Showing papers in "Annual Review of Psychology in 1990"

Personality structure: emergence of the five-factor model

Abstract: L'auteur discute un modele a cinq facteurs de la personnalite qu'il confronte a d'autres systemes de la personnalite et dont les correlats des dimensions sont analyses ainsi que les problemes methodologiques

Invariants of Human Behavior

Abstract: L'auteur s'interesse aux invariants du comportement humain tels qu'ils apparaissent dans les theories de la psychologie cognitive contemporaine

Progress in Small Group Research

Abstract: Revue de la litterature sur les petits groupes (ecologie, structure, composition, conflit, performance)

Visual sensitivity and parallel retinocortical channels.

Abstract: In this review I summarize the major psychophysical and neurophysiological findings on the role of P and M pathways that may allow a unified explanation for visual sensitivity, and also analyze several proposed hypotheses

Social and personality development

Abstract: Les auteurs envisagent, dans une revue de la litterature, le developpement social et de la personnalite de l'enfant. Ils s'interessent particulierement a l'emotion, aux relations interpersonnelles et aux contextes dans lesquels l'enfant se developpe

Human learning and memory: connections and dissociations

Abstract: I introduce readers to some current developments in models of memory. The emphasis is on models that invite comparison by being constructed of common components: primitive features, nodes having activation values, and links (possibly having weights or strengths)

Attitudes and Attitude Change

Abstract: Revue de synthese de la litterature parue entre janvier 1986 et decembre 1988 sur les attitudes et les changements d'attitude (structure des attitudes, les attitudes comme predicteur du comportement, les fonctions des attitudes)

The Atonia and Myoclonia of Active (REM) Sleep

Abstract: Postsynaptic inhibition is a principal process responsible not only for the atonia of the somatic musculature during active sleep but also for the phasic episodes of decreased motoneuron excitability that accompany bursts of REMs during this state. These postsynaptic processes are dependent upon the presence of active sleep-specific IPSPs, which are apparently mediated by glycine. The phasic excitation of motoneurons during REM periods is due to excitatory postsynaptic potentials that, when present, encounter a motoneuron already subjected to enhanced postsynaptic inhibition. These EPSPs are mediated by a non-NMDA neurotransmitter. Thus, from the perspective of motoneurons, active sleep can be characterized as a state abundant in the availability of strikingly potent patterns of postsynaptic inhibition and, during REM periods, not only by enhanced postsynaptic excitation, but also by enhanced postsynaptic inhibition. The site of origin of these inhibitory and excitatory drives is, at present, less clearly defined. There is a consensus that the structure(s) from which the inhibitory drives emanate are located in the lower brainstem, with a cholinoceptive trigger zone situated in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum in or in the vicinity of the nucleus pontis oralis. We have suggested that from this cholinoceptive trigger zone there emanates an excitatory drive that directly, or through interneurons, excites a medullary are in or in the vicinity of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. Thus, a cascade of cholinoceptively activated excitatory activity proceeds to eventually activate inhibitory interneurons whose activation results in motoneuron inhibition and muscle atonia during active sleep. Resolution of the precise location and mechanisms of interaction of the supraspinal inhibitory and excitatory motoneuron control mechanism constitutes a major goal of future experiments and the next major challenge for researchers in this field.

Moral Rules: Their Content and Acquisition

Abstract: L'auteur presente la litterature sur les jugements moraux (histoire, justice retributive, distributive, procedurale, comportement prosocial, developpement)

Mechanisms of seasonal cycles of behavior.

Abstract: Article synthese portant sur les bases physiologiques qui sous-entendent la detection et les reponses aux variations saisonnieres

Individual Psychotherapy: Process and Outcome

Abstract: Les auteurs discutent les tendances et les problemes de la psychotherapie individuelle et son application pour des desordres specifiques

Social and Community Intervention

Abstract: I highlight molar environmental variables linked to disorder and its prevention. Stressing the importance of including molar social events in psychological theories, I first briefly review epidemiological evidence linking environmental variables to both mortality and morbidity. Interventions to strengthen social resources can occur at a number of levels (community, organizational, interpersonal, and individual), but psychological theories, and ensuing interventions, rarely to beyond individual and interpersonal levels. The result is a limited understanding of the operation of the social forces that impinge upon behavior. In describing recent work in social intervention, I pay particular attention to limiting conditions

Counseling psychology: theory and research on interventions.

Abstract: Revue de synthese sur les developpements et les tendances actuelles de la psychologie du conseil