Showing papers in "Ethology and Sociobiology in 1992"

TL;DR: This article showed that cooperation enforced by retribution can lead to the evolution of cooperation in two qualitatively different ways: (1) if benefits of cooperation to an individual are greater than the costs to a single individual of coercing the other n − 1 individuals to cooperate, then strategies which cooperate and punish non-cooperators, strategies that cooperate only if punished, and, sometimes, strategies which cooperation but do not punish will coexist in the long run.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated predictions derived from several socio-ecological hypotheses related to three biological functions of human female body fat (insulation, storage of calories, and regulation of fertility).

TL;DR: In this paper, the structural powerlessness hypothesis was used as an explanation for women's greater emphasis on the earning capacity of a potential spouse compared to men's preference for physical attractiveness.

TL;DR: This paper examined retrenchments in maternal investment ranging from mild neglect to abandonment and infanticide within the framework of culturally imaginable, and ecologically or institutionally available options actually open to the mother.

TL;DR: In this article, a series of game-theoretical models for the evolution of the Confidence Artist is presented, where con artists are assumed to be noncooperators who move between groups and "prey" on naive cooperators.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed wealth and lifetime reproductive success in a nineteenth-century Swedish population in four economically diverse parishes, subsuming geographic and temporal variation, and found that richer individuals had greater lifetime fertility and more children alive at age ten, than others.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the legacies of 1538 testate decedents from Sacramento, California 1890-1984 and found that the few women who were survived by a spouse more often excluded their husbands in favor of their children than did husbands exclude wives.

TL;DR: Evidence is found that abortion decisions are affected by age and previous parity of the mother, and by expectations of available investment by the father or other sources.

TL;DR: A survey of over 1000 British couples was undertaken to test the homogamy, male dominance, and female attractiveness hypotheses in that society as mentioned in this paper, and the results showed that homogamous couples tended to be significantly more stable than non-homogamy couples.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed data for family size, child survival rate, and the frequency of children that became married with respect to resource-access and the age and the year of the first marriage of their parents during a 200-year period (1700-1900 ad) in an agricultural parish in Central Norway.

TL;DR: Results of a state-by-state comparison of governors' and legislatures' positions on abortion suggest that both are more pro-choice as the proportion of women at risk goes up.

TL;DR: An investigation of the interaction between protocultural processes in animals, generated by social learning and the processes of biological evolution, finds that social transmission is probably more likely to slow down evolutionary rates than to speed them up through changing selection pressures.

TL;DR: In this paper, photographs of men and women (20 each) were presented to members of four subject groups, solicited on an opportunistic basis, and subjects were asked to rank the sets of photographs separately on the dimensions of physical attractiveness and general social attractiveness.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the historical evidence for female religious claustration in Europe in an attempt to delineate the benefits a family might gain by allocating some of its resources to a nunnery, and suggest that by founding or endowing nunneries benefactors gained in two main ways: (1) they limited the outflow of resources away from the immediate family lineage through the stipulations attached to the donated land or wealth that effectively kept control of the property in that lineage, and (2) they created political and spiritual alliances that could maintain and/or enhance

TL;DR: This paper found that when presented with televised images of leaders from France, Germany, and the United States, they feel more negatively when seeing the foreigners and judge them more negatively than their fellow citizens.

TL;DR: It is argued that oblique and horizontal transmission can yield high levels of cultural relatedness in larger groups, and a mathematical model of cultural transmission is proposed, and equilibria for several special cases are investigated.

TL;DR: In modern industrial nations, the traditional positive correlation between female body fat and social class has turned strongly inverse, thinness in women is admired and plumpness is a handicap This recent reversal of what had seemed to be stable aspects of human nature is analyzed as a potentially adaptive response to two ecological novelties as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: In this article, it is suggested that infibulation is an evolutionary response to the situation, made necessary by the reaction of animals to sexually-linked female odors, and that the "odorless" infibulated woman who tends the herds of smaller animals is less likely to attract predators and her presence is less disquieting to the sheep and goats that are the main source of subsistence for herself and her offspring.

TL;DR: This hypothesis that trisomies may result from an end-game strategy between chromosomes competing to get on the gamete as the mother approaches menopause is tested by reviewing studies of the parental origin of the extra chromosome in trisomy 21 births.

TL;DR: The Texas Rape Intensity Scale (TRIS) as discussed by the authors was developed to measure attitudes common to rape, sexual aggression, and defense against rape, which can be used to assess male and female attitudes and reactions to rape.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate the impact of the recent theoretical shift to Darwinian psychology on attempts to determine the evolutionary basis of human rape and conclude that while the new approach may have helped generate new predictions, it has also led to the unwarranted exclusion of relevant data, led to questionable interpretations of new types of data, introduced ambiguous jargon, and potentially jeopardized the testability of certain evolutionary explanations.

TL;DR: It isn’t clear why the wait was so long, but around the middle of this century, it took a handful of men to bring Darwinian theory back to the study of behavior.

TL;DR: In this paper, the behavior of 1 to 3-year-old children was studied in an away-from-home environment and the children's behavior was observed before, during and after daily leave-taking of their parents, and during everyday DCC routine as well as in a comparative situation when a parent was present.

TL;DR: The important early work on artificial selection of sex ratio by Helen Dean King (1918) is drawn to.

TL;DR: The main thrust of the first letter was that polygyny would have been less frequent as one goes back from historic to prehistoric times in Europe, the reason being that a hunting and gathering society offers fewer opportunities for men to amass wealth and extra wives as discussed by the authors.