Showing papers in "Armed Forces & Society in 1997"
TL;DR: This paper examined the subjective experience and attitudes of Italian soldiers toward nontraditional military missions like peacekeeping, based on two surveys of Italian troops who served in peacekeeping missions to Albania and Somalia.
Abstract: This article examines the subjective experience and attitudes of Italian soldiers toward nontraditional military missions like peacekeeping, based on two surveys of Italian soldiers who served in peacekeeping missions to Albania and Somalia. It argues that the traditional "institutional/occupational" dichotomy is inadequate to explain the range of motivations of Italian peacekeepers. Instead, it offers a new typology of motivations-paleomodern, modern, and postmodern-to account for the observed data and shows how a variety of attitudes toward peacekeeping assignments varies by these motivational types. To conclude, it briefly considers the implications of these facts for military organization.
89 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a comparative study of the student populations of military academies is presented, and it is shown that the military culture in general is institutional and bureaucratic compared to the civilian sector.
Abstract: Internationalization is becoming a pervasive feature of military life. Therefore, empirical information on national cultural differences in the military sector is becoming increasingly relevant. One way to collect empirical data on this subject is to study value orientations of student officers in military academies. A comparative study based on this idea is reported in this article. The results indicate that national differences between the student populations of military academies are as large as in the civilian sector. At the same time it emerges that one international military culture exists. Compared to the civilian sector, this international military culture in general is institutional and bureaucratic. However, in some nations the military culture, as measured in academies, is far more bureaucratic and institutional than in others. The article ends with a discussion of managerial implications and suggestions for further research.
86 citations
TL;DR: For example, this article pointed out that military personnel presumably resist missions that diverge from their primary goal of fighting and winning wars, and little attention has been paid to reasons why they might accept or even benefit from such divergences.
Abstract: Military personnel presumably resist missions that diverge from their primary goal of fighting and winning wars. Little attention has been paid to reasons why they might accept or even benefit from...
64 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the concept of strategic peacekeeping is used to understand peace support operations situated at a midpoint in the spectrum between observation missions, classic peacekeeping, and peace.
Abstract: This article uses the concept of "strategic peacekeeping" to understand peace support operations situated at a midpoint in the spectrum between observation missions, classic peacekeeping, and peace...
57 citations
TL;DR: The Atoms for Peace program was a carefully designed and highly successful component of the basic defense and foreign policy stance of the Eisenhower administration as discussed by the authors, which can be seen as the rhetorical counterpart to the New Look doctrine.
Abstract: Dwight Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace program, far from being idealistic, propaganda for the sake of propaganda, or an inconsistent and contradictory part of arms control policy, was, instead, a carefully designed-and highly successful-component of the basic defense and foreign policy stance of the Eisenhower administration. As part of a coordinated campaign to achieve national security goals, Atoms for Peace can be seen as the rhetorical counterpart to the New Look doctrine. By diverting audience attention, paving the way for the nuclearization of NATO forces, and serving as the rationale for export of nuclear technologies, Atoms for Peace was a central component of the administration's national security strategy.
46 citations
TL;DR: The 28th six-month rotation of peacekeepers to the Sinai Multinational force and Observers (MFO) was an experiment to test the use of a composite force of reserve and active component soldiers for peacekeeping as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The 28th six-month rotation of peacekeepers to the Sinai Multinational force and Observers (MFO) was an experiment to test the use of a composite force of reserve and active component soldiers for peacekeeping. This article presents analyses of the attitudes of reserve soldiers who volunteered for this mission, based on three waves of surveys conducted before and during the deployment. We focus on three sets of attitudes that bear on the way citizen-soldiers are likely to play the role of peacekeeper: perceptions of the likelihood of American forces being deployed for a range of missions over the next decade; attitudes toward foreigners and foreign experiences that might affect adjustment to multinational military environments; and attitudes toward the peacekeeping role. Like earlier active duty soldiers who have served in the Sinai MFO, our respondents regarded operations other than war to be considerably more likely than high intensity warfare in the future. However, their estimates of the likelihood of...
35 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the extent to which military socialization at the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point prepares future officers cognitively for the changing security requirements of the post-Cold War world.
Abstract: This article examines the extent to which military socialization at the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point prepares future officers cognitively for the changing security requirements of the post-Cold War world. The increasing involvement of U.S. armed forces in operations other than war (OOTW) requires officers to shift with mounting frequency from warfighting to peacekeeping and back again as missions change. The article contends that the Army's readiness to serve the nation's interests in the future can best be ensured if officers are committed to both the military's traditional combat roles and to its many new noncombat functions. Using survey methods, the article examines the social, political, and professional attitudes and values of cadets at the USMA in order to measure the effects of military socialization on their level of commitment to the Army's post-Cold War roles.
32 citations
TL;DR: The authors argues that the decline in Africa's strategic importance has compelled Africans to take greater responsibility for the resolution of conflicts in their region, and to employ more severe strategies in dealing with these conflicts.
Abstract: The end of the Cold War altered the perspective of conflict resolution globally. One such alteration is the transformed nature of the tasks performed by the military in operations designed to control violent conflicts. Some of the most significant changes have occurred in Africa, where peacekeeping has escalated beyond traditionally accepted principle to include enforcement in a bid to control destructive internal conflicts (e.g., Liberia and Somalia). This article argues that the decline in Africa's strategic importance has compelled Africans to take greater responsibility for the resolution of conflicts in their region, and to employ more severe strategies in dealing with these conflicts. It also analyzes Africa's major peacekeeping operations, and contrasts the traditional peacekeeping strategy employed by the OAU force in Chad with the more severe strategy employed by ECOWAS in Liberia.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present some of their views and experiences and discuss these in relation to the role of peacekeepers in the 1990s in the UN mission in former Yugoslavia (UNPROFOR).
Abstract: In recent years there has been a development towards more complex forms of UN peacekeeeping. One example of this is the UN mission in former Yugoslavia (UNPROFOR), to which Sweden has contributed troops since 1992. A questionnaire study was conducted to gain information about the role of peacekeepers in this new kind of UN mission. The study includes data from four Swedish mechanized infantry battalions, which were deployed in Bosnia for six months each, from autumn 1993 to autumn 1995. The questionnaire was completed by a total of 3,505 persons in connection with the Swedish UN personnel demobilization procedures. This article presents some of their views and experiences and discusses these in relation to the role of peacekeepers in the 1990s.
28 citations
TL;DR: Many people, both in and out of the military, believe that military professionals are bound by a higher moral standard than the rest of us as discussed by the authors. What, exactly, might this mean? And do we have good reasons for thinking mili...
Abstract: Many people, both in and out of the military, believe that military professionals are bound by a higher moral standard. What, exactly, might this mean? And do we have good reasons for thinking mili...
16 citations
TL;DR: The potential and real contribution of the former revolutionary armies to the integration process is discussed, respectively, especially areas such as intellectuality in soldiering, what the author calls adaptational doctrines, peace operations, and the... as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: South Africa, following its protracted negotiation process before the adoption of the Interim Constitution (1994), embarked on the integration of its former adversarial military forces. The process was to continue under the new Constitution as adopted in 1996 (Act 108 of 1996). The South African National Defence Force (SANDF) was to consist of the South African Defence Force (SADF), the (semi) conventional military force of the Apartheid Regime, the so-called homeland-armies (referred to. by some as the "forgotten armies of the TBVC" states), and the armed wings of the ANC and PAC (Umkhonto we Sizwe [MK] and the Azanian People's Liberation Army [APLA]). This process of integration against the military history of South Africa is the subject of this article. The potential and real contribution of the former revolutionary armies to the integration process is discussed, respectively, especially areas such as intellectuality in soldiering, what the author calls adaptational doctrines, peace operations, and the...
TL;DR: In this article, a sociopolitical portrait of the Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA) is presented and the consequences of these trends are analyzed by examining the army's behavior and the discourse within the military.
Abstract: This article paints a sociopolitical portrait of the Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA). Institutional trends and the consequences are analyzed by examining the army's behavior and the discourse within the military. Rising corruption, the proliferation of patron-client relationships, the use of the military as a stepping stone to business and politics, and an increasingly "civilian" military justice system are all found to be symptomatic of the ZNA's increasingly occupational character. These trends are a result of both the economic environment of Zimbabwe and the ZNA's combat operations in Mozambique. The consequences of these trends, however, are mixed. While morale and preparedness have tended to suffer, overall performance has not been particularly negatively affected.
TL;DR: The refugee dilemma has moved to the center of world concern, and it occupies an important spot on national security agendas to augment its position on the global humanitarian agenda as discussed by the authors. But it is difficult to find solutions to the problem.
Abstract: The refugee dilemma has moved to the center of world concern, and it occupies an important spot on national security agendas to augment its position on the global humanitarian agenda. This article ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the extent of financial gains or losses of active component (AC) and reserve component (RC) soldiers who volunteered for the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) peacekeeping mission in the Sinai.
Abstract: This paper has two objectives. The first objective is to estimate the extent of financial gains or losses of Active Component (AC) and Reserve Component (RC) soldiers who volunteered for the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) peacekeeping mission in the Sinai. The second objective is to estimate the effect of this gain/loss on the soldiers' intention to remain in their respective component until retirement. Data for a population of approximately 500 volunteers were collected during their predeployment training and Sinai deployment phases. Results of these data revealed that, overall, soldiers experienced financial gains during the deployment phase. The average financial gain exceeded the average loss. Financial gains were especially high for the RC. Regression results for the deployment phase data revealed that the volunteers were more likely to say that they intend to stay in their respective component until retirement if they made financial gains during deployment and if they were satisfied with Ar...
TL;DR: The creation of new armies for new nations or the reform of old armies for modernizing states is often tied to the tale of one or two European or American officers, reformers of herculean proportio...
Abstract: The creation of new armies for new nations or the reform of old armies for modernizing states is often tied to the tale of one or two European or American officers, reformers of herculean proportio...
TL;DR: The authors examines the battle of Lake Erie, 10 September 1813, in light of unit cohesion criteria and concludes that while Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry and his captains created "vertical cohesion" (bonding between leaders and subordinates) within their respective crews, the self-identification of the value of intergroup cooperation between the various captains and their commodore was never fully actuated.
Abstract: While historians and social scientists emphasize the role of unit cohesion in battlefield success, they generally avoid the examination of how unit cohesion has been created. This article examines the battle of Lake Erie, 10 September 1813, in light of unit cohesion criteria. It concludes that while Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry and his captains created "vertical cohesion" (bonding between leaders and subordinates) within their respective crews, the self-identification of the value of intergroup cooperation between the various captains and their commodore was never fully actuated. Despite his faults, the article argues that Perry justifiably deserves the reputation of the creator of unit cohesion under difficult circumstances.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify essential Israeli preparations for conventional preemptive attacks against certain enemy hard targets and for enhanced conventional de-emphasis of the nuclear deterrence posture, and point out various ways in which Israel should strengthen its nuclear deterrent posture and how to not seek security beyond the protections afforded by this posture.
Abstract: Surrounded by still implacable enemies, some of which are rapidly developing chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons capabilities, Israel has now decided to base its very survival upon the unsteady foundations of nuclear deterrence. Although Jerusalem is taking ambitious steps to augment these fragile foundations with sophisticated active defenses (e.g., the "Arrow" ATBM), the Israeli deployment of antitactical ballistic missiles by the year 2000 will be inherently problematic. Moreover, the interim period of vulnerability will provide would-be aggressors with both an incentive and an opportunity to attack in the near term. With these facts in mind, this article points to various ways in which Israel should strengthen its nuclear deterrence posture and ways in which it should not seek security beyond the protections afforded by this posture. Thus, the argument identifies essential Israeli preparations for conventional preemptive attacks against certain enemy hard targets and for enhanced conventional de...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the rise of a civilian-inspired socialization and missionary movement in the British Army. But they do not discuss the role of women in this movement.
Abstract: This article recounts and analyzes the rise of a civilian-inspired socialization and missionary movement in the Victorian British army. Faced in 1860 with chronic alcohol abuse and resort to prosti...
TL;DR: Eisenhower's antifascist sentiments were first expressed nearly one and one-half years into the war in response to a specific incident as discussed by the authors, and his more basic ideological commitment, expressed throughout the war, was to voluntary self-restraint and obedience to duty, which he called the first tenet of his religion, as the foundation of social order.
Abstract: Eisenhower's antifascist sentiments were first expressed nearly one and one-half years into the war in response to a specific incident. His more basic ideological commitment, expressed throughout the war, was to voluntary self-restraint and obedience to duty, which he called the first tenet of his religion, as the foundation of social order. His apocalyptic view of the war was based on a dualism that pitted the selfish against the selfless. He saw the war largely as a spiritual struggle within the Allied camp between these two forces. Civilians as well as soldiers were exhorted to sacrifice personal interests for the sake of total mobilization, which meant exercising the virtue of selflessness. When he eventually expressed opposition to fascism, he interpreted fascism as a manifestation of selfishness and social disorder. This ideological foundation is vital for understanding Eisenhower's views and policies as president, including his attitude toward the military-industrial complex.