5 of them were Types IV and V. The technique was performed using the 20 G Chiba needle under the guidance of ultrasonography. Maximum cyst contents were aspirated immediately after the puncture to reduce the intracystic pressure. After confirming that aspirated liquid does not contain bile and that cyst has no cystobiliary connection, 95% alcohol was injected into the cavity, safely. Reaspiration of alcohol was not performed. Results The cyst sizes were reduced after PAI on ultrasonographic evaluations in all cases. The liquid component disappeared and the cyst got solid characteristic three months after the procedure. Conclusion All hydatid cyst types can be treated safely and effectively with PAI technique without considering dimensions and whether.

A Rare Cause of Hypereosinophilia: A Case Report.

Abstract: Toxocariasis is a parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of Toxocara cati and T. canis, which live in the intestinal system of cats (T. cati) and dogs (T. canis). Infective eggs can enter the gastrointestinal system by the oral route via foods contaminated with feces of dogs or cats or via dirty contaminated hands. The larvae penetrate the small intestine and migrate to visceral organs by systemic circulation. Hypereosinophilia is a common finding in the tissue invasion of parasites. Serological methods are the principle diagnostic methods for toxocariasis. In this study, we reported a toxocariasis patient presented with hypereosinophilia, hepatomegaly, and intestinal involvement. Computed tomography showed diffuse thickening of the ileal bowel loop walls around the umbilicus. Endoscopic ultrasonography revealed an enlarged periduodenal lymph node. Symptoms improved with albendazole treatment with a subsequent flare.

Investigation of the Risk Factors Affecting Toxoplasma gondii Seropositivity in Women of Reproductive Age Applying to the Maternity Clinic of Kilis State Hospital

Abstract: Objective The objective of the study is to detect the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Kilis province, determine the risk factors for toxoplasmosis, and assess the effect of risk factors on seropositivity. Methods The research performed in Kilis State Hospital was a cross-sectional study in which Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used. The study included women between the ages of 15 and 49 years. The number of samples was 322. Female patients participating had to fill a questionnaire form of 27 questions in total, and blood samples were taken. Survey and laboratory results were uploaded to SPSS 15 program and assessed. Results As results of the study, the seropositivity of anti-Toxoplasma gondii (anti-T. gondii) Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies was determined to be 63.4% and that of anti-T. gondii Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies was determined to be 4.0%. It was found that the seropositivity of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies was significantly dependent on age groups, educational status, number of live births, and habits of raw or undercooked meat consumption. It was found that the IgM seroprevalence in 210 pregnant women was 3.8%, and the IgG seroprevalence was positive at 59.5%; no statistical significance could be determined in both. Conclusion It was determined that age distribution, income and educational levels, and eating habits of people living in the research region affect toxoplasmosis.

Cystoisospora sp. Infection Determined in Immunosuppressed and Immunocompetent Children: Three Cases Report.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to present three cystoisosporiasis cases diagnosed in pediatric patients of the Yuzuncu Yil University Medical Faculty. In the study, stool samples of the patients were evaluated by native-Lugol and modified acid-fast staining methods in the Parasitology Laboratory. The first case was a 4-year-old male child diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It was reported that the patient had abdominal pain, and permanent bloody and mucous diarrhea (8-10 times a day) was present for almost 1 week after the beginning of ALL treatment. The second case was a 10-year-old boy diagnosed with depression. The patient was brought to our hospital by his parents with complaints of abdominal pain, diarrhea, lack of appetite, weight loss, and fatigue persisting since 1 month in addition to headache, fear, sleeplessness, and waking up with cry. The third case was a 13-year-old boy who complained of abdominal pain, diarrhea (rare occasions), lack of appetite, and headache for 2 months. These patients had not traveled abroad. The cases were treated successfully with co-trimoxazole. Our results suggest that all patient groups with diarrhea and abdominal pain should also be considered in cystoisosporiasis.

Toxoplasma gondii and Epilepsy.

Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite can be seen in all the vital organ; in the acute phase, it can be found in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, semen, tears, saliva, urine, and in almost all body fluids. Transplasental infection can lead to fetal damage and miscarriage. Its last hosts are felines and intermediate hosts are all mammals, including humans. People infected by the ingestion of meat containing cysts in undercooked or raw, are thrown oocysts with cat felines By taking in water and food, from mother to fetus transplacental way, the infected organ transplantation, blood transfusion, laboratory accidents and kaprofaj transmitted by mechanical vectors of the invertebrates. Suppression of the immune system is being transformed to the shape and texture of the cysts with bradyzoite. The parasite settles in the cells of the tissue cysts and causes change in the cellular mechanisms, such as cytokinin task. Depending on changes and type of neurotransmitter (GABA, glutamate, serotonin, dopamine) levels in CSF in ions (Ca, K, Cl, Mg), it is believed that there is a change in their concentration. In this review, literature about the relationship between T. gondii and epilepsy and epileptiform activity the importance of parasites, which settle in the brain, will be highlighted.

An Unusual Cause of Bleeding on the Floor of Mouth: Leech Infestation.

Abstract: Leech infestation is a very rare phenomenon in humans. It mostly occurs in humans when rural untreated water is drunk or while swimming in streams or lakes. When leeches adhere to the mucous membrane, they ingest blood. Thus, they can sometimes cause severe anemia that may require blood transfusion. We report a case that was referred to emergency service with bleeding in the floor of the mouth. A 10-year-old child was referred to the emergency service of a city hospital with a complaint of swelling in the floor of the mouth and spitting of blood. The patient was promptly taken to the operating room. Using local anesthesia, a surgical incision was made, and a moving, dark brown foreign body was removed from the floor of the mouth and identified as a leech. Leech endoparasitism should be considered as a cause of unexplained anemia due to bleeding from the throat. Accordingly, leech infestation must be considered in differential diagnosis when a patient complains of spitting of blood, hoarseness, or dysphagia.

Prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in Stool Samples of Patients with Amebiasis Suspect by Native-Lugol and ELISA.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in suspected stool samples submitted to our laboratory. METHODS In this retrospective study, stool samples of 998 patients with suspected amebiasis were sent from various clinics and services to our laboratory and were investigated by native-Lugol and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [for Entamoeba spp. antigen (Ridascreen® Entamoeba)] between January 2010 and December 2014. RESULTS By the end of the study, it was shown that 8.5% (85) of 997 patients, 7.45% (39) of males and 9.8% (46) of females whom amoeba antigen inspected in their stool samples, were positive. No parasite was identified by the saline-Lugol method. The highest antigen positivity was detected in the 25-44-year-old group with 11% positivity, and a high positivity of 23.2% was seen in March. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that amebiasis is still a major health concern for our region. Although no parasite was detected during microscopic examinations, the detection of antigen positivity by ELISA reveals that microscopic examinations require experience and utilizing only microscopic examinations may lead to overlooks. To obtain more reliable results in diagnosis, ELISA analyses that use E. histolytica-specific monoclonal antibodies should be applied in addition to microscopic methods.

Endoparasites of the long-eared hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus) in Zabol district, Southeast Iran.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE The long-eared hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus) is a nocturnal animal living in Central and Southeast Iran. However, there are few studies concerning endoparasites, some of which are zoonotic, of the hedgehogs in the north and northwest of Iran. The aim of the present study is to investigate endoparasites in long-eared hedgehogs, living in Zabol district, Southeast Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stool and blood samples collected from 50 hedgehogs (35 males and 15 females) that were trapped alive were examined with Clayton-Lane flotation and Giemsa staining methods. Furthermore, 10 road-killed hedgehog carcasses were necropsied. The adult parasites were collected and identified under a light microscope. RESULTS Spirurida eggs in the stool samples and Anaplasma inclusion bodies in red blood cells were determined in 32% and 52% of the samples, respectively. Physaloptera clausa, Mathevotaenia erinacei, Nephridiacanthus major, and Moniliformis moniliformis were identified in the necropsy. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first study concerning endoparasites of long-eared hedgehogs in Iran. Furthermore, M. erinacei was for the first time reported as a parasitic fauna in Iran.

[Detection of Anaplasma / Ehrlichia Species of Cattle and Ticks in Aydın Region].

Abstract: Objective The aim of this study is to detect the Anaplasma/Ehrlichia species of cattle and ticks and to provide knowledge on the prevalence of these species during sampling periods. Methods A total of 679 blood and 186 tick samples were collected from the Osmanbuku, Akcaova, Dalama, and Soke districts of Aydin. The samples were screened with genus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp., species-specific polymerase chain reaction for Anaplasma marginale and A. centrale, and nested PCR for A. bovis and A. phagocytophilum. Results A. centrale was detected in Soke during September and in Dalama and Akcaova during March, June, September, and December. A. marginale was detected in Osmanbuku during June; in Soke during March and December; in Akcaova during June, September, and March; and in Dalama during the entire sampling period. A. phagocytophilum was detected in all regions during the entire sampling period. None of the samples were positive for A. bovis. Mixed infections were detected in 50 blood samples. A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum were detected in the tick samples. Conclusion In this study, A. phagocytophilum was abundantly detected compared with A. marginale and A. centrale. A. phagocytophilum and A. centrale were extensively found in Akcaova and A. marginale was mostly seen in Dalama. Parasites were extensively detected in September and March. The analysis indicated that collected ticks were infected with different Anaplasma/Ehrlichia species.

Experimental Trial with a Heat-Shocked Protoscolex Extract as a Vaccine Candidate for Protection Against Hydatid Disease.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE Cystic echinococcosis is distributed worldwide and is an important public health challenge in many countries. The present study was an experimental trial to use hydatid antigens derived from viable protoscoleces cultivated at 37 and 45°C for 4 h as a vaccine candidate for protection against hydatid infection. METHODS Balb/c mice were immunized with hydatid antigens extracted from protoscoleces exposed to 37 and 45°C as well as partially purified hydatid antigens containing 30, 60, and 90 µg of heat shock protein 70 administered with or without an adjuvant. RESULTS Crude antigens from protoscoleces exposed to 37°C conferred non-significant immunity with protection and reduction rates that ranged from 0% to 25% and 77.69% to 98.38%, respectively. In mice receiving crude antigens from protoscoleces exposed to 45°C, the protection and reduction rates ranged from 0% to 66.66% and 94.62% to 98.92%, respectively. The purified antigen from protoscoleces exposed to 45°C conferred significant immunity with absolute protection observed in mice immunized with 60 and 90 µg of the antigen combined with the adjuvant. Immunological parameters (anti-hydatid antibody titer and lymphocyte transformation %) showed a negative correlation with the number of cysts. The assessment of renal and liver functions showed non-significant differences (p>0.05) in comparison with the liver and renal functions of non-immunized mice of the negative control group. CONCLUSION Purified hydatid antigens containing heat shock protein 70 confer high levels of protection against hydatid infection in mice.

[Four Hydatid Cysts in One Family: Is Family Screening Necessary?].

Abstract: Hydatid cyst is a parasitic infection mostly caused by Echinococcus granulosus. As transmission occurs from infected dogs, it is endemic in animal husbandry regions. Here four patients within the same family are presented. The first patient is a 10 year-old girl admitted with nausea, vomiting, and fever. On her physical examination, there were decreased respiratory sounds in the right lung, rales, and hepatomegaly. In the radiological examination, cysts were seen in both her lung and liver. After the confirmation of the diagnosis with a serological examination, surgical resection was performed, and albendazole treatment was given. On family screening, cysts were detected in the liver and spleen in her asymptomatic 6-year-old brother; in the lung, liver, spleen, and right kidney in her 33-year-old mother who had repeating abdominal pain; and in the liver and left kidney in her 33-year-old asymptomatic father. Hydatid cyst infection was serologically confirmed in all patients, and they were given albendazole and were surgically treated. In this case report, four patients in the same family and diagnosed as having hydatid cysts were presented. It was emphasized that once a hydatid cyst was diagnosed, family screening became important, in endemic regions in particular.

Microbiota: In Health and in Sickness, From Birth to Death.

Abstract: Microorganisms colonize tissues and organs such as the skin and gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary systems. These microorganisms are generally called as "human microbiota". Human microbiota mostly consists of commensal microorganisms. The commensal microorganisms located on and in the human body are bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and parasites. The microbiota genome is 100 times bigger in size than the human genome. Although the human genome is stationary, microbial genome has a compatible flexible variability during human life. As well as 2-year-old child and newborn, adult and adolescent, the elderly and pregnant woman have a different microbiota. Microbiota and the microbiota genome can be changed by personal and household diet, antibiotic use, mode of delivery, and hygiene within days or even hours, depending on such as these factors. The human immune system and microbiota grow up, develop, and mature as childhood friends by playing with each other from birth to death. Association between microbiota and human is not just related to childhood-it continues with health and disease, until death separates them. This review focused on the roles of microbiota in parasitology, autoimmune diseases, metabolic diseases, and cancer treatment in detail. In addition, inflammatory and immunoregulatory roles of microbiota on the intestinal immune system and how innate and adaptive immune systems regulate microbiota and its content were explained.

First case of Trichodectes pinguis (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Trichodectidae) on a Bear (Ursus arctos) in Turkey.

Abstract: This study was conducted to provide morphological characters of Trichodectes pinguis Burmeister, 1838 that was found on a European brown bear (Ursus arctos Linnaeus) that was found injured in the Van province, eastern Turkey. Three lice specimens were collected from the bear, and they were identified as T. pinguis. The morphological characteristics of this species were provided in this study. T. pinguis was reported for the first time in Turkey.

Role of Different Treatment Modalities in Cavity Volume during the Treatment of Cystic Ecchinococcosis.

Abstract: Objective Surgery and percutaneous aspiration-injection-re-aspiration (PAIR) are widely accepted treatment modalities for hepatic hydatid cysts. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) acts as a minimally invasive rescue method for the biliary complications of both the hydatid cysts and treatment modalities. The aim of this study was to identify the role of different treatment modalities in the obliteration of hydatid cysts. Methods Patients treated for hydatid cysts between January 2009 and December 2013 were evaluated in the study. Data were collected from hospital records. All cyst cavities were evaluated by ultrasonography or computed tomography. Results Ninety-five (40.4%) males and 140 (59.5%) females were included in the study. Before the procedures, the mean cyst diameter was 89.7±33.5 mm. At follow-up, the mean cyst diameter decreased to 53.2±30.1 mm. In the ERCP group, the mean diameter of the residual hydatid cyst cavity was significantly lower than that of the other groups (p=0.003). Conclusion ERCP provides faster cyst shrinkage and even disappearance of the residual cavity in 50% of cases. Moreover, in hydatid cysts with biliary communication, ERCP+ES can be safely used for primary treatment.

Molecular Study of the G1 Haplotypes of Echinococcus granulosus from Iran Based on Cytochrome C Oxidase (Subunit 1) Sequence.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE In this study, we attempted to identify new Echinococcus granulosus isolates in the North West provinces of Iran based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) sequence. METHODS Twenty-nine hydatid cysts from sheep and goats were collected. Genomic DNAs were extracted, and a partial sequence of the CO1 gene was amplified. Polymerase chain reaction products were cloned and sequenced with M13 primers in both directions. RESULTS All Iranian isolates were located in G1 and G3 genotypes. For the first time, a new G1 haplotype in two Iranian isolates were identified. CONCLUSION It seems that this new haplotype was transmitted from Jordan to Iran or vice versa.

[Urogenital Myiasis Caused by Psychoda albipennis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a Woman in Siirt].

Abstract: Urogenital myiasis cases occurring with the settlement of larvae of flies belonging to the order Diptera are facultative and are rarely encountered in humans. In this study, urogenital myiasis caused by Psychoda albipennis in a 20-year-old female patient was presented. The patient was admitted to our hospital with complaints of nausea, vomiting, and dysuria and claimed that she saw motile larvae in her urine. Five larvae collected from the patient's urine were microscopically examined, and they were identified as fourth-stage larvae of Psychoda albipennis. Complaints of the patient ceased after the application of an antibiotic and urinary antiseptic. It was concluded that myiasis should be considered in patients with urogenital complaints.