Showing papers in "Fire Safety Journal in 1992"

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explain why heat release rate is, in fact, the single most important variable in characterizing the "flammability" of products and their consequent fire hazard.

TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of slope on the rate of upward spread of flame over a combustible solid was investigated and a clear difference between the mechanisms of spread for thin and thick fuels was found to occur at an inclination of 15-20°.

TL;DR: In this paper, the results of computer simulations of the flow of hot gases following the fire at King's Cross Underground station were presented, which were responsible for first drawing attention to the trench effect, which was responsible for the rapid spread of the fire.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the series of experiments carried out to elucidate the mechanism by which the fire involving an escalator at King's Cross Underground Station on 18 November 1987 spread so rapidly.

TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical study of the performance of geometrically perfect steel colymns under fire conditions is presented, based on the finite strip method and includes non-linear material characteristics as functions of temperature.

TL;DR: In this paper, the limitations of computer models in relation to fire risk are considered in very general terms and the vital importance of the appropriate use of a model and suitable interpretation of results is stressed.

TL;DR: In this article, the problem of initial fire spread over fuel-soaked ground was experimentally modeled in detail using a bed of glass beads saturated with n-decane as the fuel.

TL;DR: In this article, the influence of metal oxide pigments on intumescent char formation has been investigated, and the existence of both synergistic and antagonistic behavior is proposed to explain these results.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured flame length and flame angle from fire sources mounted in a tiltable trench and discussed the relationship between flame angle and angle of tilt for the fire source in the trench base.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the efficacy of signal cross-correlation techniques to provide early detection of fire in a room, quiescent or highly ventilated, using fire sources modeled on the test fires of European Standard EN54.

TL;DR: A detailed damage survey was made at the site of the fire and samples of many different materials were collected These samples were subjected to a variety of ignition and flame spread tests as mentioned in this paper, and fire growth studies were made on a full-size section of escalator, on scale models of the escalator shaft and ticket hall, and by numerical modelling.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate the fire endurance of an unbraced steel frame with two loading conditions and conclude that the standard fire resistance test is not appropriate for predicting the behaviour of steel frames under fire conditions.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on experimental and theoretical studies conducted in order to develop and test these scaling laws and enhance the understanding of fire modeling techniques, and more research is needed to extend the range of applicability of scaling laws to predict fire behavior in an enclosure.

TL;DR: In this article, various cables were prepared with vinyl compounds, and their fire performance tested in full-scale modified cable tray tests and in a small-scale RHR calorimeter test (cone calorimeters).

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured heat transfer and gas flow in model compartments and found that the heat transfer coefficient from the hot ceiling flow is equal to that expected in free convection, independent of the flow velocity.

TL;DR: In this article, a series of fire development trials carried out on one-tenth and one-third scale models of the King's Cross escalator shaft ticket hall are described, and the implications of the measurements for scaling considerations are discussed, and possible full scale, fire development scenarios are outlined.

TL;DR: In this article, an experimental technique was described which was used to determine the oxygen concentration in a vitiated environment of combustion products mixed with air which only just supported a large-scale diffusion flame.

TL;DR: In this article, a series of 22 commercial carpet tiles, covering the range of backings found in the marketplace, and with the same face material (nylon) was chosen for fire testing.

TL;DR: In this paper, the features of PVC-based compositions designed for use as insulation and sheathing on electrical cables which offer improved resistance to ignition and fire spread compared to conventional PVC cable compounds are discussed.

TL;DR: In this paper, a set of upholstered chairs constructed from five different fabric/foam combinations was subjected to a variety of ignition sources suggested by fire statistics, including a cigarette, a small match-like flame, an incandescent lamp, a space heater, and a large flame source.

TL;DR: During 1989 and 1990, a preliminary evaluation of four deterministic fire models was carried out by the University of Edinburgh at the request of the Home Office (London).

TL;DR: This article examined the reproducibility of several aspects of the California Bulletin (CB) 133 upholstery ignition source when placed on an inert chair mock-up, including the tendency of this source to heat the side arms of a chair, the area of the seat back subjected to high heat fluxes, the peak flux there and the flux duration all showed substantial variability.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors formalised the escape potential of occupants in a building and the effectiveness of existing escape strategies within the contextual framework of equivalency, and proposed a methodology that is capable of assisting in the determination of code equivalency with respect to escape route provision while accommodating trade-off.

TL;DR: In this article, a method for testing the flammability hazards of hydraulic fluids in the form of spray escapes is described, which utilizes sprays, produced by a twin-fluid atomizer, which are ignited at their roots by the carefully controlled input of heat from a gas flame.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the complicated geography of the underground station, and the constructural details of the Piccadilly line escalators installed at King's Cross, where the fire originated.

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of room geometry and fire characteristics on the air temperature and pressure within the room and on the smoke movement from the room are investigated. But, the authors do not consider the effect of the room geometry on the movement of smoke during a fire.

TL;DR: The development of a fire-field model which has been designed to utilise an arbitrary number of processors operating in parallel is described and the capabilities and potentials are demonstrated.

TL;DR: An existing model for hydrogen chloride (HCl) decay in fire atmospheres has been used to predict HCl concentrations in a series of full-scale room-corridor fires.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a context into which the McCaffrey-Quintiere regression formula (McCaffrey, B. J., Quintiere, J. G. & Harkleroad, M. S., Grayson & D.A. Smith) can be explained.