Showing papers in "American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology in 2013"
TL;DR: The cytoxicity of S. alba extract against the Human Leukemia (HL-60) cell line was evaluated and findings indicate that extract is highly cytotoxic to HL-60 cells.
Abstract: The total phenolic content, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of hot ethanolic extract of Salix alba bark were investigated. The antioxidant properties and the total phenolic contents of the extract were assessed by 1, 1-Diphenyl- 2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and Folin-Ciocalteu methods, respectively. The extract showed significant antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. The highest effect was observed on C. albicans, followed by S. aureus then P. aeruginosa. While, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were not affected. The cytoxicity of S. alba extract against the Human Leukemia (HL-60) cell line was evaluated, it had been noticed that the extract significantly reduced the viability of HL-60 cells in a dose- and time-dependent response relationship. Findings from the present study indicate that extract is highly cytotoxic to HL-60 cells. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of S. alba extract seemed to be positively correlated with their antioxidant potentials.
48 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) reactive substances assay for the assessment in plants of lipid peroxidation, in which Malondialdeh yde (MDA) is derivatized.
Abstract: The Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) reactive substances assay is an easy and quick assay for the assessment in plants of lipid peroxidation, in which Malondialdeh yde (MDA) is derivatized. To analyze the applicabil ity of this method, the MDA concentrations in the leave s of different plants were measured by the TBA method. To further separate the interfering substan ces, fractional extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used in this research. The results suggest that lipid peroxidation is accura tely measured by the TBA method with trichloroacetic acid as the extraction solution in most plants. Howeve r, the method was not suitable for measuring the MDA concentration in golden privet ( Ligustrum ◊ vicaryi ) leaves. Negative MDA concentrations were obtained in golden privet leaves by this method. The interfer ing substance in golden privet leaves, which could reac t with TBA forming a dark green production (the characteristic absorption peak at 615 nm). This sub stance was highly lipid soluble and was found at th e highest level in golden privet leaves. Compared wit h ether phase extracted from stems, four different compounds in golden privet leaves were found, which were similar to diethyl hydroxybutanedioate (similarity: 94%), 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid (72%) and quinuclidine-2-carboxylic acid, 2,3-dehydro-3amino-ethyl ester (63%) and yramine, N-formyl- 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) ethylformamide (82%), respectively.
43 citations
TL;DR: To remove cadmium, nickel and cobalt ions from aqueous solutions using yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, pre-treated with ethanol, the isothermal Langmuir model was found to be a better fit with a correlation coefficient of R2.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to remove cadmium, nickel and cobalt ions from aqueous solutions using yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, pre-treated with ethanol. The cells are immobilized using polysulfone in both batch and continuous systems. To optimize the adsorption capacity of the yeast biomass, a batch system was used to investigate the effects of initial pH, initial biomass dose and initial metal ion concentration. Optimum conditions were obtained at pH 8 with a biomass of and ion concentrations of 8 and 100 mg L-1, respectively. Under these conditions, the maximum uptake capacity was 3.1 mg g-1 for cadmium, 1.2 mg g-1 for nickel and 0.68 mg g-1 for cobalt. To estimate the biomass uptake capacity of the ethanol pretreated S. cerevisiae, the isothermal Langmuir model was found to be a better fit with a correlation coefficient of R2
40 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the H2O2-dependent degradation of adlerol by a crude versatile peroxidase from Bjerkandera adusta, a new ligninolytic enzyme, was investigated.
Abstract: The H2O2-dependent degradation of adlerol by a crude versatile peroxidase from Bjerkandera adusta, a new ligninolytic enzyme, was investigated. Adlerol (1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1,3-propanediol)) is a non phenolic β-O-4 dimer whose structural architecture represents the most abundant unit (50-65%) of the valuable renewable biopolymer lignin. Lignin removel plays a key role in utilizing lignocellulosic biomass in biorefineries. Steady state analyses in the µL scale showed saturation kinetics for both, H2O2 and adlerol with quite sensitive response to H2O2. This was characterized through slow transient states (lag phases) prior steady state and were enhanced by increasing H2O2 concentration. The major reason for such phenomena was found to be an accumulation of compound III (EIII) via reaction of compound II (EII) with H2O2; instead with adlerol to the enzyme’s ground state E0 in order to restart another catalytic cycle. As result, the enzyme deviated from its normal catalytic cycle. A corresponding threshold was determined at ≥ 50 µM H2O2 and an adlerol to H2O2 ratio of 15:1 for the given conditions. Furthermore, EIII did not represent a catalytical dead end intermediate as it is generally described. By an additional decrease of the adlerol to H2O2 ratio of ca. 3 at the latest, considerable irreversible enzyme deactivations occurred promoted through reaction of EIII with H2O2. At a mL scale deactivation kinetics by H2O2 were further examined in dependence on adlerol presence. The course followed a time dependent irreversible deactivation (two step mechanism) and was diminished in the presence of adlerol. The deactivation could be sufficiently described by an equation similar to the Michaelis Menten type, competitive inhibited by adlerol. Finally, first estimates of the kinetic parameters vmax, KmS1 (S1: H2O2), KmS2 (S2: adlerol), kiapp and Kiapp were made. Moreover, the peroxidase reaction mechanism was reviewed and recommendations are given preventing permature enzyme losses.
30 citations
TL;DR: The present findings indicated that, total leukocytic and neutrophils counts were significantly higher than normal in healthy and bronchopneumonic water buffalo calves.
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of Acute Phase Proteins (APP), lipid profiles and proinflammatory cytokines in healthy and bronchopneumonic water buffalo calves. Therefore, sixty water buffalo calves (9±1 month old, 175±15 kg) were divided into two equal groups, the first group represented healthy, control, calves whereas calves of the second group were affected with bronchopneumonia. Total leukocytic and differential counts were determined. Serum total protein, albumin, Triacylglyceol (TAG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), Total cholesterol, Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT), Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Fibrinogen (Fb), Haptaglobin (Hp), Serum Amyloid A (SAA), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukins (IL1β, IL-12) and Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were also determined. In addition, Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) was collected and analyzed. The present findings indicated that, total leukocytic and neutrophils counts were significantly (p
27 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of heavy-metal exposure on maize seedlings were investigated with different treatments with various genotype and heavy metals and the differences in the content of chlorophyll effects and carotenoides was different and significantly higher at level of probability of LSD p = 0.01.
Abstract: Nowadays the heavy-metal pollution of the soil is causing ever greater problems, exacerbated by the fact that the heavy metals accumulated in plants may, either directly or indirectly, find their way into animals and human beings. Maize is one of the world’s most important crops, ranking third after wheat and rice, so the changes induced by one of the most toxic heavy metals. The experiment design was randomly with repetition. Prepared seeds are placed on the germinator for germination which was added 10 mL H2O. Cultivation lasted 15-20 days at temperature 25°C in vegetative room. During the experiment in growth period are prepared the concentrations of heavy metals (600 mL/1 Kg compost); for lead (Pb2+): 200 µM (T1), 400 µM (T2) and 400 µM (T3); for cadmium (Cd2+): 60 µM (T4), 120 µM (T5) and 180 µM (T6); for Mercury (Hg2+): 33 µM (T7), 66 µM (T8) dhe 100 µM (T9). Elements concentrations of heavy metals (HM’s) solutions include Pb, Cd and Hg, were examined in all (except control) treatments, because their intoxication was at higher doses compare to control and a part of them of residual od HM’s in the substrate was transport in different parts of plants. The plants of maize populations for leaf area was characterized on higher values 40.48 cm2 plant-1 or expressed in percentage the variation was 82.01%. The exposure of maize seedlings to Pb2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ resulted in a reduction of chlorophyll and carotenoids content in leaves compare to control. From our research with different treatments with various genotype and heavy metals the differences in the content of chlorophyll effects and carotenoides was different and significantly higher at level of probability of LSD p = 0.01.
26 citations
TL;DR: This is the first report of antimicrobial, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of these three plant extracts and suggests that phytosteroids are present in all the three plants.
Abstract: Araucaria cookii, Bauhinia blakeana and Brassaia actinophylla are ornamental plants. The presence of various phytochemicals and pharmacologically important compounds in these plants can be exploited for their medicinal use. But there are no reports on the phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of these plants and this study aims at investigating these. The plant extracts were prepared in different solvents like methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, hexane, water and chloroform. Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals were assessed. The anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity was determined for all three plant extracts. Anti-bacterial activity against three gram negative bacteria, E. coli, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella was done and Araucaria cooki showed highest antibacterial activity among the three plants. Maximum antioxidant activity was seen in methanol extract of Brassaia actinophyla with 81% inhibition. The order of the antioxidant activity of the three plants are in the order B.actinophylla>A cookie>B.blakeana. The results of phytochemical analysis suggest that phytosteroids are present in all the three plants. Maximum inhibition against the tested enzymes was exhibited by hexane and chloroform extracts of A.cookii. Hemolytic activity was done and the hexane extract showed maximum haemolysis where as aqueous extracts showed minimum activity. From the results it is clear that the three plant extracts has pharmacological applications. This is the first report of antimicrobial, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of these three plant extracts. Further studies are needed to exploit the actual mechanism and active compounds of these plants.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of different pre-frying treatments on reduction of acrylamide formation of fried potato chips was investigated and the impact of different phenol compounds and leaves on acryamide formation was evaluated.
Abstract: The main objective of this investigation was to study the effect of different pre-frying treatments on reduction of acrylamide formation of fried potato Moreover; the impact of different phenol compounds and leaves on acrylamide formation was evaluated. In addition, the effects of these treatments on the sensorial quality of fried potato chips were studied. Results showed that blanching process caused significant decreases in acrylamide content of fried potato. The highest decrease was observed for those samples blanched in MgCl2 (0.1 M), L-cysteine (0.05 M) and 0.01 M of citric acid solutions, 97.97, 97.17 and 93.43%, respectively. Soaking of potato slices in water or different solutions significantly reduced the formation of acrylamide. The decreases in acrylamide content ranged from 61.61 to 97.47%. Soaking in crude, semi-purified asparaginase solutions, blanching in hot water plus immersing in the enzyme solutions and soaking in phenolic acid solutions caused significant reduction in the formation of acrylamide of potato chips. Addition of fresh leaves into frying oil significantly influenced acrylamide formation. Oregano, rosemary, bamboo, guava and olive leaves caused the greatest reductions. Potato slices blanched in distilled water at 65°C, NaCl, Mg Cl2 and 0.1 M glutamine had significantly the highest scores of overall acceptability. Keywords: Acrylamide, Potato, Blanching, Soaking, Protein, Antioxidants
22 citations
TL;DR: The results show which parameters should be considered and controlled strongly in the production process t o further raise measles virus yields for the high amo unt needed in cancer therapy approaches.
Abstract: Recombinant measles viruses are currently tested in clinical trials as oncolytic agent to be applied i n cancer therapy. Contrary to their use as vaccine where 10 3 infectious virus particles per dose are needed, fo r cancer therapy 10 9 virus particles should be provided per dose. This leads to other challenges for the production process when compared to vaccine production. This study presents measles virus stability with regard t o conditions during production and storage of the vir us. Relevant process parameters such as temperature (437°C), pH (pH 4-11), conductivity (1.5 to 137.5 mS cm -1 ) and oxygen partial pressure were analyzed. The infectivity of measles virus particles decreased hi ghly at 37 and 32°C, while at 22 and 4°C it remaine d stable for several hours or even days, respectively. The t hermal inactivation reactions followed first order kinetics and the thermodynamic parameters enthalpy and entropy were estimated. Towards changes in pH measles virus particles were very sensitive, while no inact ivation could be observed with varying conductivity . Measles virus incubation at an oxygen partial press ure of 100% did not lead to any loss of infectivity . The results show which parameters should be considered and controlled strongly in the production process t o further raise measles virus yields for the high amo unt needed in cancer therapy approaches.
19 citations
TL;DR: This review covers the use of a variety of nanostructured materials, including carb on nanotubes, silicon nanowires, gold nanoparticles and quantum dots, in the fabrication of sensors for cancer biomarkers detection.
Abstract: Early detection of cancer biomarkers with high prec ision is critically important for cancer therapy. A variety of sensors based on different nanostructured materi als have attracted intensive research interest due to their potential for highly sensitive and selective detect ion of cancer biomarkers. This review covers the us e of a variety of nanostructured materials, including carb on nanotubes, silicon nanowires, gold nanoparticles and quantum dots, in the fabrication of sensors. Emphas es are placed on how the detection systems work and what detection limits can be achieved. Some assays described in this review outperform established methods for cancer biomarker detection. It is highl y promising that these sensors would soon move into commercial-scale production and find routine use in hospitals.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, 16 isolates of Lactic acid producing bacteria isolated from various biological sources were inoculated in whey water and kept at 37°C in the shaker at a speed of 150 revolutions per minute for 36 h.
Abstract: Lactobacilli have the property of converting lactose and other sugars to lactic acid through fermentation. So whey water, the greenish translucent liquid rich in lactose, vitamins, proteins and mineral salts, obtained as a by-product after the precipitation of cheese can be used as a substrate for Lactobacilli for lactic acid production which otherwise is a serious environmental pollutant when disposed without pre-treatment. 16 isolates of Lactic acid producing bacteria isolated from various biological sources were inoculated in whey water (1% inoculum) and kept at 37°C in the shaker at a speed of 150 revolutions per minute for 36 h. Lactic acid production was estimated after 36 h and the strains 4a, 12a and 15b showed lactic acid production of which 12a produced the highest concentration. The amount of Lactic acid produced by 12a was 0.62 g L-1 under unadjusted condition which is comparable to previously reported strains in enriched medium. So the lactic acid production by strain 12a was further investigated to find the effect of pH and temperature on the production efficiency. Lactic acid production was also checked in Luria-Bertani broth and whey water was found to be the medium of choice for prolonged lactic acid production.
TL;DR: CE regulates the expression of genes related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in a way to contr ol the metabolic disorders occur during diabetes.
Abstract: Cinnamon is a herbal medication plant used widely f or many diseases in the Middle East and ancient countries. Cinnamon Extract (CE) contains many active substances that modulate insulin sensitivity and acts as anti-diabetic medication. Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by disturbance in carbo hydrate and lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Cinnamon Extract (CE, 200 mg kg -1 body weight) on genes expression of lipid and carb ohydrate metabolism in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in Wistar rats. Administration of CE to STZ diabetic rats for 2 months normalized TG, cholesterol, VLDL, HDL and glucose levels. CE administration increased FAS and STREB-1c gene expressions that were inhibited in diabetic rats. M oreover, CE inhibited significantly the increase in LPL, HSL and resistin expression. In parallel, CE increa sed the expression of PPECK and GLUT2 and inhibited the decrement in IGF and PK expression. In conclusi on, CE regulates the expression of genes related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in a way to contr ol the metabolic disorders occur during diabetes.
TL;DR: An association between the+104T/C GDF5 polymorphism with knee OA and clinical symptom of OA in Indian population further demonstrate a strong genetic influence of this SNP in KOA.
Abstract: The present study investigated to identify the association of polymorphism in GDF-5 gene with osteoarthritis in North Indian population. In a case-control study, 300 cases with knee osteoarthritis and an equal number of age and gender matched healthy controls were included. Cases were diagnosed using the ACR Guidelines of Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA). Clinical symptoms were assessed with the knee specific WOMAC index and VAS for knee pain. The severity of disease was determined by radiological KL grades (Kellgren Lawren). The variant genotype of GDF-5 was found to be present at significantly higher frequency in cases than in controls, resulting in about 1.79 fold increase in risk to OA. Genotype distributions of the GDF-5 also showed significant association of variant allele with clinical score of OA patients. An association between the+104T/C GDF5 polymorphism with knee OA and clinical symptom of OA in Indian population further demonstrate a strong genetic influence of this SNP in KOA.
TL;DR: The interaction between four humanized monoclonal antibodies; IgG1, G2, G3 and G4, each possessing an identical variable region and the repertoire of human Fc-gamma (Fcγ) receptors is characterized.
Abstract: The importance of human Fc receptors in immune regulation is well known. Their role is critical not on ly in the recruitment of cellular effector functions but also in regulating the balance in the periphery bet ween autoimmunity and tolerance. Despite their central i mportance, there is a dearth of literature on contr olled numeric comparisons in affinities of antibody subcl asses for gamma receptors. To date, no studies have directly compared humanized antibodies with the same variable region and differing Fc region subclasse s which would rule out any differences that may be at tributed to variations in the variable region. In t his study we characterized the interaction between four humanized monoclonal antibodies; IgG 1, G 2, G 3 and G4, each possessing an identical variable region and the repertoire of human Fc-gamma (Fc γ) receptors (Fc γRI, Fc γRIIA, Fc γRIIB, Fc γRIIIA and Fc γRIIIB). The studies were performed using both Surfa ce Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent-Assay (ELISA) formats. The affinities of the antibodies for their antigen molecule, an en dogenous human protein, were also analyzed by SPR. While the identity of the Fc-region had no signific ant effect on the binding to antigen, substantially different affinities for each of the Fc γ receptors, Fc γRI, Fc γRIIA, Fc γRIIB, Fc γRIIIA and Fc γRIIIB were observed across the various Fc-subclasses.
TL;DR: From the results it is evident that the ethyl acetate extract of Streptomyces sp.
Abstract: Marine actinomycetes are potential source for the d iscovery of novel compounds and enzymes. Though extensive research on marine actinomycetes is under way globally, the actinomycetes research from India n marine ecosystem is unexplored and understudied. Hence, the present research is focussed on the screen ing of bioactive compounds from marine actinomycetes isolated from Indian coastal region. This study is designed to determine the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory potential of Streptomyces sp. VITMSS05 strain, isolated from Marakkanam, southern coast of India. An actinomycetes strain designated as VITMSS05 was isolated. This strain was cultivated i n Starch Caesin Agar medium (SCA) supplemented with sea water. The cultural, morphological and mol ecular characterization was determined for the isolate. The crude extract of the isolate was extra cted with ethyl acetate. Antioxidant activity of th e crude extract was determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory potential of the extract was determined. Based on the phenotypic and phylogenetic analysis the strain was identified as Streptomyces sp. Significant antioxidant activity of the extract was observed with an IC50 value of 92.49 �g mL -1 . The extract shows 64.1% inhibition on α-amylase and 91.5% inhibition on α-glucosidase at 100 �g mL -1 with an IC50 value of 385.97 and 42.89 �g mL -1 . From the results it is evident that the ethyl aceta te extract of Streptomyces sp. VITMSS05 has potent antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity in vitro . The combined effect of free radical scavenging an d enzyme inhibition makes it a potent anti diabetic d rug.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of physical and chemical properties (moisture content, ash content, LHV and S, C, H/C and N/C atomic ratios) were evaluated.
Abstract: Exergy is a measurement of how far a certain materi al deviates from a state of equilibrium with the environment. It is a useful tool for improving the efficiency of energy-resource use. The exergy value s of four wheat straws (Absolvant, Max, Monopol and Vuka) were determined in this study. The effects of physical and chemical properties (moisture content, ash content, LHV and S, C, O, H and N contents) were evaluated. The moisture related exergy varied from 281.834 kJ kg -1 (Monopol) to 366.766 kJ kg -1 (Absolvant), accounting for 1.311-1.734% of the tot al exergy of wheat straws. A negative linear relationship between the exergy value and moisture content was observed. The ash related exergy varied from 53.468 kJ kg -1 (Absolvant) to 117.675 kJ kg -1 (Vuka), accounting for 0.253-0.556% of the total e xergy of wheat straws. A negative linear relationship bet ween the exergy value and ash content was observed. The S related exergy ranged from 6.817 kJ kg -1 (Max) to 11.077 kJ kg -1 (Vuka), accounting for 0.032-0.052% of the total exergy of wheat straws. A positive linear relationship between the exergy value and S conten t was observed. The O/C, H/C and N/C atomic ratios and the correlation factors varied in ranges of 0.7133-0.7537, 1.3475-1.5457, 0.0063-0.0225 and 1.133-1.138, respectively. The exergy values of the fo ur wheat straws were between 21.156 MJ kg -1 (Absolvant) and 21.503 MJ kg -1 (Monopol). They were mainly determined by the correlation factors and the LHVs. A positive linear relationship between the exergy value and LHV was observed. The combined contribution of ash, moisture and S related exergy to the total exe rgy was very small (1.694-2.212%) and can be neglected.
TL;DR: The results indicate that virgin olive oil could have a beneficial role against mercuric chloride induced oxidative and renal stress in rat.
Abstract: The study was designed to investigate the possible protective role of virgin olive oil in mercuric chloride induced renal stress, by using biochemical approaches The effects of virgin olive oil on mercuric chloride induced oxidative and renal stress were evaluated by serum creatinine, urea and uric acid levels, kidney tissue lipid peroxidation, GSH levels, GSH-Px and GST activities Administration of mercuric chloride induced significant increase in serum: interleukine1, interleukine6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα) levels, creatinine, urea and uric acid concentration showing renal stress Mercuric chloride also induced oxidative stress, as indicate by decreased kidney tissue of GSH level, GSH-Px and GST activities along with increase the level of lipid peroxidation Furthermore, treatment with mercuric chloride caused a marked elevation of kidney weight and decreased body weight Virgin olive oil treatment markedly reduced elevated serum: IL1, IL6, TNFα, creatinine, urea and uric acid levels and conteracted the deterious effects of mercuric chloride on oxidative stress markers changes caused by HgCl2 in kidney Our results indicate that virgin olive oil could have a beneficial role against mercuric chloride induced oxidative and renal stress in rat
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the antioxidant and anti-muta genic activities as well as the phenolic compositio n of different grape cultivar extracts collected from Taif region.
Abstract: Extract of grape Vitis vinifera has been reported to exhibit antioxidant and antim utagenic activities and the phenolic compounds play a vital role in determining these activities. Therefore; the objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-muta genic activities as well as the phenolic compositio n of different grape cultivar extracts collected from Ta if region. The grape cultivars namely; Italian, Ame rican, Lebanese, Taify b and Taify e were collected at maturity stage to represent Taif region cultivars. The total concentrations of phenoles were determined for the five cultivar extracts and results indicated that t he concentrations ranged from 115-960 mg L -1 Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE). Also, HPLC analysis included was carried out of nine important phenolic compounds namely; Cyanidine chloride, Myricetin, Chrysin, Quercetin, Delphinidine chloride, Malvidine chlorid e, Naringenin, Galangin and Caffeic acid. Significa nt differences among cultivars were obtained for each compound. However, the highest cultivar for each compound differed from compound to another. At the same time, DPPH was used to estimate antioxidant activity and the data showed that different grape c ultivar extracts were able to quench 47-60% of DPPH radical solution and to exhibited potent radical sc avenging activity. Also, antimutagenic activity was measured as a decrease of chromosomal aberrations i n bone marrow cells of mice treated with the mutage n Endoxan. Results showed that treatment of mice with grape cultivar extracts resulted in a significant decrease in all types of chromosomal aberrations in duced by Endoxan. Also, the anticlastogenic effect was measured using micronulei test and results indicate d that all grape cultivar extracts reduced signific antly the effect of Endoxan on micronulei test. Finally, trea tment of mice with grape cultivar extracts enhanced mitotic index of mice bone marrow cells reduced by Endoxan treatment. The relationship between phenolic compound concentrations and antioxidant capacity was discussed.
TL;DR: The study presentediger Rnase has an advantage to design molecules that may have antileishmanial acti vity and the geometric quality of the backbone conformation, energy profile, residue interaction and contact of the strutures were well within the limits of reliable str uctures.
Abstract: A.niger Rnase was designed from ACTBIND (PDB ID: 3D3Z). Yeast actin-human gelsolin segment 1 complex (PDB ID: 1YAG) was used as template for L. donovani actin protein for 3D model in Modeller9v8. These models were testified by PROCHECK, ERRAT, WHAT-IF, PROSA2003 and VERIFY-3D. All evidences suggest that the geometric quality of the backbone conformation, energy profile, residue interaction and contact of the str uctures were well within the limits of reliable str uctures. The interaction energy of docking was calculated us ing the HEX server. Etotal and calculated RMSD values were -1.902, -9.323 kcal moL -1 and 0.402 A, respectively. The study presented her e has an advantage to design molecules that may have antileishmanial acti vity.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used linearization and dynamic simulation methods to estimate the reaction kinetics of cyclodextrins (CDs) produced by CGTase from Bacillus macerans.
Abstract: This study relates to the mathematical modelling of enzymatic production of Cyclodextrins (CDs) by Cyclodextrin Glucanotransferase (CGTase) from Bacillus macerans. The experiments were carried out in batch mode using different starch sources and the results were used to estimate unknown parameters using linearization and dynamic simulation methods. ?- and ?-CD produced from tapioca were found to give the highest Michaelis-Menten constant, KM,i of 58.23 and 54.07 g L-1, respectively and maximum velocity, Vmax,i of 3.45 and 2.76 g L-1.min, respectively, while sago resulted in the highest KM,i and Vmax,i values of 342.35 g L-1 and 5.97 g L-1.min, respectively, for ?-CD obtained by the linearization method. Value of product inhibition, K1,i and CD degradation coefficient rate, ?CD,i, were estimated using dynamic simulation, indicating that exponential reaction kinetics could be fitted better with the experimental data. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the product inhibition parameter in the exponential reaction kinetic equation is more significant in the process. For validation, the production of CDs by fed batch method was undertaken and starch and enzyme were added into the reaction medium. Then, the predicted profiles generated by simulation were compared with the experimental values. The proposed exponential reaction kinetics shows good fitting with the experimental data.
TL;DR: The findings of present study clarified the protective effect of propolis on changes induc ed by γirradiated NS on blood, liver, kidney and cytokines changes in Wistar rats.
Abstract: The present study conducted to test the effect of Nigella Sativa (NS, 5 mg kg -1 of body weight), or γirradiated Nigella Sativa (GRNS) on the changes of blood component profiles, liver, kidney functions and immune cytokines secretion in male Wistar rats. Moreover, the possible protection by propolis (200 mg kg -1 B. W.) on the changes induced by NS and GRNS was examined. Results revealed that both NS and GRNS administration for two weeks induced changes in blo od, GPT, GOT and urea levels and co-administration with propolis significantly ameliorated such change s. Also, liver histology showed numerous vacuolar degeneration and fatty changes in γ-irradiated groups which disappeared in presence of propolis. Kidney histology of NS administered rats showed less lymphocytic infiltration, while GRNS groups showed desquamation in the cytoplasm of the renal tubules, hemorrhage in the renal corpuscle and lymphocytic infiltration which disappeared when propolis given together with GRNS. Finally propolis induced protec tive effect on the changes induced in TNF-α and IL-10 secretion by either NS or GRNS in Wistar rats. In conclusion, the findings of present study clarified the protective effect of propolis on changes induc ed by γirradiated NS on blood, liver, kidney and cytokines changes in Wistar rats.
TL;DR: In this article, the extracellular protease was quantified and characterized and was used for different time (4, 8, 12 and 24 h) at different temperature (RT a nd 37°C) for optimization of the degumming process for raw silk fabric with enzyme dosage (0.2-1 unit/cm 2 of fabric).
Abstract: Protease secreting microbe was isolated and charact erized on the basis of their morphological, biochem ical, physiological and 16S rDNA based molecular properties. The extracellular protease was quantified and characterized. Protease was used for different time (4, 8, 12 and 24 h) at different temperature (RT a nd 37°C) for optimization of the degumming process for raw silk fabric with enzyme dosage (0.2-1 unit/cm 2 of fabric). Post-enzymatic treatment, the fabric quali ty and texture was compared with conventionally tre ated as well as untreated fabric in terms of degumming l oss, tensile strength and yarn count and colour fas tness to light/water. The isolate SM1 ( Bacillus thuringensis ) was able to grow in Carbon Minimal Salt Medium (CMSM) with jaggery or tamarind as the carbon source (0.3% w/v). Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescense (EDXRF) data showed intracellular accumulation of heavy metal by the isolate. Extracellular protease w as able to degum silk fabric within 4 h at RT with enz yme concentration of 0.8unit/cm 2 and the maximum degumming loss was 21.72%. Post enzymatic degumming, a shiny texture was observed under Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) and the yarn volume also increased. Utilization of CMSM made the process cost effective during large scale application. Intracellular metal accumulation and growth in a wide range of temperature and pH made the isolate a potential candidate for bioremediation . Extracellular protease with significant degumming p roperty could be used as an eco friendly approach a s compared to the conventional chemical treatment.
TL;DR: The results demonstrated that the newly isolated P. hubeiensis Y10BS025 provided high efficiency in MEL’s production and would thus be highly advantageous in commercial production of promising biosurfactants.
Abstract: Mannosylerythritol Lipids (MEL’s) are glycolipid biosurfactants that contain 4-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl-meso-erythritol as a hydrophilic moiety and fatty acids as a hydrophobic moiety. MEL’s are abundantly produced by several kinds of microorganism and are one of the most promising biosurfactants currently known. The search for a novel endogenous producer of MEL’s was undertaken based on the available collection of the yeast strains from the genus Pseudozyma. Using thin layer chromatography and based on morphological and molecular taxonomic analysis using the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit 26S rRNA gene, Pseudozyma hubeiensis Y10BS025 was found to be a potential producer of MEL’s from soybean oil. The structure of the major glycolipid produced by the strain was analyzed by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and was found to be similar to those of well known MEL-A, -B and -C respectively. Under improved shaking culture conditions, using yeast extract as nitrogen source and soybean oil as substrate, a maximum yield of 115±3.2 g.L-1 of MEL’s for 8 days of fermentation was achieved. The major fatty acids of MEL’s produced by P. hubeiensis Y10BS025 were C-18 acids, considerably different from those of MEL-C produced by other Pseudozyma strains such as P. antarctica and P. shanxiensis. The main product, MEL-C produced by P. hubeiensis Y10BS025 exhibited surface-tension-lowering activity. The results demonstrated that the newly isolated P. hubeiensis Y10BS025 provided high efficiency in MEL’s production and would thus be highly advantageous in commercial production of promising biosurfactants.
TL;DR: Content of terpenes, sesquiterpenes and flavonoids in the ethanolic extract of the selected plants may responsible for the anticholinesterase activity, anti-inflammatory action, antioxidant cap acity and neurotrophic effect as well as antiamyloidogenic potential of these extracts.
Abstract: The present article aimed to investigate the potent ial role of the ethanolic extracts of the aerial pa rts of Jasonia candicans and Jasonia montana in management of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) in experimental model. Supplementation of drinking water AlCl 3 (0.3%) for 16 weeks induced AD in male rats with siginifcant increase in brain Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity, Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF-α), Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) and 8 hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels. AlCl3 supplementation produced significant decrease in Br ain insulin Like Growth Factor (IGF-1) and Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels as compared to the control values. Also, AlCl 3 supplementation caused significant decline in the expression levels of nuc leoporin P 62 (P 62 ) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM 17) genes accompanied with significant elevation in the expression levels of brain cyclooxygenase (Cox-2) gene. Brain histopa thological examination of AD-induced rats showed formation of amyloid plaques in hippocampus and cerebrum. Oral administration of each of selected extract (150 mg/kg b.wt) in AD-induced rats daily f or 6 weeks resulted in significant decrease in brai n AchE activity, TNF-α, TGF-β and 8-OHdG levels. The treatment produced signific ant increase in brain IGF-1 and BDNF levels as compared to AD-induced rats. The treatment with these extracts could significantly increase the gene expression levels o f brain P 62 and ADAM17 accompanied with significant decrease in the expression levels of Cox-2 gene in the brain. Histopathological examination of brain tissue of the treated rats showed marked improvement in the morphological structure of the brain especially in the hippocampus and cerebrum areas. H igh content of terpenes, sesquiterpenes and flavonoids in the ethanolic extract of the selected plants may responsible for the anticholinesterase activity, anti-inflammatory action, antioxidant cap acity and neurotrophic effect as well as antiamyloidogenic potential of these extracts. These re sults suggest that these extracts may effectively ameliorate the inflammation and neurodegeneration characterizing AD. Thus, these extracts may have a therapeutic application in the treatment of Alzheim er’s disease.
TL;DR: These energy-related genes showed amino acid substitutions gradually increased according to their locations among macromolecular energy transducers, and seemed to be correlated with the energy metabolism in both Camelus dromedaries and double-humped camel.
Abstract: The single-humped camel, Camelus dromedaries inhabiting Afro-Arabia and the double-humped camel, Camelus bactrianus inhabiting central Asia are the only species in th eir genus. The present study aimed to amplify and partially sequence the mitochondrial DN A genes encoding for NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, ATP synthase subunit 6 (ATP6), cytochrome b and displacement region (d-loop) in the single-humped camel and compare it to their counterparts already sequenced for the dou blehumped camel. These energy-related genes showed amino acid substitutions gradually increased according to their locations among macromolecular energy transducers. Both ATP synthase 6 in the central core and cytochrome b in the inner mitochondrial membrane acquired the greatest substitutions of 5 and 7 amino acids, respectively. Cytochrome c oxidase is the terminal complex of the electron transport chain of the inne r mitochondrial membrane and it showed no substitutions. These substitutions seemed to be correlated wit h the energy metabolism in both camel phenotypes. The d-loop showed tandem repeats of six nucleotides at its 3` end with polymorphism between both species without any evidence relates such variation to energy productio n.
TL;DR: Polymorphisms in the IGF-1 Gene of Buffalo population in south of Iran are described and it is possible that this gene has not exposed to selection and inbreeding is estimated high.
Abstract: The Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) system pla ys a critical endocrine role controlling nutrient metabolism in animals and it is a group of structur ally-related polypeptides that regulate the growth of many types of mammalian cells. In liver, IGF-1 is dynami cally regulated by lactation and energy balance. Le ss is known about the regulation of IGF-1 and IGF-binding protein mRNA in reproductive tissues and plays an important role in bovine follicular growth, acquisi tion of oocyte competence and embryo viability. The present study describes Polymorphisms in the IGF-1 Gene of Buffalo population in south of Iran. In order to characterization polymorphism, blood sample were collected from 95 buffalos from Ahvaz, Dezful, Shushtar, Shadegan and Susangerd cities. DNA extraction was based on Boom method and exon 1 of the IGF-1 gene was amplified to produce a 250 bp fragment. The amplified fragment were digested with Eco105 I ( SnaB I) restriction endonuclease. Also, the 265 bp of IGF-1 promoter in the 5´ Flanking Region was amplified a nd subsequently subjected to Single Strand Conformatio n Polymorphism (SSCP). The results were revealed one pattern (B) in digestion and all the five populatio ns were monomorph. But, the populations exhibited three different SSCP patterns. It is possible that this g ene has not exposed to selection and inbreeding is estimated high.
TL;DR: The results showed that Uvaria chamae methanol extract neutralized some biological effects of Naja nigricollis venom, indicating that the plant extract possess potent snake venom neutralizing capacity and could potentially be used for therapeutic purpose in case of snake bite envenomation.
Abstract: Uvaria chamae is a well known medicinal plant in Nigerian tradit ional medicine for the management of many diseases, but investigations concerning its ph armacological characteristics are rare In this stu dy, we evaluate its venom neutralizing properties again st Naja nigricollis venom in rats Freshly collected Uvaria chamae leaves were air dried, powdered and extracted in m ethanol To study the antivenom properties, albino rats were orally administered wi th a dose of 400 mg kg -1 body weight and one hour later, the venom was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 008 mg kg -1 body weight of rats Albino rats (male) weighing between 180-200g were randomly divided into five (5) groups of three (3) Groups 1-5 received water, normal saline, venom, Uvaria chamae and venom, Uvaria chamae respectively Blood clothing time, bleeding time, antipyretic act ivity, haemoglobin, RBC, WBC, creatine kinase, AST, ALP and ALT activities total protein antioxidant ac tivity and some blood electrolytes, plasma urea and uric acid were measured Our results showed that Uvaria chamae methanol extract neutralized some biological effects of Naja nigricollis venom The venom increased the rectal temperature, enzyme activities, bleeding time and other blood parameter s The plant extract was able to reduce these parameters in the extract treated groups Details o f the results are discussed From this study, it is clear that U chamae leaf extract had antivenom activity in animal mode ls The above results indicate that the plant extract possess potent snake venom neutralizi ng capacity and could potentially be used for therapeutic purpose in case of snake bite envenomat ion
TL;DR: Polymorphism of IGF-1 gene in Najdi cattle populations is described and it is possible that this gene has not exposed to selection and inbreeding is estimated high.
Abstract: The Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) system plays a critical endocrine role controlling nutrient metabolism in dairy cattle and it is a group of structurally-related polypeptides that regulate the growth of many types of mammalian cells. In liver, IGF-1 is dynamically regulated by lactation and energy balance. Less is known about the regulation of IGF-1 and IGF-binding protein mRNA in reproductive tissues and plays an important role in bovine follicular growth, acquisition of oocyte competence and embryo viability. The present study describes polymorphism of IGF-1 gene in Najdi cattle populations. In order to characterization polymorphism, blood sample were collected from 84 Najdi cattles from Shadegan, Mahshar cities and Shushtar station. DNA extraction was based on Boom method and exons 1 of the IGF-1 gene were amplified to produce a 249 bp fragment. The amplified fragment were digested with Eco105I (SnaBI) restriction endonuclease and then subjected to electrophoretic separation in ethidium bromide-stained 2% agarose gel. The results were revealed two alleles, A and B. Three genotypes were observed, Frequencies were 2.38, 14.28 and 83.33% for AA, AB and BB, respectively. This gives frequencies of 0/0952 and 0/9048 for A and B alleles. The populations were in hardy-weinberg equilibrium. It is possible that this gene has not exposed to selection. The heterozygosity is low and inbreeding is estimated high.
TL;DR: Engineering the isoflavone pathway in wheat would lead to enhancement of nutraceutical value of wheat grains and improvement of wheat resistance to diseases.
Abstract: Isoflavones are large group of secondary metabolite s produced in legumes such as soybeans. They have essential biological functions as nutraceutical and health functions for human. They are involved in p lant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, symbioti c relationship with nitrogen-fixing organisms and p lant competition (allelopathy). In this report, isoflavo noids were expressed in wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) via introducing the key enzymes Isoflavone Synthase (IFS). Transgenic callli induced from wheat immature embryos were propagated and prepared for bombardment. Five gene constructs were prepared; the binary vector (plasmid) pAHC25, 35S-CRC, 35S-IFS, Oleocin-IFS, Oleocin-IFS-CHI and were used for wheat calli transformation. Putative transgenic calli wer e used to regenerate transgenic wheat plants. Evalu ation of recovered transgenic plants was carried out using P CR, southern bloting of PCR products and IFS-specific probe and HPLC analysis of transgenic plant tissue extracts. Genistein and naranigenin were detected i n transgenic plants carrying IFS gene, indicating tha t the introduced IFS was able to use the endogenous substrate from wheat. IFS showed activity under 35S promoter as well as oleocin promoter. The activity of oleocin promoter in monocots provides a good tool t o use plant promoters to drive plant gene expressio n in plants. This also represents promoter compatibility that the cis acting elements of the oleocin promot er represent binding targets for trans acting elements of wheat. Engineering the isoflavone pathway in wheat would lead to enhancement of nutraceutical value of wheat grains and improvement of wheat resistance to dise ases.
TL;DR: A preliminary study on the PEP of Q. infectoria galls extract-treated MRSA may provide an insight of its antimicrobial mechanism which could lead to the identification of target protein in the future development of a new effective regimen for the treatment of MRSA infections.
Abstract: The widespread outbreak of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) has caused clinical and epidemiological concern in hospital environment The emergence of Vancomycin-Intermediate S Aureus (VISA) and, more recently, Vancomycin-Resistant S Aureus (VRSA) has further alarmed clinician and scientist worlwide The objective of this study is to determine the optimum concentration of sample protein from MRSA after treatment with acetone extract from Quercus infectoria gall Comparison of the Protein Expression Profile (PEP) between the treated MRSA and untreated strain as control was obtained using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value of acetone extract of galls from Q infectoria against two strains of MRSA; ATCC 33591 and PPUKM clinical isolate was determined by broth microdilution method The MIC value of acetone extracts against both strains of MRSA was 03125 mg mL-1 compared to vancomycin (000195 mg mL-1) The optimum concentration of MRSA protein that produced the best resolution was 100 µg Manifold technique was observed to produce a gel with better resolution and greater number of spot compared with the strip holder technique This study showed that there were 7 protein spots that represented the increased in the protein expression of more than 2-fold in the MRSA treated with acetone extract of galls Q infectoria compared to the untreated group This preliminary study on the PEP of Q infectoria galls extract-treated MRSA may provide an insight of its antimicrobial mechanism which could lead to the identification of target protein in the future development of a new effective regimen for the treatment of MRSA infections