Showing papers in "Biodiversitas in 2009"

Extraction of coconut oil (Cocos nucifera L.) through fermentation system

Abstract: Coconut oil (Cocos nucifera L.) has a unique role in the diet as an important physiologically functional food. The health andnutritional benefits that can be derived from consuming coconut oil have been recognized in many parts of the world for centuries. There are few techniques for coconut oil extraction, such as physical, chemical, and fermentation or enzymaticprocesses using microbial inoculum as enzymatic starter. Starter with different concentration (1.0; 2.5; 5.0; and 10%) of microbial strains were added into coconut cream and allowed to be fermented for over night. The extracted oil was analyzed for further experiment, especially on its antibacterial activity. The maximum yield of 27.2% was achieved by adding 5.0% starter. Water content, acid value, FFA, and peroxide value of the fermented coconut oil were 0.3%, 0.45%, 0.22% and 2.54% respectively. A gas chromatogram showed that this fermented oil contained high lauric acid (46.82%), and 6.01% caprylic, 7.5% capric, 17.02% miristic, 7.21% palmitic, 3.11% palmitoleic, 5.41% stearic, and 1.3% linoleic acid, respectively. An inhibitory effect of such kind coconut oil which contains potential fatty acid against bacterial growth was further examined. It was found that this edible oil exhibited antibacterial activity to inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis,Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella; however it showed slightly inhibitory effect when it was exposed to Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli.Key words: coconut oil, inoculum, fermentation, lauric acid, antibacterial

Review: Current Advances in Gloriosa superba L.

Abstract: Gloriosa superba L. is an important medicinal plant of Asia and Africa. It is used in diseases, like cancer, gout, scrofula and act as antipyretic, antihelmintic, purgative and antiabortive. It is a source of colchicines and colchicocides, which are very costly, being highly demanded by pharma industries. Due to excessive use of the plant for diverse medicinal purposes the species is on the verge of extinction and included in Red Data Book. The strenuous efforts of botanists, biotechnologists, policy makers and conservationists are required. It is a matter of great concern to conserve this plant otherwise we will be loosing it by 2020.The present review is focused on current status of the genus, source of alkaloids, poisonous nature, the strategies for its conservation and future perspectives of G. superba.

Genetic Relationship of Sago Palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) in Indonesia Based on RAPD Markers

Abstract: The areas of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) forest and cultivation in the world were estimated two million hectares andpredicted 50% of that areas located in Indonesia. Distribution of sago palm areas in Indonesia is not evenly distributed as well as their diversities. Information of plant genetic diversities and genetic relationship is very important to be used for germplasm collection and conservation. The objectives of research were revealed the genetic relationships of sago palm in Indonesia based on RAPD molecular markers. Fragments amplification PCR products were separated on 1.7% agarose gel, fixation in Ethidium Bromide, and visualized by using Densitograph. Genetic relationships of sago palm in Indonesia showed that sample in individual level were inclined mixed among the other and just formed three groups. Genetic relationship of sago palm population showed that samples populations from Jayapura, Serui, Sorong, Pontianak, and Selat Panjang were closely related each others based on phylogenetic analysis and formed clustered in one group, event though inclined to be formed two subgroups. Populations from Manokwari, Bogor, Ambon and Palopo were closed related each others, they were in one group. Genetic relationships in the level of island were showed sago palm from Papua, Kalimantan, and Sumatra closely related. Sago palms from Maluku were closed related with sago palm from Sulawesi whereas sago palm from Java separated from the others. Based on this observation we proposed that Papua as centre of sago palm diversities and the origin of sago palm in Indonesia. This research informed us the best way to decide sago palm places for germplasm of sago palm conservation activity.Key words: genetic relationships, population, sago palm, RAPD, Indonesia

Phagocytosis Effectivity Test of Phenylbutenoid Compounds Isolated from Bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) Rhizome

Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the immunostimulant activity of several phenylbutenoid derivatives isolated frombangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb) rhizome: [1] [(E)-4-(3’,4’-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol], [2] [(E)-4-(2’,4’,5’ trimethoxyphenyl) but-3-en-1-ol] and [3] [(E)-4-(3’,4’,1-trimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol]. Immunostimulant activity was done by stimulating macrophage cells of mouse peritoneum. The result showed that [(E)-4-(3’,4’-dimethoxyphenyl)but 3-en-1-ol] compound had highest immunostimulant activity (99.0%) compared to compound 2 (93.7%) and 3 (80.0%).Key words: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb, immunostimulant, phenylbutenoid derivative, [(E)-4-(3’,4’-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol], [(E)-4-(2’,4’,5’-trimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol]and [(E)-4-(3’,4’,1-trimethoxy phenyl)but-3-en-1-ol

Reef Fish Status in Northern Acehnese Reef Based on Management Type

Abstract: The objectives of this study were to provide reliable data and information on reef fish in the northern Aceh region of Wehand Aceh islands based on management types. This research use underwater visual census techniques at 29 sites aroundWeh Island and Aceh Islands. Reef fish abundance in area that were protected under the management of Panglima Laot ofSabang Weh Island (32505 no.ha-1) and biomass (748 kg.ha-1) were also significantly higher than in Aceh Islands which is open access areas (abundance=9539 no.ha-1; biomass=396 kg.ha-1). Fish species from the family Pomacentridae (damsel fish) were highest in abundance and biomass at northern Acehnese reef. Population of carnivorous fish such as parrotfish (Family Scaridae) was low in all study sites which indicated that northern Acehnese reef is lack of reef resilience both in managed and open access area. Higher numbers and abundance of reef fish in marine managed areas, such as Panglima Laot in Sabang, could be considered for further conservation purpose of marine resources.Key words: Coral reef, reef fish, management type, northern Acehnese reef

Biodiversity of Endophytic Fungi Associated with Uncaria gambier Roxb. (Rubiaceae) from West Sumatra

Abstract: Endophytic fungi are specific microbes that live at a specific ecosystem in nature. Various endophytic fungi have been known posses an ability to produce a broad range of biologically active substances. Totally 53 endophytic filamentous fungi were isolated from leaves, stems, fruits and roots of the two plant varieties of Uncaria gambier Roxb. (Rubiaceae), i.e. gambir udang and gambir nasi. Morphological observation of 53 isolated endophytic filamentous fungi was further divide into two classes, Coelomycetes and Hypomycetes. Fifteen fungi isolates are unidentified due to lack of specific morphological characters. Morphologically identified fungi at genera level are: Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Diaporthe, Fusarium, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis, Phoma and Phomopsis. Chemotaxonomic analysis base on their TLC chromatogram patterns of the ethyl acetate extract are in agreement to morphological grouping.Key words: endophytic fungi, Uncaria gambier Roxb., morphological character, chemotaxonomy.

Potency of Lobak Leaves (Raphanus sativus L. var. hortensis Back) as Anticancer and Antimicrobial Candidates

Abstract: One of vegetables can preventive cancer and have been used traditionally to cure infection, such as lobak (Raphanus sativus L.). Ineffectiveness antibiotics against microbial infections were still problem until now. Types of antibiotics and anticancer agents from natural resources should be explored and developed. This study was aimed to know toxicity effect and antimicrobial activity of active fractions from lobak leaves. Toxicity study was conducted using Brine Shrimp LethalityTest (BST). Samples were prepared at the concentration of 100, 500, and 1000I¼g/mL. Antibacterial study against Staphylococcus aureus was conducted using agar-well diffusion method at concentration 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100%. Ethyl acetate fraction from methanol extract is the most active that had larger clear zone in S. aureus culture (10,64 mm) and insoluble ethyl acetate fraction from methanol extract is the most active against A. salina (84% death A. salina at 100 I¼g/mL). Bioactive compounds at active fraction were identified to contain polar compounds.Key words: Raphanus sativus L., BST, Staphylococcus aureus, active fraction

Some Notes on Biological Aspects of Captive Javan Warty Pig (Sus verrucosus)

Abstract: The Javan warty pig (Sus verrucosus) is an endemic pig to Java and Bawean Islands, while population on Madura Island is thought to be extinct. The problem in establishing ex-situ captive breeding is the lack of information on biology or physiology. A study on these aspects was conducted in 16 Javan warty pigs and 2 cadavers in Surabaya Zoo, Surabaya. Birth profile was evaluated and blood collections were conducted, as well as analysis on spermatozoa morphology. Data showed that blood parameters were not different among the age groups (juvenile and adult) or sex and within the range of Sus scrofa. Extreme values were only obtained from the palette with the female reaching 14.5 x 103/mm3, while adult male and juvenile pigs were 58-75 x 103/mm3. Diameter of both testicles with skin intake was 56.42 mm, with the length of left testicle being 83.29 mm and right testicle 78.88 mm. Javan warty pig spermatozoa had longer size for the head and tail lengths compared to average pigs sperms. Litter size was between two to four, with the average of 2.75 litters (SD 0.98). Low litter size in this species is something that has to be concerned from the conservation point of view, therefore a captive breeding population program needs to be considered.Key words: Javan warty pig, Sus verrucosus, blood parameters, sperm

The Association of Mycorrhizal with Terrestrial Orchid Root in Mt. Cycloops Nature Reserve, Jayapura

Abstract: Study on exploration of mycorrhizal association of terrestrial orchid of Cycloops Nature Reserve, Jayapura was done. Theaims of this study were to collect terrestrial orchid and to isolate orchid mycorrhiza associated with it. Survey method was used in this study. Isolation of orchid mycorrhiza was based on modified methods of Masuhara and Katsuya (1989). The result showed that there were 10 species of terrestrial orchid in this area. Eleven orchid mycorrhizal fungi were isolated from five terrestrial orchids. Among them, 6 isolates were associated with Geodorum sp. From the seventeen mycorrhizal fungi, 3 isolates were identified, namely Rhizoctonia sp., Tulasnella sp., and Ceratorhiza sp, while the last fourteen isolates have not been identified yet. Mostly, each isolate has a specific orchid host, except species G (sp. G) which associated with Phaius sp. and Plocoglottis sp.Key words: terrestrial orchid, orchid mycorrhiza, Mt. Cycloops Nature Reserve, Jayapura

Diversity and Abundance of Beetle (Coleoptera) Functional Groups in a Range of Land Use System in Jambi, Sumatra

Abstract: Degradation of tropical rain forest might exert impacts on biodiversity loss and affect the function and stability of the related ecosystems. The objective of this study was to study the impact of land use systems (LUS) on the diversity and abundance of beetle functional groups in Jambi area, Sumatra. This research was carried out during the rainy season (May-June) of 2004. Inventory and collection of beetles have been conducted using winkler method across six land use systems, i.e. primary forest, secondary forest, Imperata grassland, rubber plantation, oilpalm plantation, and cassava garden. The result showed that a total of 47 families and subfamilies of beetles was found in the study area, and they were classified into four major functional groups, i.e. herbivore, predator, scavenger, and fungivore. There were apparent changes in proportion, diversity, and abundance of beetle functional groups from forests to other land use systems. The bulk of beetle diversity and abundance appeared to converge in primary forest and secondary forest and predatory beetles were the most diverse and the most abundant of the four major functional groups.Key words: beetle, land use system, diversity, abundance, Sumatra.

Grazing Habitat of the Rusa Deer (Cervus timorensis) in the Upland Kebar, Manokwari

Abstract: The general objective of the study was to provide current information on grassland communities as deer habitat and itsfuture development plan for a sustainable forage management in upland Kebar, Papua. Quantitative estimation of forage production was carried out by measuring a biomass harvest in fresh weight bases, while occasional observations on ranging deer were done within habitat range with the aid of 7x50 binoculars verified by actual visitation of grazed area. The study indicated Kebar, as the only grazing area of deer varies in low layer vegetation composition that comprised of eleven grass species and five legume species. Imperata cylindrica, Paspalum conjugatum, Themeda arguens, Melinis minutiflora and Cyperus rotundus were identified as food plant of deer in Kebar. Among these species T. arguens, M. minutiflora, C. rotundus and I. cylindrica were the most preferred species consumed by deer. The biomass harvest (species productivity) was 30.36 kg/ha fresh weight, while deer food productivity in the grassland was slightly lower (26.70 kg/ha) than total productivity of the grassland. The major drainage area is Kasi River, but two other rivers across this valley (Api River, Apriri River) are also supply water to the swampy area.Key words: grazing, habitat, Rusa, Kebar, Manokwari.

The Effect of Crude Extract of Pandanus conoideus Lamb. var. Yellow Fruit on Apoptotic Expression of the Breast Cancer Cell Line (T47D)

Abstract: A mechanism controlling a growing cancer cells is by a programmed cell death (apoptosis). The wildtype-p53 enable to stop cleaves that follow DNA repair or cell death (apoptosis). The mutation of wt-p53 caused loosing its ability to inhibit cancer cells proliferation. Healing methods like surgery, radiation, immunotherapy and chemotherapy still have some weaknesses, and clinical medicine to cancer is also still has any dissatisfactory. Much of chemotherapy was not given optimal result yet, because no specific action to cancer cells only, but also to the normal cells. These problems encourage important effort to find specific and sensitive anticancer. Empirical evidence indicates that the crude extract of Pandanus conoideus Lamb var. yellow fruit has potential effect as an anticancer. Method of Freshney was used in growing T47D cell line, counting cells was done by direct counting, and apoptotic evaluation was done by TUNEL enzymatic labeling assay. The results of theresearch demonstrated that the LC50 of yellow fruit extract are 0.25 I¼L/mL. The percentage of apoptotic of 0.125 I¼L/mL,0.0625 I¼L/mL, and 0.03125 I¼L/mL are 34.38±2.26, 30.03±3.87 and 21.07±1.14 respectively.Key words: T47D, Apoptotic, p53, Pandanus conoideus Lamb. var. yellow fruit.

The Effect of Mulching Technology to Enhance the Diversity of Soil Macroinvertebrates in Sengon-based Agroforestry Systems

Abstract: Soil macroinvertebrate are strongly influenced by environmental factors. The change of agronomic technology may affect their role in maintaining soil fertility and crop production. The aim of this study was to know the effect of technology of mulching to enhance diversity of soil macroinvertebrate in sengon-based agroforestry system. Field experiment was arranged in randomized block design with treatment i.e. with and without organic matter mulching. Sweet potato used as tested intercrop. Collection of soil macroinvertebrate was carried out using a hand sorting and pit-fall trap methods. Result of the study showed that application of maize residue as mulch enhanced diversity index of surface and deep soil macroinvertebrate, i.e: 0.215 and 0.214 (by 44% and 73% respectively compared no mulching). Organic mulching technology can support diversity of beneficial soil macroinvertebrates.Key words: agroforestry, soil macroinvertebrates, sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria), mulching.

Biodiversity Study of Black Coral (Order: Antipatharia) Collected from Manado, Indonesia based on rDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Sequences Analysis

Abstract: Biodiversity of black coral (order Antipatharia) collected from the Bunaken Marine Park (Manado Sea, Indonesia) has been studied based on the sequence of the Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) region of rDNA gene. The results of the study showed that the 18 species of Antipatharia were considered to be separated in two family groups, family Myriopathidae and Antipathidae-Aphanipathida. A significant species-specific signal has been detected among the families of Antipathidae andAphanipathida. However, more studies-on different species were required to be clearly interpreted. The new species Pseudocirrhipathes mapia, the new genus Reticulopathes, and possibly a new taxon of the family Myriopathidae has beenrecognized based on ITS sequence data.Key words: biodiversity study, Manado, rDNA ITS, Antipatharia, black coral.

Ethnobotanical Study on the Genus Pandanus L. f. in Certain Areas in Java, Indonesia

Abstract: There were two species of Pandanus recorded in Java, Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. and Pandanus tectorius Sol. The leaf of P. tectorius is commonly harvested as source of handicraft materials, while P. amaryllifolius is for culinary aromatic purposes only. The pandan kunyit (P. tectorius Sol.) in Bangkalan and pandan jeksi (P. tectorius Sol. var. samak Werb.) in Kebumen (Central Java) are the best resource for plaiting industry. Prospect of Pandanus plaiting can rise the income of farmers in the village and rise foreign exchange depend on how to fulfill the best pandan and its processing. It is hoped the good relation between farmers and government to sustain and develop the pandan production.Key words: ethnobotany, Pandanus, uses, Java.

A Comparison on Biodiversity between Private Conservation and Wildlife Reserve Forests in Riau by using Macro-moths as an Indicator

Abstract: A study on biodiversity of the two forest management types, private conservation forest PT. A and wildlife reserve forest of Suaka Margasatwa Giam Siak Kecil, Riau by using a rapid assessment approach with macro-moths as an indicator wasconducted from 23 October to 6 November 2007. Four sample sites were established in Giam Siak Kecil Wildlife Reserve,whereas three sample sites were performed in private conservation forest PT. A. The results show that the diversity indexes based on Fisher’s I± of the private forest PT. A was higher than those of wildlife reserve forest Giam Siak Kecil, they were 67.98 and 47.86, respectively. The species composition of the two forests is different, pyralid moths dominate at Giam Siak Kecil. On the contrary, Geometrid moths dominate at private conservation forest PT. A. The results indicated that diversity index and species composition in Giam Siak Kecil is influenced by habitat changes and decrease on floral diversity due to illegal logging. Moreover, a low faunal similarity which is indicated by Jaccard’s index that is only 0.218 showed that thesamples represent significant different communities.Key words: biodiversity, conservation, macro-moths, Fisher’s I± index

Selection of Indonesia Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Genotype as Source of Beta-Carotene

Abstract: Fourteen genotypes of Indonesia cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) of two generations were evaluated for I²-carotene content. The I²-carotene content of tubers and leaves were determined by spectrophotometry method. Other parameterssuch as water and ash contents were also evaluated. Results showed that I²-carotene content of tubers of fourth generation(planted in 2006-2007) was higher than that of first generation (planted in 2002-2003), with the exception of Apuy, Iding andSarewen genotypes. I²-carotene content of tubers was lower than that in their leaves of fourth generation plants and that there was no correlation between both organs in terms of I²-carotene content of tubers and their leaves except for Tim-Tim 40 genotype. I²-carotene content of tubers in several genotypes i.e. Kalbar III (1.13 ppm), Local Muneng (1.03 ppm), Tim-Tim 29 (1.61 ppm) was higher than 1 ppm, and the highest value was found in Tim-Tim 40 (16.83 ppm) which was significantly different (5%) with other genotypes. Meanwhile the lowest content was found in Sarewen genotype as it could not be detected. Water and ash contents of the tubers were between 54 and 69% and between 0.20 and 0.79% respectively. As I²-carotene is the precursor of vitamin A, consuming high I²-carotene tubers are sufficient for daily requirements of vitamin A, although further study is needed.Key words: cassava, Manihot esculenta, genotype, selection, I²-carotene, tubers, leaves

Growth Rate of Acropora formosa Fragments that Transplanted on Artificial Substrate Made from Coral Rubble

Abstract: Coral reefs play an important physiological and ecological role in coastal ecosystems such as providing natural breakwatersthat protect shorelines and human settlements from waves and storm. Corals killed by tsunami, waves and storms are often degraded into rubble. This rubble is dynamic, easily shifted by currents and storms, which effectively forms ‘‘killing fields’’ forcoral juveniles, hindering coral recovery. In order to rehabilitate coral reefs, artificial substrates are used both for coral transplantation and recruitment. Unfortunately, most artificial substrates are expensive and use land-based material such asconcrete/cement-bases. In order to develop a new low-cost artificial substrate that can replace concrete/cement-base as amedia for coral transplantation, modified coral rubble was tested in a pilot study in Seribu Island, Jakarta. Two different nets (nylon and polyethylene) were used to form rubble into a compact shape, stable and strong substrate. The stability of therubble and the complexity of the surface which is created by the net make this substrate suitable for coral transplantation.Additionally, from an economic perspective the nets are very cheap and locally available. In a number of experiments,modified coral rubble successfully replaced the concrete /cement-base as a media for coral transplantation. The coral transplants were growing over time. With this method, we can try to rehabilitate the degraded coral reef destroyed by tsunami or other factors with material that already is available at the site and with less money. However, this approach requires testing at additional sites and for longer periods, to determine the replicability of the results.Key words: cement base, coral, rubble, transplantation

Comparison Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Indonesian Mangosteens (Garcinia mangostana L.) and Related Species by Means Isozymes and AFLP Markers

Abstract: Indonesia, and in order evaluate genetics diversity of mangosteen and their close relatives, we employed isoenzyme and AFLP marker on 13 accessions of mangosteen and their close relatives. Isoenzyme marker using four enzyme systemsproduced 25 bands and 88% out of them were polymorphic and elucidate genetic variability at similarity level ranged between 0.38-0.89. AFLP markers with three primer system produced 220 polymorphic bands and revealed genetic variability at similarity level ranged between 0.38-0.89 successfully produced high polymorphism bands and elucidates genetic variability at similarity coefficient ranged between 0.21-0.77. Both markers exhibited similar clustering pattern, and group successfully G. mangostana accessions in one clustering group. Furthermore G. malaccensis and G. porrecta consistently showed closer genetic relationship to G. mangostana clustering group in both markers, in comparison to G. hombroniana, which implies the assumption they may be the progenitor of G. mangostana, and should be reviewed with more accurate data.© 2009 Biodiversitas, Journal of Biological DiversityKey words: genetic diversity, mangosteen, isozymes, AFLP.

Cultivation Practices and Knowledge of Local Rice Varieties among Benuaq Farmers in Muara Lawa District West Kutai, East Kalimantan-Indonesia

Abstract: This research aim to study how Benuaq society around Muara Lawa District, manage agriculture system and internal knowledge about rice varieties. This research use ethnobotanical approach: collecting ethnobotanical data of rice varieties and traditional system of swidden cultivation. Data was obtained by using direct participatory technique by interviewing the people (key informants) about their practice and perception. The interviews were unstructured open-ended discussion onknowledge and farming activities including about diversity in rice varieties. Subsequently, quantitative data from questionnaires was combined with depth-interview data from key informants. The Benuaq indigenous systems, practices, and cultivation preferences held by the Benuaq are guarded toward maintaining their rice diversity. The Benuaq systems of upland rice cultivation, site selection for umaq establishment, plant species for fertility indicator, and cultivation of wide ranges of upland rice varieties indicate their sophisticate knowledge in agriculture. Unfortunately there has been degradation in the indigenous knowledge among the young Benuaqs.Key words: Benuaq, ethnobotanical, indigenous, upland rice.

Characterization and Purification a Specific Xylanase Showing Arabinofuranosidase Activity from Streptomyces spp. 234P-16

Abstract: Streptomyces spp 234P-16 producing xylanase was isolated from soil sample from Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Crude enzyme (produced by centrifuging the culture at 14000 rpm for about 5 minutes) and purified xylanase have an optimum condition at pH 5 and 90 o

The Effect of Seed Maturity, Temperature and Storage Period on Vigor of Picrasma javanica Bl. Seedling

Abstract: A study on the effect of seed maturity, temperature and period of storage on vigor of Picrasma javanica Bl. seedling was conducted at the Macropropagation Laboratory, Research Centre of Biology, LIPI, Cibinong, from March to September 2008. The research was arranged using Randomized Block Design with 3 factors and 3 replications, in which each replication had 20 samples. The first factor was stage of seed maturation with 2 levels i.e. pre-mature and mature stage; the second factor was storage temperature with 3 levels i.e. ambient temperature (28±1ÂoC), 20ÂoC and 5ÂoC; and the third factor was storage period with 4 levels i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3 months. The result showed that the germination time of Picrasma javanica seed was varies between 11-23 days. The mature seeds had better growth as compared to pre-mature seeds. Storage on the ambient temperature (28±1ÂoC) caused decrease of seed vigor, so is not suggested to seeds store in the ambient temperature. The storage under lower temperature (5ÂoC and 20ÂoC) was able to maintain seed vigor until 3 months storage.Key words: seeds maturity, temperature, storage period, vigor, Picrasma javanica Bl. seed.

Stomata Diversification and Phylogenenetic Analysis of 13 Species of Family Euphorbiaceae sensu lato

Abstract: Investigation on diversity of stomata from 13 species of family Euphorbiaceae has been carried out. Characters like type of stomata, position of stomata, presence/absence of ledge, and density both abaxial and adaxial leaf surface were examined.Stomata characters in the family were found quite diverse in this study. Monophyletic nature of Euphorbiaceae has been proved in this study on the basis of phylogenetic analysis using parsimoni method. Our data further suggested that the family can be classified into two major groups. However, surprisingly, genus Phyllanthus is non-monophyletic.Key words: diversity, Euphorbiaceae, phylogenetic analysis, stomata.

Population Dynamics of Banteng, Buffalo and Deer in Bekol Savannah, Baluran National Park

Abstract: Baluran National Park give contribution at regional development to draw tourist and fascination provided is savannah in area. Savannah circumstance, forest, landscape, climate, vegetation and wild animal is represent experienced attraction. Research method use population dynamics perception of banteng, buffalo and deer in savannah of Bekol year 2004 and year 2005 as primary data, while secondary data year population dynamics 2003, 2004, and year 2005 outside savannah of Bekol, year population dynamics 2003 in savannah of Bekol. Secondary data obtained from daily report of Controller ecosystem Forest Worker animal discovery Baluran National Park from Section Bekol. Research location of outside savannah Bekol were Balanan, Perengan, Bitakol, Karangtekok, Pandean, Pondok jaran, Bama, Curah uling, Gunung Montor, Lempuyang, Bilik, Batangan, Labuhan Merak, Kramat, Semiang, Sirokoh, Lemah bang, Gunung Krasak, and Glengseran. The populations of banteng and buffalo in the savannah were unstable compared to the populations of them outside Bekol savannah. The populations of banteng and buffalo in Bekol savannah decreased, whereas the populations of them outside the Bekol savannah increased. The population of deer in Bekol savannah in 2004 was better than population of 2003, 2005, and 2006, whereas the population of deer outside Bekol savannah in 2006 increase significantly. The populations of banteng, buffalo, and deer decreased from year to year, in which the reductions of banteng and buffalo populations were obviously significant. © 2009 Biodiversitas, Journals of Biological Diversity

Characterizing Social Interactions and Grouping Patterns of Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii) in the Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra

Abstract: The character of social interactions and grouping patterns of Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii) have been studied in Ketambe research station of the Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra. A total number of 141 groupings and 47 incidences of interactive behavior were observed during the course of study. The character of groups (feeding group or travel-band) and the type of food trees (fig tree or fruit tree) appear to influence the interactive behavior of individual orangutans. Intolerance behavior has been characterized by feeding group in large fig trees, whereas tolerance and sexual behavior were shown mostly in travel-band.Key words: feeding group, travel-band, social interaction, Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii.

Forest Dynamics of Peat Swamp Forest in Sebangau, Central Kalimantan

Abstract: plots. The plots were set up in natural peat swamp forest in the upper catchments of Sebangau, Central Kalimantan. Aim of the study is to understand the dynamics and vegetation changes of forest studied during period of study. The peat swamp forest in the study site might be categorized as moderately forest dynamic in term of rate of growth, mortality and recruitment. Annual relative growth rate and mortality rate was comparable to previous study but recruitment rate relatively higher. There was significant effect of diameter class on annual growth rate, but not to mortality rate. Even not too strong two environment factors (peat depth and distance to river) were significant correlated with rate of mortality and recruitment. During two-year period study there was no significant changes in vegetation structure.Key words: Central Kalimantan, dynamic, growth, mortality, peat swamp forest, recruitment, Sebangau.

Functional Importance of Seed Weight on the Seedling Establishment of Syzygium bankense (Hassk.) Merr. & L.M. Perry and Quercus gemelliflora Blume

Abstract: Seedling is the first and prominent phase of plant development. Seedling performance can be determined by seed and itsembedded characteristics, among them is seed weight. In this study we would like to see how seed weight within species affect seedling establishment. The hypotheses tested were that heavier seed is regarded advantageous compared to lighterseed by functionally produce more competitive seedlings for better growth. Heavier seeds indeed resulted in higher shootlength than lighter seeds. The same pattern was also pronounced for the correlation between seed weight and shoot length of Syzygium bankense and Quercus gemelliflora. There was also a significant positive correlation between seed size andnumber of leaf within species.Key words: seed weight, Syzygium bankense, Quercus gemelliflora, seedling establishment, germination

Population and Microhabitat Characteristic of Homalomena bellula Schott in Mount Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract: The population and habitat characteristics of Homalomena bellula Schott in Java have received little attention. In this present study, the authors estimated the population density and habitat characteristic of H. bellula in Mount Slamet, Central Java, by means of random samplings of 2 x 2 m2 plots. Two distinct populations were studied at two different altitude levels, i.e. below and above 1000 m asl. We used to suspect that there was a difference in both populations. But our result revealed that these two populations were actually similar in abundance, population density, and dispersion pattern and even in microhabitat characteristics.

Primer Screening for Dyera costulata (Miq) Hook.f Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analyses

Abstract: Dyera costulata (Miq.) Hook.f (Apocynaceae) is a large tree of the lowland tropical rain forest of Southeast Asia, Thailand, Malay Peninsula and Indonesia, especially in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Borneo) islands. Its economic value was in its copious latex, used as gum in the manufacture of chewing gum. Today the timber of this species is much sought after for the manufacture of pencils and picture frames. Information on genetic diversity of the species is very limited. Hence studieswere initiated to screen primers for RAPD analyses of Dyera costulata for use in genetic variation studies. Seventy one Operon primers (10 mer) were used to generate a total of 864 consistent and ambiguous amplification products ranging from 200 bp to 2.0 kb. Rare and genotype specific bands were identified which could be effectively used to distinguish the genotypes. 34 highly polymorphic primers (100%) are recorded from 71 primers used. Three primers (OPA-04, OPU-06, and OPU-07) produced highest variable RAPD profiles. The dendrogram separated the 8 genotypes into 2 groups. Geneticdissimilarity ranged from 0.07 to 0.71 %.Key words: Dyera costulata, jelutong, primer screening, RAPD.