Showing papers in "American Journal of Orthopsychiatry in 1995"
TL;DR: A six-year, school-based prevention program, which modified classroom teacher practices, offered parent training, and provided child social skills training, was evaluated for its effects on school failure, drug abuse, and delinquency among low-income urban children.
Abstract: A six-year, school-based prevention program, which modified classroom teacher practices, offered parent training, and provided child social skills training, was evaluated for its effects on school failure, drug abuse, and delinquency among low-income urban children. Compared to a low-income control group, children in the intervention group showed enhanced school commitment and class participation. The girls in the group also evidenced lower rates of substance use initiation, while the boys exhibited increased social and school work skills.
273 citations
TL;DR: A framework is presented for a new field called developmental victomology, and two major branches are described, which would analyze developmental changes that affect children's risk for victimization, particularly in three areas: children's suitability as targets, their ability to protect themselves, and the environments they inhabit.
Abstract: A framework is presented for a new field called developmental victomology, and two major branches are described. One would analyze developmental changes that affect children's risk for victimization, particularly in three areas: children's suitability as targets, their ability to protect themselves, and the environments they inhabit. A second branch would focus on developmental processes that affect children's reactions to victimizations and in particular, developmental tasks and critical periods, the process of cognitive appraisal, and the forms of symptom expression.
263 citations
TL;DR: A longitudinal study of 25 young adults from lesbian families and 21 raised by heterosexual single mothers revealed that those raised by lesbian mothers functioned well in adulthood in terms of psychological well-being and of family identity and relationships.
Abstract: A longitudinal study of 25 young adults from lesbian families and 21 raised by heterosexual single mothers revealed that those raised by lesbian mothers functioned well in adulthood in terms of psychological well-being and of family identity and relationships. The commonly held assumption that lesbian mothers will have lesbian daughters and gay sons was not supported by the findings.
190 citations
TL;DR: Interventions directed toward improving self-efficacy and coping strategies may be important mediators of subjective burden.
Abstract: Among 225 family members participating in a study of psychoeducational interventions, 39% of the variance in subjective burden was explained by the severity of stressors related to the relative's illness and by mediators related to social support and coping capabilities. Interventions directed toward improving self-efficacy and coping strategies may be important mediators of subjective burden.
177 citations
TL;DR: Social self-efficacy and social support from family and peers were found to be interrelated in their links with depression.
Abstract: The roles of family, peers, and selected social factors in the origins of depression were assessed in a school-based study of adolescents. Social self-efficacy and social support from family and peers were found to be interrelated in their links with depression. Risk factors are delineated and suggestions for preventive intervention are offered.
169 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that the life-time risk for violent victimization was so high (97%) as to amount to normative experiences for this population of episodically homeless, seriously mentally ill women.
Abstract: Three aspects of physical and sexual assault in the histories of 99 episodically homeless, seriously mentally ill women were assessed: lifetime prevalence; severity, co-occurrence, and recency; and associations between levels of this victimization and specific characteristics of the women. Results indicate that the life-time risk for violent victimization was so high (97%) as to amount to normative experiences for this population. Language: en
163 citations
TL;DR: The factors found to create the greatest difficulties for disclosure were the father's infertility, the timing and method of telling, and the lack of genetic information for the child.
Abstract: Disclosures by parents with a child conceived by donor insemination were compared to those of parents with adopted children and parents with children conceived by in vitro fertilization None of the donor-insemination parents had told their child The factors found to create the greatest difficulties for disclosure were the father's infertility, the timing and method of telling, and the lack of genetic information for the child
147 citations
TL;DR: Comparison of addicted mothers and nonaddicted controls revealed a high incidence of emotional and physical neglect among the addict group, as well as greater tendency toward depression and more chaotic child-rearing environments.
Abstract: Comparison of 25 addicted mothers and 25 nonaddicted controls revealed a high incidence of emotional and physical neglect among the addict group, as well as greater tendency toward depression and more chaotic child-rearing environments. A separate study compared the cognitive, language, and emotional development of 20 cocaine-exposed preschool children and 24 nonexposed children. Although few differences in cognitive and language development were found, group differences in emotional and behavioral status, assessed through maternal report, were significant. Directions for future research are suggested. Language: en
128 citations
TL;DR: Results showed very high prevalence figures for homelessness, quite close to those found in the earlier survey, and most periods of homelessness were found to last for more than one month and to involve serious deprivations and violent victimization.
Abstract: A 1990 household-based telephone survey of 1,507 people was followed up by surveying a subsample of those interviewed for the initial report. Results showed very high prevalence figures for homelessness, quite close to those found in the earlier survey. Moreover, using explicit and stringent definitions of literal homelessness and doubling up, most periods of homelessness were found to last for more than one month and, particularly with regard to literal homelessness, to involve serious deprivations and violent victimization.
126 citations
TL;DR: Fourth- and fifth-grade children living in an urban, primarily African-American, low-income neighborhood were interviewed regarding situations of sexual possibility and contigencies of heterosocial and heterosexual behavior.
Abstract: Preadolescent sexuality among urban, minority youth is considered within a normative developmental context. Fourth- and fifth-grade children living in an urban, primarily African-American, low-income neighborhood were interviewed regarding situations of sexual possibility and contigencies of heterosocial and heterosexual behavior. Findings are discussed in light of factors that may influence early heterosexual debut. Language: en
99 citations
TL;DR: An emphasis on the context of parenting and the meaning of pregnancy and childbearing to mothers with serious mental illness is called for and implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.
Abstract: Although women with serious mental illness have normal fertility rates, the literature points to multiple risk factors and a paucity of emotional and economic support during the initial phases of parenthood. Since most research has focused on child outcomes, the extent and nature of parenting problems experienced by these mothers are not adequately understood. An emphasis on the context of parenting and the meaning of pregnancy and childbearing to these mothers is called for and implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.
TL;DR: Findings indicate that psychiatric disorder as a predictor of service use may be confounded by school performance and parental use of services, thus calling into question the extent to which program planning should be based on prevalence rates of child psychiatric disorder.
Abstract: Correlates of mental health and social service utilization are examined based on Ontario Child Health Study data. Findings indicate that psychiatric disorder as a predictor of service use may be confounded by school performance and parental use of services, thus calling into question the extent to which program planning should be based on prevalence rates of child psychiatric disorder. Children from low-income families tend to make greater use of available services, suggesting that programs need to be tailored more specifically to their needs.
TL;DR: A study of 301 college undergraduates is employed to test a causal model which proposes that dissociation and depression act as mediator variables that develop from child abuse and lead to various negative outcomes.
Abstract: A study of 301 college undergraduates is employed to test a causal model which proposes that dissociation and depression act as mediator variables that develop from child abuse and lead to various negative outcomes. As predicted, child maltreatment was found to be related to negative life experiences, with depression and dissociation differentially mediating the various outcomes.
TL;DR: The characteristics and needs of homeless families participating in a large-scale services-enriched housing program are examined andDiffering constellations of needs and implications for service delivery are explored.
Abstract: The characteristics and needs of homeless families participating in a large-scale services-enriched housing program are examined. Although not a representative sample, participants constitute one of the largest subsets of homeless families in the literature. Moreover, the sample, which encompasses nine sites, is focused on families with multiple problems who have been recurrently homeless. Differing constellations of needs and implications for service delivery are explored.
TL;DR: A qualitative study of the contrasting experiences of women in mixed-gender and women-only treatment groups confirmed the hypothesis that their treatment needs are better met in the latter, and that these groups are an essential component of programs treating chemically dependent women.
Abstract: The distinctive needs of chemically dependent women are contrasted with those of men and discussed in relationship to traditional mixed-gender therapy groups. A qualitative study of the contrasting experiences of women in mixed-gender and women-only treatment groups confirmed the hypothesis that their treatment needs are better met in the latter, and that these groups are an essential component of programs treating chemically dependent women.
TL;DR: A process model proposing that overinvolvement affects job satisfaction exclusively through its impact on worker burnout was tested and was supported strongly in both a current sample of social workers and an earlier study of helping professionals.
Abstract: A process model proposing that overinvolvement affects job satisfaction exclusively through its impact on worker burnout was tested. The model was supported strongly in both a current sample of social workers and an earlier study of helping professionals. Methodological limitations are discussed and implications for practice are examined.
TL;DR: The first 25 Bosnian women admitted to the Zagreb Obstetrics and Gynaecological Clinic or its associated regional psychiatric centers were assessed using both clinical and post-traumatic stress disorder interviews, finding most of the women had been multiply traumatized.
Abstract: The first 25 Bosnian women admitted to the Zagreb Obstetrics and Gynaecological Clinic or its associated regional psychiatric centers were assessed using both clinical and post-traumatic stress disorder interviews. Most of the women had been multiply traumatized; all had been repeatedly raped. Psychological status was assessed for those women who were not impregnated, for those impregnated who received abortions, and for those impregnated who carried the fetus to term.
TL;DR: The implementation and early outcomes of a large-scale, services-enriched housing program for homeless families are evaluated and examined across nine metropolitan sites.
Abstract: The implementation and early outcomes of a large-scale, services-enriched housing program for homeless families are evaluated and examined across nine metropolitan sites. Differing models of case management and service access are described. Early reports on families' residential stability are high across all service models.
TL;DR: Recommendations are made for incorporating cultural values in support group interventions with Latinos to promote increased participation and implications for research are discussed.
Abstract: The literature on recognized Latino cultural values and their effect on mental health interventions with Latinos is reviewed, and experiences in implementing school-based mutual support groups for Latino parents are examined. Recommendations are made for incorporating cultural values in support group interventions with Latinos to promote increased participation. Implications for research are discussed.
TL;DR: Family variables were found to be more salient predictors of both self-derogation and suicidal ideation than were nonfamily variables.
Abstract: The effects of family, school, peers, and religion on adolescent suicidal ideation were investigated using self-derogation as a mediating variable. As was hypothesized, the effects of different social variables were largely mediated by self-derogation. Family variables were found to be more salient predictors of both self-derogation and suicidal ideation than were nonfamily variables.
TL;DR: Using play techniques, individual assessments were made of preschool children from 47 Iranian refugee families living in Sweden, while their parents were interviewed about the children's exposure to violence and separation.
Abstract: Using play techniques, individual assessments were made of 50 preschool children from 47 Iranian refugee families living in Sweden, while their parents were interviewed about the children's exposure to violence and separation. Reenacting play involving war and persecution was performed by 19 of the children, most of them eyewitnesses to violence. The study demonstrated ways of obtaining information directly from young children to supplement parental reports.
TL;DR: Results indicated that higher externalizing scores in adolescence predicted more alcohol use in young adulthood for both males and females and also predicted more marijuana and hard drug use for males.
Abstract: Unique and interactive internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in adolescence were examined in relationship to drug and alcohol use in young adulthood. Results indicated that higher externalizing scores in adolescence predicted more alcohol use in young adulthood for both males and females and also predicted more marijuana and hard drug use for males. Lower internalizing scores were found to predict more marijuana and hard drug use in young adulthood for boys, but not for girls.
TL;DR: The racial self-identification of 119 young adults of mixed black and white racial heredity was explored and data showed interracial identity to be the most prevalent, and that it was associated with the least conflict.
Abstract: The racial self-identification of 119 young adults of mixed black and white racial heredity was explored. Data showed interracial identity to be the most prevalent, and that it was associated with the least conflict. Compartmentalization into a private interracial identity and a public black one appeared to be the most frequently utilized coping mechanism for dealing with societal pressures to negate white roots.
TL;DR: Self-reported strengths and goals of a sample of 64 mothers of young children residing in a temporary shelter for homeless families, were documented and included ability to take action, parental competence, and determination in the face of stress.
Abstract: Self-reported strengths and goals of a sample of 64 mothers of young children residing in a temporary shelter for homeless families, were documented. The strengths most frequently reported included ability to take action, parental competence, and determination in the face of stress. Program and policy implications of these positive attributes of homeless mothers are discussed.
TL;DR: Data on 60-day housing histories from a sample of homeless substance abusers in New Orleans show that homeless people spend relatively few nights in locations that would make them potentially countable, no matter how thorough the enumeration procedure is.
Abstract: Housing dynamics of homeless people limit all efforts to count them. Data on 60-day housing histories from a sample of homeless substance abusers in New Orleans show that homeless people spend relatively few nights in locations that would make them potentially countable, no matter how thorough the enumeration procedure.
TL;DR: A community-recruited sample of alcoholic and nonalcoholic families was videotaped in a standardized play task involving parents and their preschool-aged sons, revealing that alcoholic families had lower dyadic synchrony, parents were viewed as less able to engage their children, and that the coders liked the control parents and children more.
Abstract: A community-recruited sample of alcoholic and nonalcoholic families was videotaped in a standardized play task involving parents and their preschool-aged sons. Microanalyses revealed that alcoholic families had lower dyadic synchrony, that parents were viewed as less able to engage their children, and that the coders liked the control parents and children more. Variations in the parent-child interactions are discussed.
TL;DR: It appeared that caretaking has its effect by enhancing more general parental feelings and capacities, rather than by inhibiting a father's sexual interest in the daughter, as proposed in the original biosocial theory.
Abstract: The existence of a biosocial mechanism for inhibiting incest through early caretaking contact was explored in a comparison between incestuous fathers and a nonincestuous control sample. Low involvement in caretaking was found to be a risk factor for incest, even after controlling for other predisposing conditions. However, it appeared that caretaking has its effect by enhancing more general parental feelings and capacities, rather than by inhibiting a father's sexual interest in the daughter, as proposed in the original biosocial theory.
TL;DR: A review of seclusion orders issued over a one-month period at three public psychiatric centers found that youngsters who had been secluded, notably those with high use of se exclusion, differed from other children at the centers.
Abstract: A review of seclusion orders issued over a one-month period at three public psychiatric centers found that youngsters who had been secluded, notably those with high use of seclusion, differed from other children at the centers. Seclusion was frequently resorted to by direct-care staff at times of high staff-child interaction but low programming. Findings suggest the need for clinicians to use treatment goals and interventions as means of altering seclusion patterns and minimizing duration of seclusion
TL;DR: The extant research on adoption and mental health is reviewed, and an alternative interactionist perspective is offered that acknowledges the social embeddedness of experiences of adoption and infertility.
Abstract: The extant research on adoption and mental health is reviewed, and an alternative interactionist perspective is offered that acknowledges the social embeddedness of experiences of adoption and infertility. While cultural factors enter into the etiology and medical definition of all mental health problems, the particular importance of considering cultural components when addressing the needs of individuals who hold a stigmatized social status is emphasized.
TL;DR: Partners of survivors of childhood sexual abuse may develop a "trauma contagion" marked by high levels of stress, doubts about to key personal values and assumptions about the world, and a tendency to be drawn into unconscious reenactments with the survivor of the abusive relationship.
Abstract: Partners of survivors of childhood sexual abuse may develop a "trauma contagion" marked by high levels of stress, doubts about to key personal values and assumptions about the world, and a tendency to be drawn into unconscious reenactments with the survivor of the abusive relationship. Various treatment interventions are discussed, especially conjoint work with the survivor.