Showing papers in "Canadian Journal of Plant Science in 2011"
TL;DR: Rebaudioside-A is of particular interest among the glycosides produced in the leaves of stevia because of the most desirable flavour profile, while, stevioside is responsible for aftertaste bitterness.
Abstract: Yadav, A. K., Singh, S., Dhyani, D. and Ahuja, P. S. 2011. A review on the improvement of Stevia [Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni)]. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 1–27. Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) is a herbaceous perennial plant (2n=22) of genus Stevia Cav., which consists of approximately 230 species of herbaceous, shrub and sub-shrub plants. Leaves of stevia produce diterpene glycosides (stevioside and rebaudiosides), non-nutritive, non-toxic, high-potency sweeteners and may substitute sucrose as well as other synthetic sweetners, being 300 times sweeter than sucrose. In addition to its sweetening property, it has medicinal values and uses. Stevia is self-incompatible plant and the pollination behaviour is entomophilous. Rebaudioside-A is of particular interest among the glycosides produced in the leaves of stevia because of the most desirable flavour profile, while, stevioside is responsible for aftertaste bitterness. Development of new varieties of S. rebaudiana with a higher content of rebaudioside-A and a reduc...
285 citations
TL;DR: A multi-site field study was conducted to determine the oil yield potential of various crops relative to that of napus canola in the semi-arid, short-season environment of the Canadian prairies, and crop emergence and growth were generally good for all crops.
Abstract: Blackshaw, R. E., Johnson, E. N., Gan, Y., May, W. E., McAndrew, D. W., Barthet, V., McDonald, T. and Wispinski, D. 2011. Alternative oilseed crops for biodiesel feedstock on the Canadian prairies. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 889–896. Increased demand for biodiesel feedstock has encouraged greater napus canola (Brassica napus L.) production, but there may be a need for greater production of other oilseed crops for this purpose. A multi-site field study was conducted to determine the oil yield potential of various crops relative to that of napus canola in the semi-arid, short-season environment of the Canadian prairies. Oilseed crops evaluated included rapa canola (Brassica rapa L.), juncea canola (Brassica juncea L.), Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata L.), oriental mustard (Brassica juncea L.), yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.), camelina (Camelina sativa L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Max.]. Crop emergence and growth were generally good for all crops, but soybean did not fu...
113 citations
TL;DR: This paper demonstrates the use of observed and latent variable structural equation models using a multi-site multi-year field trial examining the effects of seed size and seedingdensity on the plant density and yield of oat in Saskatchewan and shows that seeding density has strong effects on plant and panicle density, but has very limited impact on plant density.
Abstract: Lamb, E. G., Shirtliffe, S. J. and May, W. E. 2011. Structural equation modeling in the plant sciences: An example using yield components in oat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 603–619. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a powerful statistical approach for the analysis of complex intercorrelated data with a wide range of potential applications in the plant sciences. In this paper we introduce plant scientists to the principles and practice of SEM using as an example an agronomic field trial. We briefly review the history of SEM and path analysis and introduce the statistical concepts underlying SEM. We demonstrate the use of observed and latent variable structural equation models using a multi-site multi-year field trial examining the effects of seed size and seeding density on the plant density and yield of oat in Saskatchewan. Using SEM allowed for insights that a standard univariate analysis would not have revealed. We show that seeding density has strong effects on plant and panicle density, but has very l...
86 citations
TL;DR: Dalea purpurea, a native legume, had the highest mean CT concentration, with minimum and maximum values ranging from 37.9 to 92.9 g kg−1 DM, in the study of condensed tannin concentrations of forage legume species grown in western Canada.
Abstract: Berard, N. C., Wang, Y., Wittenberg, K. M., Krause, D. O., Coulman, B. E., McAllister, T. A. and Ominski, K. H. 2011. Condensed tannin concentrations found in vegetative and mature forage legumes grown in western Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 669–675. There has been limited effort to examine condensed tannin (CT) concentrations of forage legume species grown in western Canada. Using the butanol-HCl technique, extractable CT concentrations were measured in Trifolium hybridum L., T. ambiguum M. Bieb, T. pratense L., T. repens L., Dalea purpurea Vent., Onobrychis viciifolia Scop., Lotus corniculatus L., Medicago sativa L., and Astragalus cicer L. collected from research and variety trial plots across the Canadian prairies. Above ground plant biomass was harvested at the vegetative and mature physiological stages for two growing seasons. Dalea purpurea, a native legume, had the highest mean CT concentration of 68.6±22.6 g kg−1 DM, with minimum and maximum values ranging from 37.9 to 92.9 g kg−1 DM. Onobrychi...
65 citations
TL;DR: The effect of inoculum density was studied by diluting heavily infested field soil with pathogen-free soil-less potting mix at seven increments, ranging from completely pathogen free to 100% infested soil, and also by incorporating resting spores into the soil- less mix at concentrations of 1×105 to 1×108 spores cm−3, along with a non-inoculated control.
Abstract: Hwang, S. F., Ahmed, H. U., Strelkov, S. E., Gossen, B. D., Turnbull, G. D., Peng, G. and Howard, R. J. 2011. Seedling age and inoculum density affect clubroot severity and seed yield in canola. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 183–190. Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a serious threat to canola (Brassica napus, B. rapa) production in western Canada because of its long-lived resting spores, high spore production potential, and negative impact on seed yield when inoculum pressure is high. The effect of inoculum density was studied by diluting heavily infested field soil with pathogen-free soil-less potting mix at seven increments, ranging from completely pathogen-free to 100% infested soil, and also by incorporating resting spores into the soil-less mix at concentrations of 1×105 to 1×108 spores cm−3, along with a non-inoculated control. Seed of the susceptible canola cultivar 34 SS 65 was planted in soil of each treatment, grown to maturity, and rated for plant height, seed yield, and clubroot sever...
59 citations
TL;DR: Winter pea had 15–33 kg ha−1 greater shoot N content (at pod stage only), contributed 14–20 kg ha −1 greater soil NO3-N, used 26–31 mm less soil water, and increased winter wheat grain yield by 13–39% and protein by 1.5 percentage units (2007 only), compared with spring p...
Abstract: Miller, P. R., Lighthiser, E. J., Jones, C. A., Holmes, J. A., Rick, T. L. and Wraith, J. M. 2011. Pea green manure management affects organic winter wheat yield and quality in semiarid Montana. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 497–508. Organic farmers in semiarid Montana desire green manures that supply sufficient soil nitrate-N (NO3-N) to subsequent crops with minimal soil water depletion. Spring and winter pea (Pisum sativum L.) green manures were compared at the bloom and pod stages for soil NO3-N contribution and water use, and subsequent winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield and quality in a long-term organic farm in northern Montana. Winter wheat was managed with three additional variables (cultivar, row spacing, and seeding rate). Winter pea had 15–33 kg ha−1 greater shoot N content (at pod stage only), contributed 14–20 kg ha−1 greater soil NO3-N, used 26–31 mm less soil water, and increased winter wheat grain yield by 13–39% and protein by 1.5 percentage units (2007 only), compared with spring p...
56 citations
TL;DR: Carberry expressed improved resistance to fusarium head blight relative to the checks, resistance to prevalent races of leaf rust, stem rust, common bunt, and moderate resistance to...
Abstract: DePauw, R. M., Knox, R. E., McCaig, T. N., Clarke, F. R. and Clarke, J. M. 2011. Carberryhard red spring wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 529–534. On average, over 36 replicated trials over 3 yr, Carberry, a doubled haploid hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), expressed significantly higher grain yield than all checks except Superb. Wheat and flour protein concentrations were greater than Superb. Carberry matured significantly later than AC Barrie, Katepwa, and Lillian. Carberry was significantly shorter than all of the checks and was significantly more resistant to lodging than Katepwa, Laura and Lillian. Carberry had significantly higher test weight than all of the checks, intermediate kernel weight relative to the checks, and meets the end-use quality specifications of the Canada Western Red Spring wheat market class. Carberry expressed improved resistance to fusarium head blight relative to the checks, resistance to prevalent races of leaf rust, stem rust, common bunt, and moderate resistance to...
55 citations
TL;DR: Martens et al. as discussed by the authors focused on the role of livestock in utilizing traditional and novel green manure crops adapted to the Canadian prairies and discussed the suitability to grazing management by different livestock species.
Abstract: Thiessen Martens, J. R. and Entz, M. H. 2011. Integrating green manure and grazing systems: A review. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 811–824. Green manuring, also referred to as cover cropping, is an ancient practice that is gaining popularity, especially in ecologically integrated farming systems. Much green manure research in Canada has focused on legumes, where green manure plant material is incorporated into soil. This review focuses on the role of livestock in utilizing traditional and novel green manure crops adapted to the Canadian prairies. Legume and non-legume green manure plant species are discussed in terms of suitability to grazing management by different livestock species. Integrating grazing livestock into green manure systems affects nutrient cycling and potential nitrogen (N) loss pathways. However, losses may not be substantially different from other production systems, especially when loss mitigation practices are employed. Grazing green manures may also affect soil biological and physical prop...
50 citations
TL;DR: An ancestral wild tetraploid wheat carrying the allele Gpc-B1, which is associated with increased Fe, Zn, and protein concentrations in grain, was cloned using a positional cloning method to enhance micronutrient concentrations in wheat grain.
Abstract: Xu, Y., An, D., Li, H. and Xu, H. 2011. Review: Breeding wheat for enhanced micronutrients. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 231–237. Low concentrations or deficiencies of bioavailable iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and other essential micronutrients in human food afflict a large proportion of the world's population. Plant biofortification, to improve the mineral concentrations in the edible portions of crop plants by conventional breeding or modern transgenic approaches, is regarded as the most economical and sustainable strategy. Many researchers have demonstrated that there are significant differences in grain mineral element concentrations among wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its relatives. Compared with cultivated wheat, wild wheats are potential genetic resources for enhancing micronutrient in wheat grain. An ancestral wild tetraploid wheat (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) carrying the allele Gpc-B1, which is associated with increased Fe, Zn, and protein concentrations in grain, was cloned using a positional cloning st...
50 citations
TL;DR: Assessment of bait crops to reduce inoculum of clubroot of canola found resting spore populations were often slightly reduced following two cycles of cruciferous crops relative to non-cruciferous host crops and non-host crops (barley, wheat).
Abstract: Ahmed, H. U., Hwang, S. F., Strelkov, S. E., Gossen, B. D., Peng, G., Howard, R. J. and Turnbull, G. D. 2011. Assessment of bait crops to reduce inoculum of clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) of canola. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 545–551. Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a serious threat to canola (Brassica napus, B. rapa) production in western Canada because of its long-lived resting spores, high spore production potential, and negative impact on seed yield when inoculum concentrations are high. The impact of bait crops on soil resting spore populations and subsequent clubroot severity was studied in replicated trials under greenhouse and field conditions. Resting spore populations were often slightly reduced following two cycles of cruciferous crops (canola or Chinese cabbage) relative to non-cruciferous host crops (red clover, perennial ryegrass, orchardgrass, bentgrass) and non-host crops (barley, wheat). Subsequent clubroot severity showed a similar trend, but the impact was generally sm...
49 citations
TL;DR: Hangs et al. as discussed by the authors compared the relative salt tolerance of 37 different native and exotic willow varieties grown under controlled environment conditions on soils of varying salinity, and found that willows have better salt tolerance than other willows.
Abstract: Hangs, R. D., Schoenau, J. J., Van Rees, K. C. J. and Steppuhn, H. 2011. Examining the salt tolerance of willow (Salix spp.) bioenergy species for use on salt-affected agricultural lands. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 509–517. Dryland salinity is a significant limitation on crop production across the Canadian prairies, with an estimated 4 million ha of salt-affected land. The potential exists to make better use of saline marginal lands by developing them into willow (Salix spp.) plantations as a bioenergy feedstock; however, relatively little is known about the salt tolerance of willow. The objective of this study was to compare the relative salt tolerance of 37 different native and exotic willow varieties grown under controlled environment conditions on soils of varying salinity. The soils were collected from a farm field in south-central Saskatchewan along a hillslope catena influenced by saline seep salinity, containing high concentrations of sulfate salts, which commonly occurs within western Canada. Most wi...
TL;DR: The lack of a significant correlation between RFO and other quality traits indicates that selection for low RFO concentration may not affect other important quality traits in lentil seeds.
Abstract: Tahir, M., Lindeboom, N., Baga, M., Vandenberg, A. and Chibbar, R. N. 2011. Composition and correlation between major seed constituents in selected lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik.) genotypes. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 825–835. Development of lentil cultivars with increased seed amylose, protein and reduced concentration of anti-nutritional constituents are desired from the perspectives of lentil utilization and human health. In selected lentil genotypes, we studied seed weight, seed coat weight and color, seed composition and the association between major quality traits. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) variation existed for all traits except seed coat weight. The starch and protein concentrations ranged from 39.4 to 45.3 g and from 23.8 to 29.3 g 100 g−1 flour DM whereas the amylose concentration ranged from 29.8 to 34.0 g 100 g−1 starch. Glucose, sucrose and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) concentrations of lentil genotypes ranged from 0.04 to 0.08 g, from 0.7 to 2.4 g, and from 4.6 to 6.6 mmoles 100 g−1 flou...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Both prevalence, defined as the presence of the disease in a field and isolation frequency of the various pathogens from diseased leaf tissue appeared higher in eastern than western Manitoba, and conditions were warmer and wetter in the eastern region.
Abstract: Leaf spot diseases were monitored in 248 conventional and conservation till fields in southeastern and southwestern Manitoba from 1993 to 1997. Environmental variables for the two regions, and inform ation on the previous crop in each field were obtained. The pathogens commonly isolated from leaf tissue were Phaeosphaeria nodorum, Mycosphaerella graminicola, Pyrenophora tritici-repentisand Cochliobolus sativus. Isolations of P. nodorumand M. graminicolawere significantly higher in conventional than in conservation till fields; the reverse was true for P. tritici-repentis. Both prevalence, defined as the presence of the disease in a field, and isolation frequency of the various pathogens from diseased leaf tissue appeared higher in eastern than western Manitoba. Conditions were warmer and wetter in the eastern region. More M. graminicolawas isolated from fields of hard red spring wheat compared with durum and more P. tritici-repentisfrom durum than hard red spring wheat. Phaeosphaeria nodorumand C. sativus...
TL;DR: The objective of this study was to investigate the usefulness of resistance of Mendel for the development of clubroot-resistant canola cultivars for the Canadian prairies.
Abstract: Rahman, H., Shakir, A. and Hasan, M. J. 2011. Breeding for clubroot resistant spring canola (Brassica napus L.) for the Canadian prairies: Can the European winter canola cv. Mendel be used as a source of resistance? Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 447–458. Canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars resistant to clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, are desired by the Canadian canola growers. Different genotypes of its two parental species B.rapa and B. olaeacea carry resistance to this disease. Furthermore, the European winter canola cultivar Mendel, which was bred through introgression of resistance from its parental species, also carries resistance to P.brassicae pathotypes prevelent in Europe. The objective of this study was to investigate the usefulness of resistance of Mendel for the development of clubroot-resistant canola cultivars for the Canadian prairies. For this, crosses between Mendel and two Canadian spring canola lines were made and pedigree breeding was followed. Plants with spring growth...
TL;DR: To evaluate the performance of introduced germplasm for its adaptability to selected Canadian prairie agroecosystems, and to benchmark both introduced and registered triticale lines against hard red spring wheat, 30 genotypes were grown in three environments for 3 yr.
Abstract: Goyal A., Beres, B. L., Randhawa, H. S., Navabi, A., Salmon, D. F. and Eudes, F. 2011. Yield stability analysis of broadly adaptive triticale germplasm in southern and central Alberta, Canada for industrial end-use suitability. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 125–135. Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) is a cereal crop with high grain yield and biomass potential, which are traits desired in biorefinery processes that currently utilize wheat (Triticum aestivum). This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of introduced germplasm for its adaptability to selected Canadian prairie agroecosystems, and to benchmark both introduced and registered triticale lines against hard red spring wheat. To investigate the genotype×environment interaction effects on the performance of triticale genotypes, 30 genotypes (27 triticale; 3 hard red spring wheat) were grown in three environments for 3 yr (2005–2007) in southern and central Alberta, Canada. Variance due to genotypes, years, locations, and their interactions were ...
TL;DR: Campbell et al. as mentioned in this paper analyzed the agronomic data from a 50-yr crop rotation experiment being conducted on a fine-textured, thin Black Chernozem at Indian Head, Saskatchewan in Canada.
Abstract: Campbell, C. A., Lafond, G. P., VandenBygaart, A. J., Zentner, R. P., Lemke, R., May, W. E. and Holzapfel, C. B. 2011. Effect of crop rotation, fertilizer and tillage management on spring wheat grain yield and N and P content in a thin Black Chernozem: A long-term study. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 467–483. We analyzed the agronomic data from a 50-yr crop rotation experiment being conducted on a fine-textured, thin Black Chernozem at Indian Head, Saskatchewan in Canada. Our objective was to determine how a change from conventional-till to no-till, together with an increase in N fertilizer rates recommended by the Saskatchewan Soil Testing Laboratory has affected wheat yields and N and P balance in the systems over the past 20 yr. The treatments assessed were fertilized (N+P) and unfertilized fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (F-W), F-W-W, and continuous wheat (ContW), and unfertilized legume green manure (LGM)-W-W and F-W-W-brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.)/alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay (H)-H-H. On average, N...
TL;DR: A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of field pea, derived from crosses between a resistant cultivar Carman and a susceptible cultivar Reward, was evaluated to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling resistance to Fusarium root rot.
Abstract: Feng, J., Hwang, R., Chang, K. F., Conner, R. L., Hwang, S. F., Strelkov, S. E., Gossen, B. D., McLaren, D. L. and Xue, A. G. 2011. Identification of microsatellite markers linked to quantitative trait loci controlling resistance to Fusarium root rot in field pea. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 199–204. Fusarium root rot, caused by Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. f. sp. pisi (F. R. Jones) W. C. Snyder & H. N. Hans, is the most common root disease of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) in western Canada. In this study, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (n=71) of field pea, derived from crosses between a resistant cultivar Carman, and a susceptible cultivar Reward, was evaluated to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling resistance to Fusarium root rot. The parental genotypes and RILs were evaluated for resistance to root rot following inoculation with F. solani in field experiments during 2007 and 2008. The frequency distribution of disease severities among the RILs was continuous. Transgressive segrega...
TL;DR: Yellow seed in Brassica species is associated with seed that has higher oil and protein content and lower fiber content, so plant breeders around the world have been attempting to develop yellow seeded B. napus genotypes using crosses involving naturally occurr...
Abstract: Rahman, M. and McVetty, P. B. E. 2011. A review of Brassica seed color. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 437–446. Canola oil has excellent fatty acid composition and low saturated fat levels, and canola meal has protein with excellent amino acid composition. Canola seed quality can be further improved by the development of higher oil, higher protein and lower fiber content germplasm through the development of yellow seeded lines. While there is no naturally occurring yellow seeded B. napus, yellow seeded mutants that have arisen in nature can be readily indentified in Brassica rapa, B. juncea and B. carinata species. Brassica napus is widely cultivated in Asia, Australia, Europe and North America. Yellow seed in Brassica species is associated with seed that has higher oil and protein content and lower fiber content. Because of these seed quality advantages of yellow seeded lines, plant breeders around the world have been attempting to develop yellow seeded B. napus genotypes using crosses involving naturally occurr...
TL;DR: Although automation of micropropagation in bioreactors has been advanced as a possible way of reducing propagation cost, optimal plant production depends upon better understanding of physiological and biochemical responses of plant to the signals of culture microenvironment and an optimization of specific physical and chemical culture conditions to control the morphogenesis of berry plants in liquid culture systems.
Abstract: Debnath, S. C. 2011. Bioreactors and molecular analysis in berry crop micropropagation – A review. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 147–157. While berry fruits have long enjoyed huge popularity among consumers, tremendous progress in plant tissue culture, resulting in great advances in micropropagation, has occurred. Of particular significance has been the evolution of the technology permitting multiplication of berry plants in bioreactors containing liquid media. Although automation of micropropagation in bioreactors has been advanced as a possible way of reducing propagation cost, optimal plant production depends upon better understanding of physiological and biochemical responses of plant to the signals of culture microenvironment and an optimization of specific physical and chemical culture conditions to control the morphogenesis of berry plants in liquid culture systems. Clonal fidelity can be a serious problem, and molecular strategies have been developed in order to reduce the variation to manageable levels....
TL;DR: An irrigated field experiment was conducted at two locations in southern Alberta for 4 yr to compare the impact of seeding date and rate on productivity and quality of nine cereal crops and two oilseed crops.
Abstract: McKenzie, R. H., Bremer, E., Middleton, A. B., Pfiffner, P. G. and Woods, S. A. 2011. Optimum seeding date and rate for irrigated cereal and oilseed crops in southern Alberta. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 293–303. High crop productivity is essential for irrigated crops and may be strongly affected by decisions of seeding date and rate. An irrigated field experiment was conducted at two locations in southern Alberta for 4 yr to compare the impact of seeding date and rate on productivity and quality of nine cereal crops and two oilseed crops. Seeding rate was only evaluated on one date in late April or early May, when maximum yields were expected. Delayed seeding reduced crop yields by 0.6 to 1.7% per day after the end of April: flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) ≤ CWRS wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), feed triticale (×Triticosecale W.) ≤ CPS or SWS wheat ≤ triticale or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) silage ≤ durum (T. turgidum L.), feed or malt barley < canola (Brassica napus L.). Crop quality deteriorated with delayed see...
TL;DR: Combining conventional breeding with modern genetic engineering approaches, such as introgression of genes from wild relatives into wheat, synthetic hexaploid wheat, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis, and even gene cloning and genetic transformation, are important for developing wheat cultivars higher in micronutrients.
Abstract: Xu, Y., An, D., Li, H. and Xu, H. 2011. Review: Breeding wheat for enhanced micronutrients. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 231-237. Low concentrations or deficiencies of bioavailable iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and other essential micronutrients in human food afflict a large proportion of the world's population. Plant biofortification, to improve the mineral concentrations in the edible portions of crop plants by conventional breeding or modern transgenic approaches, is regarded as the most economical and sustainable strategy. Many researchers have demonstrated that there are significant differences in grain mineral element concentrations among wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its relatives. Compared with cultivated wheat, wild wheats are potential genetic resources for enhancing micronutrient in wheat grain. An ancestral wild tetraploid wheat (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) carrying the allele Gpc-B1, which is associated with increased Fe, Zn, and protein concentrations in grain, was cloned using a positional cloning st...
TL;DR: To understand how a combination of HNT and plant growth regulators (PGR; α-tocopherol and glycine betaine) affects yield and yield-related parameters of rice plants, three pot experiments under two levels of night temperature are conducted.
Abstract: Mohammed, A. R. and Tarpley, L. 2011. High night temperature and plant growth regulator effects on spikelet sterility, grain characteristics and yield of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) plants. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 283–291. The presence of seasonally high night temperature (HNT) as a result of global warming, occurring during the critical stages of development, could reduce rice yield and quality. To understand how a combination of HNT and plant growth regulators (PGR; α-tocopherol and glycine betaine) affects yield and yield-related parameters of rice plants, we conducted three pot experiments under two levels of night temperature (NT; 27 and 32oC) with or without PGR treatments. Plants were subjected to a HNT through the use of continuously controlled infrared heaters, starting 20 d after emergence (DAE), from 2000 until 0600. Plants were treated with α-tocopherol and glycine betaine 20 DAE. The NT had no effect on number of productive tillers, main-stem panicle length or number of primary branches per panicl...
TL;DR: The objective was to identify superior inbred lines for use as parents for hybrid production and for introgression into maize breeding populations.
Abstract: Badu-Apraku, B. and Akinwale, R. O. 2011. Identification of early-maturing maize inbred lines based on multiple traits under drought and low N environments for hybrid development and population improvement. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 931–942. Drought and low nitrogen stresses are major limiting factors to maize (Zea mays L.) production and productivity in West and Central Africa. Studies were conducted from 2007 to 2009 at three locations in Nigeria under induced drought stress and low nitrogen conditions. The objective was to identify superior inbred lines for use as parents for hybrid production and for introgression into maize breeding populations. The inbreds TZEI 17, TZEI 13, TZEI 23, TZEI 2, TZEI 3, TZEI 22, TZEI 7, TZEI 11, and TZEI 8 were identified as the most promising parents under drought stress. Under low N, TZEI 7, TZEI 11, TZEI 2, TZEI 4, TZEI 10, TZEI 8, and TZEI 22 were selected. TZEI 11, TZEI 2, TZEI 8, and TZEI 22 had combined tolerance to drought stress and low N and could be used as germp...
TL;DR: The objectives of this review are to briefly describe major insect pests and nematodes in the Americas, breeding strategies and methods used, and research progress achieved, and to describe integrated genetic improvement for resistance to multiple insect pestsand nematode and cultivar development.
Abstract: Singh, S. P. and Schwartz, H. F. 2011. Review: Breeding common bean for resistance to insect pests and nematodes. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 239–250. Various insect pests and nematodes cause severe losses (35–100%) globally to the yield and quality of dry and green common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The objectives of this review are to briefly describe major insect pests and nematodes in the Americas, breeding strategies and methods used, and research progress achieved. We also describe integrated genetic improvement for resistance to multiple insect pests and nematodes and cultivar development. Breeding for resistance to one insect pest or nematode at a time has been practiced in most instances. Backcross, pedigree, and bulk-pedigree breeding methods have been used. Considerable progress has been made in genetics and germplasm enhancement for resistance to bean pod weevil (Apion godmani Wagner), tropical bruchid (Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman), leafhoppers (Empoasca kraemeri Ross and Moore), and root- knot...
TL;DR: An integrated map of QTLs related to seed protein concentration in soybean has been constructed, based on the public genetic map, soymap2 as a reference map, along with a set of 107QTLs reported in the literature over the past 20 yr, to facilitate gene mining and molecular assist-selection in soybeans.
Abstract: Qi, Z.-m., Sun Y.-n., Wu, Q., Liu, C.-y., Hu, G.-h. and Chen, Q.-s. 2011. A meta-analysis of seed protein concentration QTL in soybean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 221–230. An integrated map of QTLs related to seed protein concentration in soybean has been constructed, based on the public genetic map, soymap2 as a reference map, along with a set of 107 QTLs reported in the literature over the past 20 yr. Each of these QTLs was projected onto the soymap2 by software package BioMercator v2.1. Twenty-three consensus QTLs were detected. The confidence interval at all sites ranged from 1.52 to 14.31cM, and the proportion of the phenotypic variance associated with each of them from 1.5 to 20.8%. Major chromosomal sites were identified on LG I (Gm20), four important sites were identified, involving LG A1 (Gm05), B2 (Gm14), E (Gm07) and M (Gm15). A meta-analysis approach was used to improve the precision of the location of these sites. These results facilitate gene mining and molecular assist-selection in soybean.
TL;DR: Although automation of micropropagation in bioreactors has been advanced as a possible way of reducing propagation cost, optimal plant production depends upon better understanding of physiological and biochemical responses of plant to the signals of culture microenvironment and an optimization of specific physical and chemical culture conditions to control the morphogenesis of berry plants in liquid culture systems.
Abstract: Debnath, S. C. 2011. Bioreactors and molecular analysis in berry crop micropropagation - A review. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 147-157. While berry fruits have long enjoyed huge popularity among consumers, tremendous progress in plant tissue culture, resulting in great advances in micropropagation, has occurred. Of particular significance has been the evolution of the technology permitting multiplication of berry plants in bioreactors containing liquid media. Although automation of micropropagation in bioreactors has been advanced as a possible way of reducing propagation cost, optimal plant production depends upon better understanding of physiological and biochemical responses of plant to the signals of culture microenvironment and an optimization of specific physical and chemical culture conditions to control the morphogenesis of berry plants in liquid culture systems. Clonal fidelity can be a serious problem, and molecular strategies have been developed in order to reduce the variation to manageable levels....
TL;DR: Treatment of the soil with Terraclor (quintozene) reduced clubroot severity and increased plant growth (canopy coverage and plant height) and seed yield in severely infested soils, and among the soil amendment treatments, wood ash at 7.5 L ha−1 increased canopy coverage and height in 2 of 4 sites years, and yield in 1 of 4 site years.
Abstract: Hwang, S. F., Strelkov, S. E., Gossen, B. D., Turnbull, G. D., Ahmed, H. U. and Manolii, V. P. 2011. Soil treatments and amendments for amelioration of clubroot of canola. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 999–1010. Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, has become a long-term challenge to canola production in central Alberta, Canada. Trials were established in P. brassicae infested commercial fields near Leduc, Edmonton, and St. Albert, AB, to examine the effects of fungicidal soil treatments and soil amendments on crop damage caused by clubroot. Treatment of the soil with Terraclor (quintozene) reduced clubroot severity and increased plant growth (canopy coverage and plant height) and seed yield in severely infested soils. Ranman (cyazofamid) at 7.5 L ha−1 increased canopy coverage and height in 2 of 4 site years, and yield in 1 of 4 site years. Among the soil amendment treatments, wood ash at 7.5 t ha−1 or ground limestone (calcium carbonate) at 5.0 or 7.5 t ha−1 increased plant height and yield in severel...
TL;DR: This review summarizes past and current research on Brassica seed color breeding, genetics and genomics/biotechnology.
Abstract: Rahman, M. and McVetty, P. B. E. 2011. A review of Brassica seed color. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 437-446. Canola oil has excellent fatty acid composition and low saturated fat levels, and canola meal has protein with excellent amino acid composition. Canola seed quality can be further improved by the development of higher oil, higher protein and lower fiber content germplasm through the development of yellow seeded lines. While there is no naturally occurring yellow seeded B. napus, yellow seeded mutants that have arisen in nature can be readily indentified in Brassica rapa, B. juncea and B. carinata species. Brassica napus is widely cultivated in Asia, Australia, Europe and North America. Yellow seed in Brassica species is associated with seed that has higher oil and protein content and lower fiber content. Because of these seed quality advantages of yellow seeded lines, plant breeders around the world have been attempting to develop yellow seeded B. napus genotypes using crosses involving naturally occurr...
TL;DR: Although genotype×environment interaction was observed for all traits, the additive differences between accessions were sufficient to enable promising breeding materials to be identified.
Abstract: Cogliatti, M., Bongiorno, F., Dalla Valle, H. and Rogers, W. J. 2011. Canaryseed (Phalaris canariensis L.) accessions from nineteen countries show useful genetic variation for agronomic traits. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 37–48. Fifty-seven accessions of canaryseed (47 populations and 10 cultivars) from 19 countries were evaluated for agronomic traits in four field trials sown over 3 yr in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Genetic variation was found for all traits scored: grain yield and its components (grain weight, grain number per square meter, grain number per head and head number per square meter), harvest index, percent lodging, and phenological characters (emergence to heading, emergence to harvest maturity and heading to harvest maturity). Although genotype×environment interaction was observed for all traits, the additive differences between accessions were sufficient to enable promising breeding materials to be identified. Accessions superior in performance to the local Argentinean population,...
TL;DR: Comparative analysis of the rice leaf proteins using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) revealed that a total of 23 proteins were up-regulated under salt stress, and the salt-sensitive Dalseongaengmi-44 exhibited a greater increase in sodium ion accumulation in its leaves than the salt tolerant Dongjin.
Abstract: Lee, D.-G., Park, K. W., An, J. Y., Sohn, Y. G., Ha, J. K., Kim, H. Y., Bae, D. W., Lee, K. H., Kang, N. J., Lee, B.-H., Kang, K.-Y. and Lee, J. J. 2011. Proteomics analysis of salt-induced leaf proteins in two rice germplasms with different salt sensitivity. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 337–349. This study was conducted to investigate salt-stress-related physiological responses and proteomics changes in the leaves of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. Shoot growth and water content of rice leaves were more severely reduced in Dalseongaengmi-44 than in Dongjin under salt stress. The salt-sensitive Dalseongaengmi-44 exhibited a greater increase in sodium ion accumulation in its leaves than the salt tolerant Dongjin. Comparative analysis of the rice leaf proteins using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) revealed that a total of 23 proteins were up-regulated under salt stress. Based on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and/or electrospray ionization-tandem mas...