Showing papers in "Experimental Biology and Medicine in 1952"
TL;DR: Starch proved particularly useful because of its low adsorption of proteins and peptides in aqueous buffers and could be determined quantitatively by phospholipid and cholesterol analyses of the serum fractions.
Abstract: Summary1. A procedure was described for the electrophoretic separation and isolation of materials employing various types of supporting media. 2. Starch proved particularly useful because of its low adsorption of proteins and peptides in aqueous buffers. 3. A comparison was made of the electroosmotic flow in various media under similar conditions. 4. The separation of 1-4 cc of serum with isolation of the components could be carried out employing the starch system. 5. The α and β-lipoproteins of serum could be determined quantitatively by phospholipid and cholesterol analyses of the serum fractions.
246 citations
TL;DR: In unanesthetized, uncurarized dogs certain dose of morphine, N-allylnormorphine or atropine produce similar changes in the EEG, which are identical with, or resemble closely, the “burst-slow wave” patterns which occur in natural sleep or during pentobarbital anesthesia.
Abstract: Summary1. In unanesthetized, uncurarized dogs certain dose of morphine, N-allylnormorphine or atropine produce similar changes in the EEG, which are identical with, or resemble closely, the “burst-slow wave” patterns which occur in natural sleep or during pentobarbital anesthesia. 2. The synchronizing mechanisms which regulate the electroencephalogram are distinct from those which regulate the state of consciousness, although frequently, they are functionally interlocked. 3. The significance of these findings is discussed with reference to the possible functions of the spontaneous electrical activity of the cerebral cortex.
242 citations
TL;DR: After the subcutaneous injection of l-isonicotinyl-2-isopropyl hydrazine into rats and guinea pigs, the monoamine oxidase activity of liver homogenates, liver mitochondria, and brain mitochondria is almost completely inhibited.
Abstract: SummaryAfter the subcutaneous injection of l-isonicotinyl-2-isopropyl hydrazine (IIH) into rats and guinea pigs, the monoamine oxidase activity of liver homogenates, liver mitochondria, and brain m...
206 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a severe hemorrhagic disease, characterized by a prolonged whole blood coagulation time due to the delayed formation of thrombin, has been described, and a method for the partial purification and concentration of the patient's missing factor has been outlined.
Abstract: Summary1. A severe hemorrhagic disease, characterized by a prolonged whole blood coagulation time due to the delayed formation of thrombin, has been described. The patient with this disease was found to have normal plasma concentrations of all the previously described coagulation factors. 2. The corrective factor in normal plasma or serum can be removed by barium sulfate adsorption. A method for the partial purification and concentration of the patient's missing factor has been outlined. The defect in the patient's blood may be corrected by the addition of plasma free of previously described thromboplastin components (e.g. platelet-free hemophilic plasma), as well as by small amounts of tissue thromboplastin. The name plasma thromboplastin component (PTC) has been assigned to this previously undescribed coagulation factor.
200 citations
TL;DR: A technic is described for histochemical definitilon of calcium, specific for calcium in the presence of magnesium, approximately 50 times as sensitive as previous methods based upon the use of alizarin and capable of localization to within a few micra.
Abstract: SummaryA technic is described for histochemical definitilon of calcium. It is specific for calcium in the presence of magnesium, approximately 50 times as sensitive as previous methods based upon the use of alizarin, and capable of localization to within a few micra.
187 citations
TL;DR: A number of cancer chemo-therapeutic agents, carcinogens and their non-carcinogenic analogues were tested for their effect on sheep cell hemolysin production in mice and none of the substances tested inhibited preformed antibodies in vivo or in vitro.
Abstract: SummaryA number of cancer chemo-therapeutic agents, carcinogens and their non-carcinogenic analogues were tested for their effect on sheep cell hemolysin production in mice. All of the chemotherapeutic agents, with the exception of furacin, depressed the antibody titers. All of the carcinogens also produced a marked depression of the antibody levels but their non-carcinogenic analogues were without effect. None of the substances tested inhibited preformed antibodies in vivo or in vitro.
137 citations
TL;DR: Impurities and additives in the films do not account for the production of these malignant tumors, and no adequate explanation of the mechanism of this carcinogenic effect of imbedded plastic films has been found.
Abstract: Summary1. Sarcomas have been produced in rats by imbedding subcutaneously various plastic films, namely cellophane, an alcohol-extracted cellophane, a commercial polyethylene, a very pure polyethylene and vinyl chloride film. 2. Sarcomas have been produced in mice, but in a lesser percentage of cases, by imbedding cellophane and pure polyethylene film. 3. Apparently impurities and additives in the films do not account for the production of these malignant tumors. 4. So far every plastic film tested has produced sarcomas in a certain percentage of instances. 5. Other foreign bodies, such as linters, surgical cotton and glass cover-slips similarly imbedded in the anterior wall of rats have not produced malignant tumors. 6. No adequate explanation of the mechanism of this carcinogenic effect of imbedded plastic films has been found. 7. The experiments have been limited to rats and mice.
136 citations
TL;DR: During administration of cortisone (to humans, rabbits, mice, and guinea pigs), the number of mast cells in the connective tissue is decreased, and alterations are lobserved in the number and distribution of their granules, in the shape and outlines of the cells, and vacuolization occurs.
Abstract: SummaryDuring administration of cortisone (to humans, rabbits, mice, and guinea pigs the number of mast cells in the connective tissue is decreased. At the same time alterations are lobserved in th...
108 citations
TL;DR: Antigens which gave specific complement fixation were concentrated from the supernatant fluids of tissue cultures infected with poliomyelitis viruses (Lansing and Brunhilde strains) by a method of ultrafiltration.
Abstract: Summary Antigens which gave specific complement fixation were concentrated from the supernatant fluids of tissue cultures infected with poliomyelitis viruses (Lansing and Brunhilde strains) by a method of ultrafiltration. Their anticomplementary activity was abolished by heating. The drop method of Fulton and Dumbell was used and offered a practical way of performing the tests with minimal amounts of antigen. Specific antibodies were demonstrated in the sera of hyperimmunized monkeys as well as in sera of poliomyelitis patients.
102 citations
TL;DR: The general trend in the spontaneous activity from birth to about 10 days of age was towards increasing rhythmicity, regularity, continuousness, and amplitude, which was similar to that of the adult.
Abstract: Summary and Conclusion1. Electrocortico-grams were recorded from albino rats immobilized with various drugs. 2. Spontaneous electrical activity was irregular, intermittent, and of relatively low amplitude during the first week after birth. 3. Local application of strychnine to the cortex resulted in large, slow, spike potentials in rats several days old. 4. The general trend in the spontaneous activity from birth to about 10 days of age was towards increasing rhythmicity, regularity, continuousness, and amplitude. The strychnine-induced spikes gradually decreased in duration, and increased in amplitude and frequency of occurrence. 5. The ECoG of the 10-day-old rat was already basically similar to that of the adult.
101 citations
TL;DR: Vit.
Abstract: Summary and Conclusion1. Vit. B12a (hydroxo-cobalamin), but not vitamin B12a (cyano-cobalamin), has been found to be capable of preventing in mice the toxic symptoms and death due to cyanide administration. 2. When injected into mice exhibiting complete respiratory arrest and coma due to cyanide poisoning, vit. B12a effected rapid recovery of most animals. 3. In mice injected with potassium cyanide followed by vit. B12a some of the cyanide appears in the urine as thiocyanate, but a greater percentage of the cyanide appears as vit. B12 having formed this compound by reacting with the vit. B12a.
TL;DR: It was found, after intraperitoneal injection of dimethyl selenide, that the median lethal dose for the mouse was 1.3 g of Se as dimethylSe per kg of body weight, and 1.6 g Se for the rat.
Abstract: SummaryThe median lethal dose (L. D. 50) of dimethyl selenide was determined for the mouse and rat. It was found, after intraperitoneal injection of dimethyl selenide, that the median lethal dose f...
TL;DR: The fibrinolytic agent present in normal urine is a plasminogen activator that is very sensitive to acid reaction but rather stable at neutral and alkaline reaction.
Abstract: Summary1. The fibrinolytic agent present in normal urine is a plasminogen activator. 2. This activator is very sensitive to acid reaction but rather stable at neutral and alkaline reaction. 3. It is suggested that the signincance of this physiological activator of plasminogen is to keep the urinary system free from the harmful effects of clotted blood.
TL;DR: Local growth of transplantable adenocarcinoma K7 in C3H mice was arrested when cortisone was given, and local growth due to transplantation of metastases did not produce metastases unless cortis one was given to the new host.
Abstract: SummaryLocal growth of transplantable adenocarcinoma K7 in C3H mice was arrested when cortisone was given. Metastases of transplanted adenocarcinoma were never observed in untreated animals. Howeve...
TL;DR: This modified anthrone reagent gives a sensitive and reproducible test for inulin in amounts of 15 to 45 μg, and ten to 25% of commercial inulin is found to be alkali-labile.
Abstract: Summary1. A method for the determination of inulin in biological fluids using a modified anthrone reagent is described. 2. This reagent gives a sensitive and reproducible test for inulin in amounts of 15 to 45 μg. 3. Interfering substances are effectively removed from plasma filtrates and diluted urine by sodium hydroxide digestion. Ten to 25% of commercial inulin is found to be alkali-labile. 4. Recoveries from plasma and urine average 97.7 ± 2.5% and 99.7 ± 2.0%, respectively.
TL;DR: Allylisopro-pylacetylcarbamid produces an hepatic form of porphyria in rabbits that is related to a primary effect of the Sedormid on the formation of iron porphyrin enzymes in the liver cell.
Abstract: Summary and Conclusions1. Allylisopro-pylacetylcarbamid (“Sedormid”) produces an hepatic form of porphyria in rabbits. 2. The livers of these animals contain large amounts of proto-, copro- and uroporphyrin, the latter chiefly in the form of non fluorescing precursors. Porphobilinogen is also present. 3. The protoporphyrin is excreted only, and the coproporphyrin chiefly, in the bile, most of the uro- type porphyrins appearing in the urine, in amounts ranging up to 60 mg in 24 hours. The latter consists mainly of type III isomers, but type I has also been identified in small amount. Large amounts of porphobilinogen are excreted in the urine. 4. The porphyrin content of erythrocytes, bone marrow, spleen, and brain is within normal limits. 5. Transient paresis of hind limbs, dilatation of the stomach, and constriction of the pylorus are noted, with irregular small bowel spasm. Death is invariably due to rupture of the stomach. 6. The possibility is discussed that the genesis of the porphyria is related to a...
TL;DR: The virulence enhancing activity of aureomycin was destroyed on standing at room temperature or by boiling, a parallel to its antibiotic activity, and the action in vivo was one of lowering the animal's resistance.
Abstract: Summary1. Candida suspensions are nonpathogenic, and aureomycin solutions nontoxic, when either of these alone is injected intraperitoneally into mice. The mixture of both is fatal. 2. A similar “drug-fungus” effect though less pronounced was observed when aureomycin was given from 24 hours before to 4 hours after Candida inoculation. Given 8 and 24 hours after infection aureomycin was ineffective. 3. The virulence enhancing activity of aureomycin was destroyed on standing at room temperature or by boiling, a parallel to its antibiotic activity. 4. No indication of toxin production or biological alteration of Candida was found in vitro. 5. No direct growth stimulating effect by aureomycin on Candida was observed in cultures. The action in vivo was one of lowering the animal's resistance.
TL;DR: A variety of organic substances derived from animal and plant sources can induce the precipitation of collagen- and long-spacing-type fibrils from acid extracts of ichthyocol in a manner similar to that of serum glycoprotein, and these fibril-precipitating agents appear to be thermostable.
Abstract: Summary1. A variety of organic substances derived from animal and plant sources can induce the precipitation of collagen- and long-spacing-type fibrils from acid extracts of ichthyocol in a manner similar to that of serum glycoprotein. These fibril-precipitating agents appear to be thermostable and are not altered by subsequent exposure to 20% trichloracetic acid. 2. Hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate and heparin produce fibrous precipitates directly on addition to ichthyocol filtrates. At low ionic strength these fibrils are unstriated. At ionic strengths of 0.1 to 0.2 (NaCl) some long-spacing-type fibrils are formed but collagen-type fibrils have not been observed. 3. The components necessary for the formation of cross-striated fibrils appear to be contained in the fibrous material extracted from the connective tissue; the action of the precipitating substances seems to be relatively non-specific under the conditions of these experiments.
TL;DR: Cholesterol-4-C14 was administered intravenously to normal rats and the C14 end products in feces and bile were fractionated and evidence is presented to show that about 80% of the fecal C14 and about 90%" of the bile C14 are present in the form of bile acids.
Abstract: SummaryCholesterol-4-C14 was administered intravenously to normal rats and the C14 end products in feces and bile were fractionated. 1. From 4 to 10% of the total C14 in bile and from 17 to 23% of fecal C14 were recovered in the nonsaponifiable fraction which includes cholesterol, dihydrocholesterol, coprosterol, etc. 2. Little if any of the C14 in either bile or feces was recovered in the fatty acid fraction. 3. Evidence is presented to show that about 80% of the fecal C14 and about 90% of the bile C14 are present in the form of bile acids. 4. The major metabolic pathways for the nucleus carbons of cholesterol are outlined.
TL;DR: In this paper, a modification of Ouchterlony's gel diffusion method for antigen analysis is described, based on the following observations: 1. By pretreatment of the diffusion medium with sufficient amounts of one component of a complex immunologic system the subsequent appearance in the medium of precipitates corresponding to this particular component could be completely inhibited.
Abstract: SummaryA modification of Ouchterlony's gel diffusion method for antigen analysis is described. It is based on the following observations: 1. By pretreatment of the diffusion medium with sufficient amounts of one component of a complex immunologic system the subsequent appearance in the medium of precipitates corresponding to this particular component could be completely inhibited. 2. The diffusion of the other components of the same system and the formation of other immunoprecipitates was not influenced. 3. By incorporation in the diffusion medium of individual components of a complex immunologic system it is thus possible, by elimination of some of the lines, to simplify the precipitation spectrum and facilitate the antigen analysis.
TL;DR: The encouraging results obtained in the treated animal warrant further investigation of cortisone in the treatment of dogs with malignant mast cell tumors.
Abstract: SummaryThe effect of cortisone was studied in a dog with malignant multiple mast cell tumors (mastocytoma). A total of 900 mg was given intramuscularly at the rate of 100 mg daily. The tumors rapidly regressed in size so that by the 9th day of treatment they had completely disappeared macroscopically. Microscopically the neoplastic mast cells showed cytoplasmic vacuolization, conglomeration and altered staining reaction of the metachromatic basophilic granules, disappearance of many fine granules, fraying and disruption of the cellular membrane, granule scattering, and, finally, cellular destruction and disappearance. The encouraging results obtained in the treated animal warrant further investigation of cortisone in the treatment of dogs with malignant mast cell tumors.
TL;DR: A 5 g % decrease in body fat of the rat resulted in a 100% increase in length of thiopental anesthesia at a fixedThiopental dosage, or a 40% decrease in the amount of thypental required for a given duration of anesthesia.
Abstract: SummaryA 5 g % decrease in body fat of the rat resulted in a 100% increase in length of thiopental anesthesia at a fixed thiopental dosage, or a 40% decrease in the amount of thiopental required for a given duration of anesthesia. In contrast the duration of pentobarbital anesthesia was unaffected by the amount of body fat.
TL;DR: Red blood cells of newborn infants are hemolyzed by dilute solutions of hydrogen peroxide, but even with high daily doses of vit.
Abstract: SummaryRed blood cells of newborn infants are hemolyzed by dilute solutions of hydrogen peroxide. This hemolysis may be prevented by vit. E in vitro or in vivo. However, even with high daily doses ...
TL;DR: In this article, six patients who had received radioiodide or I131-labeled thyroxine were studied by zone electrophoresis in filter paper, at pH 8.6.
Abstract: Summary and conclusions1. Serum from 6 patients who had received radioiodide or I131-labeled thyroxine was studied by zone electrophoresis in filter paper, at pH 8.6. Most of the I131 had a mobility intermediate between the alpha1- and alph2-glabulins, and a small proportion had the mobility of albumin. No differences were detected between thyroxine added to serum (in vivo) and the thyroid hormone secreted by a normal thyroid gland, by a Graves' disease thyroid gland, and by a functioning thyroid carcinoma. 2. Two patients had received very large doses of radio-iodide and their serum contained large amounts of butanol-insoluble I131, whereas in the other patients the serum I131 was largely butanol soluble, and behaved like thyroxine on paper chromatography. These two forms of serum I131 had similar mobility on zone electrophoresis, but could be differentiated by fractional precipitation of the serum proteins with phosphate buffer. The radioiodine, therefore, was probably attached, in each instance, to a d...
TL;DR: Heparin or Treburon given intramuscularly were equally effective in producing a sharp fall in alimentary lipomicronemia and the alterations noted in serum fat emulsions were not related to changes in cholesterol, its fractions, or lipid phosphorus.
Abstract: Conclusions 1. Heparin or Treburon given intramuscularly were equally effective in producing a sharp fall in alimentary lipomicronemia within 30 to 60 minutes. 2. The alterations noted in serum fat emulsions were not related to changes in cholesterol, its fractions, or lipid phosphorus. These chemical determinations were not significantly influenced by either heparin or Treburon. 3. Treburon given intravenously produced a sharp drop in the lipid particle count within 5 to 15 minutes and this was maximal within one hour of injection. 4. Treburon given sublingually was ineffective.
TL;DR: The skeletal muscles which are used only sporadically generally have relatively low cyclophorase activity and a low mitochondrial count; whereas muscles which have to function either continuously or for prolonged periods, have a high cyclophile activity and an abundance of mitochondrial units.
Abstract: SummaryThe skeletal muscles which are used only sporadically generally have relatively low cyclophorase activity and a low mitochondrial count; whereas muscles which have to function either continuously or for prolonged periods (cardiac muscle, diaphragm, flying muscles), have a high cyclophorase activity and an abundance of mitochondrial units.
TL;DR: In the hereditary obese hyperglycemic syndrome of mice, radioactive iodine uptake is normal and the anoxia test reveals no difference in dependence on oxygen tension between obese and non-obese mice.
Abstract: SummaryIn the hereditary obese hyperglycemic syndrome of mice, radioactive iodine uptake is normal. Similarly, the anoxia test reveals no difference in dependence on oxygen tension between obese and non-obese mice. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to the etiology of the syndrome, and to the extension of the concept of basal metabolic rate to obese animals.
TL;DR: Evidence supporting an hypothesis that certain constituents of normal blood serum exert a growth inhibitory action at their normal concentrations results in the initiation of regenerative growth in the liver was obtained by the induction of cell division in the intact liver of adult rats by decreasing the concentration of serum constituents in vivo through plasmapheresis.
Abstract: SummaryOn the basis of a comparison of the action of blood sera from partially hepatectomized and control rats on the growth response of tissue cells in vitro an hypothesis was formulated with rega...
TL;DR: In a single patient with multiple myeloma it has been shown that the removal of 30 g of plasmaprotein daily can be continued without ill effect and without substantial decrease in the concentration of plasma protein for at least five weeks.
Abstract: SummaryA simple method for human plasmapheresis is described. In a single patient with multiple myeloma it has been shown that the removal of 30 g of plasma protein daily can be continued without ill effect and without substantial decrease in the concentration of plasma protein for at least five weeks. Nitrogen equilibrium was maintained when the diet contained 85 g of protein per day and 2500 calories.
TL;DR: Viremia was present in animals infected with a Brunhilde type (Egypt) as well as a Lansing type (Y-SK), and persisted in some animals over the 4th, 5th, and 6th days after virus ingestion.
Abstract: SummarySeven of 10 cynomolgus monkeys and 3 of 4 chimpanzees have been found to have viremia early in the incubation period following oral infection with poliomyelitis virus. Viremia was present in animals infected with a Brunhilde type (Egypt) as well as a Lansing type (Y-SK), and persisted in some animals over the 4th, 5th, and 6th days after virus ingestion. Virus was not isolated from blood specimens collected during the first 3 days after feeding, nor on the 7th day, in the two instances in which it was tested. The interval between viremia and the appearance of paralysis varied between 3 and 7 days in the cynomolgus monkeys.