Showing papers in "Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B in 1979"
TL;DR: Linolenic acid was converted to 20:5 omega 3 and 22:6 omega 3 intensively in the rainbow trout, moderately in the ayu, eel and prawn, but slightly in the red sea bream, rockfish and globefish.
Abstract: 1. 1. [1-14C]linolenic acid was injected into the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii, ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, eel, Anguilla japonica, red sea bream, Chrysophrys major, rockfish, Sebastiscus marmoratus, globefish, Fugu rubripes rubripes and prawn, Penaeus japonicus (molting stage D1″-D2), and the bioconversion of linolenic acid (18:3ω3) to highly unsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic (20:5ω3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6ω3) acids was investigated. 2. 2. Linolenic acid was converted to 20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3 intensively in the rainbow trout, moderately in the ayu, eel and prawn, but slightly in the red sea bream, rockfish and globefish. 3. 3. These results were discussed in relation to the essential fatty acid requirements of the aquatic animals.
405 citations
TL;DR: Crustacean metallothionein was shown to be markedly similar to vertebrate metallOTHioneins on comparison of molecular weights, u.v. absorption spectra, isoelectric points and amino acid compositions.
Abstract: 1 1 The heavy metal-binding protein metallothionein has been isolated from the crab Scylla serrata and its amino acid composition determined 2 2 Crustacean metallothionein was shown to be markedly similar to vertebrate metallothioneins on comparison of molecular weights, uv absorption spectra, isoelectric points and amino acid compositions 3 3 Two major isoproteins were isolated indicating conservation of an apparent gene duplication throughout the course of molecular evolution 4 4 Metallothionein-like cadmium-binding proteins were also shown to exist in the crab Cancer magister , the planktonic sergestid shrimp Acetes sibogae and the chilton Cryptochiton stelleri
120 citations
TL;DR: The amino acid compositions of vertebrate elastins showed marked and interesting interspecies variations and elastin was found in all vertebrates examined with the exception of cyclostomes.
Abstract: 1. Aortae and other tissues from numerous animals were examined for the presence of the rubbery protein elastin by (a) chemical purification and amino acid analysis, (b) presence of the cross-linking amino acids desmosine and isodesmosine and (c) histological staining. 2. Elastin was found in all vertebrates examined (42 species) with the exception of cyclostomes (3 species). It was absent from all invertebrates tested (14 species). 3. The amino acid compositions of vertebrate elastins showed marked and interesting interspecies variations.
113 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that the primary role of lysozyme-like enzymes in marine bivalves is in utilization of bacteria.
Abstract: 1. 1. In the marine bivalves Mytilus edulis , Modiolus modiolus , Chlamys opercularis and Tellina tenuis , the enzyme lysozyme was primarily associated with the crystalline style and digestive gland. 2. 2. In contrast, in Mya arenaria lysozyme was associated with the gills and digestive gland. 3. 3. It is suggested that the primary role of lysozyme-like enzymes in marine bivalves is in utilization of bacteria.
110 citations
TL;DR: A metallothionein-like species in planktonic shrimp was observed to increase in concentration in animals exposed to cadmium chloride and copper concentrations in animals obtained directly from the environment were an order of magnitude higher than any other metal.
Abstract: 1.
1. De novo synthesis of crab hepatopancreas metallothionein was induced on injection of cadmium chloride and zinc sulphate.
2.
2. Crab hepatopancreas metallothionein was not induced by copper or mercury salts.
3.
3. Copper concentrations of hepatopancreas metallothionein in animals obtained directly from the environment were an order of magnitude higher than any other metal.
4.
4. A metallothionein-like species in planktonic shrimp was observed to increase in concentration in animals exposed to cadmium chloride.
94 citations
TL;DR: The enzyme glutathione peroxidase (E.C.11.1.9), known to be a selenoprotein from mammalian sources, was detected in the following vertebrates: fish, frog, salamander, and turtle, implying the widespread occurrence of genetic information for the specific assimilation of the selenium atom.
Abstract: 1. 1. The enzyme glutathione peroxidase (E.C.1.11.1.9), known to be a selenoprotein from mammalian sources, was detected in the following vertebrates: fish, frog, salamander, and turtle. 2. 2. Among invertebrates, the enzyme was detected in crayfish and snail but not in insects or earthworm. 3. 3. No plant tissues or microorganisms showed any evidence of the enzyme activity. 4. 4. The presence of the enzyme activity in so many animal groups implies the widespread occurrence of genetic information for the specific assimilation of the selenium atom.
89 citations
TL;DR: A possible osmoregulatory function for hemocyanin is suggested in terms of information obtained in the present study and current findings relative to amino-acid metabolism during hypo-osmotic stress.
Abstract: 1. 1. Adaptation of crabs to 50% seawater resulted in a singificant increase in hemocyanin content when compared to levels in seawater-adapted crabs. 2. 2. Copper content in the hemolymph of crabs adapted to low salinity was twice the concentration found in seawater-adapted animals. The copper-hemocyanin ratio was 0.18 in both low salinity and seawater-adapted crabs, and total body copper remained constant under low salinity and seawater conditions. 3. 3. Incorporation of radiocarbon derived from [U- 14 C]leucine and [U- 14 C]aspartate into hemocyanin was enhanced during the first 30 hr after transfer of crabs into 50% seawater. The level of incorporation was greater for radiocarbon derived from leucine than aspartate. 4. 4. The total amino-acid content of hemocyanin in crabs adapted to dilute seawater for 14 days was greater than the total in hemocyanin from seawater-adapted animals. There were no statistically significant variations between individual amino acids in hemocyanin from crabs adapted to the different salinities. 5. 5. A possible osmoregulatory function for hemocyanin is suggested in terms of information obtained in the present study and current findings relative to amino-acid metabolism during hypo-osmotic stress.
83 citations
TL;DR: Ability to adapt membrane fluidity to the temperature might be important for survival at low temperatures.
Abstract: 1. 1. Fats of freshwater crustaceans overwintering in an active form are richer in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (50%) than of those spending the winter in form of resting eggs (10%). 2. 2. The former species (Cyclops vicinus, Eudiaptomus gracilis) increase the level of docosahexaenoic acid from about 10 to 25% in their phospholipids with decreasing environmental temperature. 3. 3. Exposing warm-adapted Cyclops vicinus and Eudiaptomus gracilis to 5°C in laboratory brought about an increase in the phospholipid docosahexaenoic acid level from 10 to 24%. 4. 4. Ability to adapt membrane fluidity to the temperature might be important for survival at low temperatures.
82 citations
TL;DR: Calculations based upon size and composition show that this particle is very different in structure from mammalian lipoproteins, and it is proposed that a portion of the apoprotein occupies the central core region.
Abstract: 1. 1. The larval high density lipoprotein (HDL) from the hemolymph of Manduca sexta, isolated by density gradient centrifugation, contains 61% protein, 37% lipid and 2% carbohydrate. 2. 2. The molecular weight of HDL is 6 × 10 5 , with two apoproteins of 2.85 × 10 5 and 8.1 × 10 4 daltons. 3. 3. The large apoprotein is destroyed by trypsin treatment of the particle, while the small one is not. 4. 4. Calculations based upon size and composition show that this particle is very different in structure from mammalian lipoproteins. It is proposed that a portion of the apoprotein occupies the central core region.
78 citations
TL;DR: Although both diets apparently met the essential amino acid requirements of the trout and were isoenergetic, they nevertheless had different nutritional values for trout, which were affected differently by changes in dietary amino acids.
Abstract: 1. 1. Groups of rainbow trout were given one or other of two diets that differed in amino acid profile for two months; concentrations of free amino acids in whole blood and latero-dorsal muscle were then measured. The effects of temperature (12 and 18°C in freshwater) and salinity on the concentrations of free amino acids in these tissues were also observed. 2. 2. Although both diets apparently met the essential amino acid requirements of the trout and were isoenergetic, they nevertheless had different nutritional values for trout. 3. 3. Patterns of free amino acids in tissues of trout given the two diets were different. Blood and muscle amino acid fractions were affected differently by changes in dietary amino acids.
67 citations
TL;DR: Gluconeogenesis from [U-14C]labelled alanine, pyruvate and lactate was shown to proceed in these cells, and glucagon, quinolinate, aminoxyacetate and α-cyanohydroxycinnamate on gluconeogenesis were also investigated.
Abstract: 1. 1. A procedure for the preparation of intact, metabolically viable trout liver parenchymal cells by the use of collagenase is described. 2. 2. Cell integrity was judged to be satisfactory by microscopic appearance, exclusion of vital dyes and succinate, and retention of intracellular enzymes. 3. 3. Gluconeogenesis from [U-14C]labelled alanine, pyruvate and lactate was shown to proceed in these cells. 4. 4. The effects of glucagon, quinolinate, aminoxyacetate and α-cyanohydroxycinnamate on gluconeogenesis were also investigated.
TL;DR: Since the isoenzyme patterns of a stock isolated from a patient with acute disease were similar to those of a silvatic reservoir, its recent introduction into the domiciliary cycle is postulated.
Abstract: 1. The isoenzyme patterns of four soluble enzymes in seven stocks of T. cruzi were determined by electrophoresis. According to their patterns they could be classified into four sets. 2. The isoenzyme patterns of two stocks were influenced by the number of subcultures. 3. Five stocks from man are distinct from those derived from a silvatic reservoir. 4. Since the isoenzyme patterns of a stock isolated from a patient with acute disease were similar to those of a silvatic reservoir, its recent introduction into the domiciliary cycle is postulated.
TL;DR: Ovarian vitellogenic growth in Zoarces viviparus lasts about 2 months, and during pregnancy the liver is depleted of lipid and glycogen, and total lipid and phospholipid is accumulating in the blood.
Abstract: 1. Ovarian vitellogenic growth in Zoarces viviparus lasts about 2 months. Vitellogenesis is immediately followed by ovulation, fertilization and a pregnancy period of 4 months. Vitellogenin is observed in the blood during vitellogenesis, but declines during the first month of pregnancy. 2. The largest amount of liver lipid is found before vitellogenesis is initiated. During pregnancy the liver is depleted of lipid and glycogen, and total lipid and phospholipid is accumulating in the blood. 3. Estradiol treatment during pregnancy results in a dose-dependent increase in vitellogenin and lipids of the blood. 4. In late pregnancy, birth can be provoked with progesterone alone, or with combined progesterone and estradiol treatment.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that fish given a high level of dietary 18:3 omega 3 (3.7% of the diet), without omega 3HPUFA, presented better growth than those offered a lower level of 18: 3 omega 3, and almost the same performances as fish receiving 0.57% omega 3 HPUFA.
Abstract: 1. A previous paper (Gatesoupe et al., 1977) showed that turbot had a specific requirement for omega 3HPUFA since equivalent dietary amounts of 18:3 omega 3 or omega 3HPUFA (0.55% of the diet) did not lead to the same growth performances. 2. In the present paper, we demonstrated that fish given a high level of dietary 18:3 omega 3 (3.7% of the diet), without omega 3HPUFA, presented better growth than those offered a lower level of 18:3 omega 3, and almost the same performances as fish receiving 0.57% omega 3HPUFA. 3. This suggested that turbot, like trout, might be able to use the 18:3 omega 3 as a precursor of the omega 3 series. Furthermore, according to the present relatively short-term experiment, elongation-desaturation reactions of the omega 3FA did not appear to be reduced with low dietary omega 3FA levels. 4. On the other hand, these types of reactions seemed to be totally missing with the 18:2 omega 6. Thus, it may be assumed that there was no direct relationship between growth and omega 3 elongating-desaturating activities, and that omega 3 lowering fish body content was not the cause, or at least not the only cause, of poor growth in long-term experiments.
TL;DR: Cellular hypertrophy in fishes receiving the smaller dose was primarily associated with an increase in lipid concentration, while protein and lipid contributed almost equally to cellular growth in fishes received the high dose.
Abstract: 1. 1. Male flounders receiving 100 μg estradiol each second day were fully induced to vitellogenin synthesis within 11 days, while fishes given 5μg doses continued to accumulate vitellogenin in the serum at a progressive rate through 17 days. 2. 2. Liver DNA per unit fish remained constant, while RNA per unit fish in flounders given 100 and 5 μg doses attained values 80 and 25%, respectively, above the values found in control animals. 3. 3. Liver RNA per unit DNA increased at maximal rate within 6 days in fishes receiving 100 μg doses. RNA synthesis continued at a progressive rate through 17 days in fishes given 5 μg doses of estradiol. 4. 4. Liver protein per unit DNA elevated at a plateau 60% above control within 6 days with 100 μg doses. Doses of 5 μg had only little effect on liver protein. 5. 5. Estradiol had a lipogenic effect on the liver. Cellular lipid rose 120 and 60% above control after treatment with 100 and 5 μg respectively. 6. 6. Liver dry weight per unit DNA increased 60 and 55% above control with 100 and 5 μg doses respectively. Cellular hypertrophy in fishes receiving the smaller dose was primarily associated with an increase in lipid concentration, while protein and lipid contributed almost equally to cellular growth in fishes receiving the high dose.
TL;DR: The results indicate the presence of the following biosynthetic enzyme systems in ovaries and pyloric caeca of Asterias rubens: a side-chain-cleaving enzyme complex and a Δ 5 –Δ 4 - isomerase -3β- HSD complex.
Abstract: 1. 1. In vitro biosynthesis of steroids from cholesterol in ovaries and pyloric caeca of Asterias rubens has been investigated. 2. 2. The formation of pregnenolone and progesterone was demonstrated in both tissues by using 1,2-3H-cholesterol as a precursor. 3. 3. Pregnenolone and progesterone are produced in small quantities; the ovaries appear to be more active in the biosynthesis of these steroids than the pyloric caeca. 4. 4. The results indicate the presence of the following biosynthetic enzyme systems in ovaries and pyloric caeca of Asterias rubens: a side-chain-cleaving enzyme complex and a Δ 5 –Δ 4 - isomerase -3β- HSD complex. 5. 5. The importance of these enzymes and the function of cholesterol for the biosynthesis of steroids will be discussed.
TL;DR: In Locusta migratoria, plasma coagulation consists of precipitation of a lipo-glyco-proteic complex—the coagulogen; its molecular weight is high (between 5.9 × 105 and 1 × 106).
Abstract: 1.
1. In Locusta migratoria, plasma coagulation consists of precipitation of a lipo-glyco-proteic complex—the coagulogen.
2.
2. Its molecular weight is high (between 5.9 × 105 and 1 × 106).
TL;DR: Vitellogenin has been purified from mature eggs and the hemolymph of adult females of Manduca sexta by a combination of gel permeation chromatography and sodium bromide density gradient centrifugation, suggesting that the small polypeptide is located in the interior of the particle.
Abstract: 1. 1. Vitellogenin has been purified from mature eggs and the hemolymph of adult females of Manduca sexta by a combination of gel permeation chromatography and sodium bromide density gradient centrifugation. 2. 2. It has a molecular weight of 2.6 × 10 5 and is a glycolipoprotein containing approx 11% lipids and 3% carbohydrates. 3. 3. The carbohydrate moiety is comprised entirely of mannose and N- acetyl glucosamine. 4. 4. Two polypeptide chains are present with molecular weights of 1.8 × 10 5 and 5.0 × 10 4 . 5. 5. Partial proteolytic hydrolysis of vitellogenin resulted in the degradation of the large polypeptide but did not affect the small one, suggesting that the small polypeptide is located in the interior of the particle. 6. 6. The proteolytic hydrolysis products of the large polypeptide differed from one another by approx 12.5 × 10 3 daltons.
TL;DR: The source of cyanide in Zygaena filipendulae L. bas has been identified as the two cyanogenic glucosides, linamarin and lotaustralin, for the first time with certainty in an insect.
Abstract: 1. 1. The source of cyanide in tbe moth Zygaena filipendulae L. bas been identified as the two cyanogenic glucosides, linamarin and lotaustralin. 2. 2. This appears to be the first time that cyanogenic glucosides have been found with certainty in an insect. 3. 3. The glucosides are present in amounts equivalent to up to 2% of the body weight of freshly emerged gravid female imagines whereas it is absent from the male. 4. 4. It is suggested that it occurs primarily in the eggs and that a defensive role in the adult is unlikely.
TL;DR: The purine nucleotides were determined in the whole blood of 9 fresh water teleosts and 2 marine selachians and Lepomis and Esox exhibited a GTP/ATP ratio as elevated as in Anguilla; moreover the concentration of GTP per mol of Hb (physiologically most indicative) is higher in Lepom is, E sox, Ictalurus and Silurus than inAnguilla.
Abstract: 1. 1. The purine nucleotides were determined in the whole blood of 9 fresh water teleosts and 2 marine selachians. 2. 2. GTP and ATP accounted for 88–99% of the total erythrocytes purines. 3. 3. The ATP/ADP ratio ranged from 11 to 60 in the erythrocytes of the fish examined. 4. 4. GTP is widely distributed in fish erythrocytes but its level ranged from 1 to 33 nmol/mg Hb (0.4 to 9 μmol/ml erythrocyte). 5. 5. Lepomis and Esox exhibited a GTP/ATP ratio as elevated as in Anguilla; moreover the concentration of GTP per mol of Hb (physiologically most indicative) is higher in Lepomis, Esox, Ictalurus and Silurus than in Anguilla.
TL;DR: Sericin of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, was extensively digested with pronase, and three glycopeptides were isolated by chromatography on ion-exchange resins, Bio-Gel, and charcoal, indicating that sericin contains two types of carbohydrate units.
Abstract: 1.
1. Sericin of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, was extensively digested with pronase, and three glycopeptides were isolated by chromatography on ion-exchange resins, Bio-Gel, and charcoal.
2.
2. Structural analyses of these glycopeptides with digestion by specific glycosidases and Smith degradation indicate that sericin contains two types of carbohydrate units.
3.
3. One type contains the carbohydrate units which consist of either N-acetylgalactosamine alone or a disaccharide, β-galactosyl(l → 3)-N-acetylgalactosamine, and which are linked to peptide core with an alkali-labile O-glycosidic bond between N-acetylgalactosamine and serine or threonine.
4.
4. The other type contains the carbohydrate units which consist of several mannose residues and two N-acetylglucosamine residues, and which are linked to peptide core with an alkali-stable N-glycosidic bond between N-acetylglucosamine and asparagine.
TL;DR: Shrimp tissues most subject to mechanical trauma had the highest collagenous HYP levels and were most consistently and severely affected by an ascorbic acid (AsA) deficiency disease.
Abstract: 1. 1. This study tested the hypothesis that black death, the ascorbic acid (AsA) related disease of penaeid shrimp, is related to collagen underhydroxylation. 2. 2. Collagen measured as hydroxyproline (HYP) in healthy Penaeus californiensis (Holmes) and P. stylirostris (Stimpson) of a wide range of masses was determined. The results revealed a logarithmic relationship between total body collagen HYP and body weight fitting the equation y = 90× 1.18 where y = total collagenous HYP (μg) and x = body weight (g). 3. 3. Shrimp tissues most subject to mechanical trauma (subcutis, hindgut and gills) had the highest collagenous HYP levels and were most consistently and severely affected by an ascorbic acid (AsA) deficiency disease. 4. 4. Prolyl hydroxylase (PH) activity was demonstrated in tissues of P. californiensis and P. stylirostris by hydroxylation of [3,4- 3 H]proline. 5. 5. AsA was required for shrimp PH activity using a chicken embryo substrate. 6. 6. Nutritional trials revealed that dietary AsA was required for proline hydroxylation in collagen formation in P. californiensis .
ARCO1
TL;DR: A preliminary study of the phenolic compounds in two marine phanerogames, Cymodocea nodosa and Posidonia oceanica, finds several phenols have been isolated and identified by their chemical and physical properties.
Abstract: 1. 1. A preliminary study of the phenolic compounds in two marine phanerogames, Cymodocea nodosa and Posidonia oceanica , has been undertaken. 2. 2. Several phenols have been isolated and identified by their chemical and physical properties.
TL;DR: The temperature dependency of protein synthesis was studied in vivo in five species of Pacific fish collected in the Galapagos and Perlas Islands to show a moderate temperature dependency and protein synthesis in triggerfish showed a moderateTemperature dependency.
Abstract: 1. The temperature dependency of protein synthesis was studied in vivo in five species of Pacific fish collected in the Galapagos and Perlas Islands: batfish (Ogcocephalus darwini), groupers (Epinephelus labriformis), catfish (Netuma platypogan), puffers (Arothron hispidus) and triggerfish (Sufflamen verres). 2. Liver protein synthesis, assayed by a rapid pulse injection technique, showed a moderate temperature dependency (Q10 = 2-3) in the 15-30 degree C range for all species except puffers (Q10 = 10-20). Synthesis was inhibited above 32 degrees C. 3. Protein synthesis in triggerfish was measured by the constant-infusion technique. Synthetic rates (% of tissue protein synthesized per day) at 25 degrees C were 20% for liver, 10% for gill, 1.8% for red muscle and 0.6% for white muscle. Q10 in the 20 degrees-30 degrees C range was 3.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C for all tissues.
TL;DR: Metal analyses have been performed on the tunicates Ascidia nigra, Ciona intestinalis and Molgula manhattensis, finding that A. nigra possesses vanadium and tunichrome in approx equimolar concentrations and can reduce Fe(III) and V(V).
Abstract: 1. 1. Metal analyses have been performed on the tunicates Ascidia nigra (accumulates V(III)), Ciona intestinalis (accumulates V(IV)) and Molgula manhattensis (accumulates Fe(II)). 2. 2. Negligible amounts of Cr, Ni, Mn, Ti and Cu were detected in blood cells, but Cu occurs at significant levels in the bodies of all species. Al was found in the blood of M. manhattensis . 3. 3. A green chromogen (tunichrome) was found in blood cells of all species. A. nigra possesses vanadium and tunichrome in approx equimolar concentrations. 4. 4. Tunichromes from C. intestinalis and M. manhattensis have absorption peaks at 270 nm; M. manhattensis tunichrome also has a peak at 340 nm. Both, like A. nigra tunichrome, can reduce Fe(III) and V(V).
TL;DR: SOD levels generally were lower in several transplantable mouse and rat tumors than in normal tissues of these species, and the mitochondrial isoenzyme increased with age, attaining maximal levels between 9 and 12 days.
Abstract: 1. 1. Superoxide dismutase (superoxide: superoxide oxido-reductase, E.C. 1.15.1.1) in different species was determined quantitatively and qualitatively. Although quantitative differences were minor, there were significant differences in the isoenzyme patterns among the species. 2. 2. No quantitative differences were found in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the brains of mice between 1 and 23 days of age. The mitochondrial isoenzyme increased with age, attaining maximal levels between 9 and 12 days. In the six regions of adult rat brain studied, highest values of SOD were found in the hypothalamus and lowest in the cortex. 3. 3. SOD levels generally were lower in several transplantable mouse and rat tumors than in normal tissues of these species. Mn-SOD was not detected in the tumors studied by the methods employed.
TL;DR: The expression of the avidin gene by tissue injury and inflammation suggests that avidin has a significant function in the injured and inflamed chicken tissues.
Abstract: 1. The occurrence and inducibility of the biotin-binding egg white protein (avidin) in the chicken is not restricted to the oviduct. 2. Inflammatory treatments (intestinal injury, actinomycin D) induced avidin in a number of tissues of young and adult hens and roosters, but not of female rats and mice. Highest avidin concentrations were found in the organs containing epithelial cells and serous membrane. 3. The expression of the avidin gene by tissue injury and inflammation suggests that avidin has a significant function in the injured and inflamed chicken tissues.
TL;DR: A synergistic effect of glucose on the production of D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate and on total ketone bodies from butyrate by the epithelium was observed, and it accounted to 40-80% over butyrates depending on the stage of epithelial development.
Abstract: 1. An investigation was made on oxygen consumption, glucose and lactate uptake and ketogenesis from butyrate by rumen epithelium in vitro from lambs at various stages of development. 2. Oxygen uptake was decreased by about 35% and glucose uptake by about 90% between 2 weeks and 1/2 year of age. 3. The uptake of L-lactate and the utilization of butyrate as a substrate for respiration were increased during epithelial development. 4. The production of D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate from butyrate by the epithelium was largely increased between 4 to 10 weeks of age, independently of rumen fermentation. 5. A synergistic effect of glucose on the production of D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate and on total ketone bodies from butyrate by the epithelium was observed. It accounted to 40-80% over butyrate depending on the stage of epithelial development.
TL;DR: The glutathione S-transferases of fish liver have a similar specific activity to those of rat liver but different molecular properties.
Abstract: 1. Cytosol from trout liver, gills and intestinal caeca has substantial glutathione S-transferase activity. 2. Gel-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography suggest that trout liver has several glutathione S-transferases with different molecular weights and ionic charges. 3. A component capable of binding lithocholic acid eluted together with glutathione S-transferase activity. Some of the transferase activity did not elute together with binding activity. 4. The enzymic activity from trout liver was less stable at 37 degrees C than that from rat liver. 5. The glutathione S-transferases of fish liver have a similar specific activity to those of rat liver but different molecular properties.
TL;DR: Incubation of gill extract with [-14C]-AMP in the presence and absence of ATP but with adenosine deaminase inhibitors allowed demonstration that ATP controlled the balance between these pathways.
Abstract: 1 1 Enzymes interconnecting the adenylate pool were present in high concentration 2 2 AMP and adenosine were easily deaminated by the corresponding enzymes whose high levels were detected 3 3 Adenylate was hydrolyzed either by deamination to yield IMP which was further dephosphorylated to inosine or by dephosphorylation to adenosine followed by deamination to inosine 4 4 Incubation of gill extract with [ 14 C]-AMP in the presence and absence of ATP but with adenosine deaminase inhibitors allowed demonstration that ATP controlled the balance between these pathways 5 5 Some biochemical properties of 5′-nucleotidase, AMP deaminase and adenosine deaminase were defined 6 6 Purine salvage enzymes were also estimated