Journal ArticleDOI
The Atonia and Myoclonia of Active (REM) Sleep
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TLDR
Resolution of the precise location and mechanisms of interaction of the supraspinal inhibitory and excitatory motoneuron control mechanism constitutes a major goal of future experiments and the next major challenge for researchers in this field.Abstract:
Postsynaptic inhibition is a principal process responsible not only for the atonia of the somatic musculature during active sleep but also for the phasic episodes of decreased motoneuron excitability that accompany bursts of REMs during this state. These postsynaptic processes are dependent upon the presence of active sleep-specific IPSPs, which are apparently mediated by glycine. The phasic excitation of motoneurons during REM periods is due to excitatory postsynaptic potentials that, when present, encounter a motoneuron already subjected to enhanced postsynaptic inhibition. These EPSPs are mediated by a non-NMDA neurotransmitter. Thus, from the perspective of motoneurons, active sleep can be characterized as a state abundant in the availability of strikingly potent patterns of postsynaptic inhibition and, during REM periods, not only by enhanced postsynaptic excitation, but also by enhanced postsynaptic inhibition. The site of origin of these inhibitory and excitatory drives is, at present, less clearly defined. There is a consensus that the structure(s) from which the inhibitory drives emanate are located in the lower brainstem, with a cholinoceptive trigger zone situated in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum in or in the vicinity of the nucleus pontis oralis. We have suggested that from this cholinoceptive trigger zone there emanates an excitatory drive that directly, or through interneurons, excites a medullary are in or in the vicinity of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. Thus, a cascade of cholinoceptively activated excitatory activity proceeds to eventually activate inhibitory interneurons whose activation results in motoneuron inhibition and muscle atonia during active sleep. Resolution of the precise location and mechanisms of interaction of the supraspinal inhibitory and excitatory motoneuron control mechanism constitutes a major goal of future experiments and the next major challenge for researchers in this field.read more
Citations
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Control of Sleep and Wakefulness
TL;DR: Genetic studies suggest that brain mechanisms controlling waking and NREM sleep are strongly conserved throughout evolution, underscoring their enormous importance for brain function.
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Dreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states
TL;DR: A three-dimensional model with specific examples from normally and abnormally changing conscious states of REM sleep dreaming is presented, suggesting that there are isomorphisms between the phenomenology and the physiology of dreams.
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Sleep-Dependent Learning and Memory Consolidation
TL;DR: This review will provide evidence of sleep-dependent memory consolidation andSleep-dependent brain plasticity and is divided into five sections: an overview of sleep stages, memory categories, and the distinct stages of memory development.
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REM sleep behavior disorder: clinical, developmental, and neuroscience perspectives 16 years after its formal identification in SLEEP.
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The regulation of sleep and arousal: Development and psychopathology
TL;DR: In this article, the developmental psychobiology of sleep regulation is conceptualized within the context of close links to the control of arousal, affect, and attention, and the interactions among these systems are considered from an ontogenetic and evolutionary biological perspective.
References
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Book
Neuronal Activity During the Sleep-Waking Cycle
M. Steriade,J.A. Hobson +1 more
TL;DR: The reciprocal interaction hypothesis of desynchronized sleep control finds independent confirmation in a vast array of pharmacological data on sleep.
Journal ArticleDOI
Medullary regions mediating atonia
Yuan-Yang Lai,Jerome M. Siegel +1 more
TL;DR: 2 distinct zones within the classically defined medial medullary inhibitory area are found that the cholinoceptive dorsolateral pontine region, previously implicated in atonia control, can be activated by glutamate-sensitive non-NMDA receptors.
Journal Article
The neurophysiological mechanisms of the postrual and motor events during desynchronized sleep
Book
Microiontophoresis and pressure ejection
TL;DR: This book discusses the development of Electrode Assemblies for Microiontophoresis and Pressure Ejection Equipment, and their applications in the Ejection of Dyes and Other Markets.
Journal ArticleDOI
Alterations in membrane potential and excitability of cat medial pontine reticular formation neurons during changes in naturally occurring sleep-wake states.
TL;DR: Intracellular recordings of medial pontine reticular formation neurons in behaving cats show the following distinctive desynchronized sleep state characteristics: excitability is greater in D than in waking (W) or synchronized sleep (S) and in D there is a tonic depolarization that persists throughout the state and upon which are superimposed phasic runs of further depolarizations.