Showing papers in "Folia Primatologica in 1993"
TL;DR: The group dynamics described in studies of other populations of Callithrix suggest that extended family groups, or at least groups consisting of breeding individuals and their close relatives, may be characteristic of those populations.
Abstract: Data are presented on group dynamics in a wild population of the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, in northeastern Brazil. Three marked and habituated groups were observed, and composition noted, for at least 5 days a month over 12–18 consecutive months. Group sizes ranged from 5 to 15 individuals, and changes in group composition were the result of births, emigrations, and disappearances. No immigrations into the main study groups were observed throughout the study period. None of the three known emigrants was known to join an established or incipient group for up to 10 weeks after their departure. One group contained only breeding individuals and their offspring. Observations of recruitment and loss in the other two groups suggest that they, too, were extended family groups. The group dynamics described in studies of other populations of Callithrix suggest that extended family groups, or at least groups consisting of breeding individuals and their close relatives, may be characteristic of those populations.
119 citations
TL;DR: The anti-predation benefits gained by saddle-back tamarins from joining mixed-species groups with moustached tamarin thus appeared to be greater than the reverse, because the latter provide greater protection to the group, particularly against aerial sources of threat.
Abstract: Because of their small body size, tamarins are potentially vulnerable to a wide range of predator species. This paper examines the general patterns of predator avoidance of the Avila-Pires saddle-back
101 citations
TL;DR: Both group sizes and population densities for the 5 species were generally lower at the Reserva Biologica Augusto Ruschi than those reported in other areas of Atlantic forest.
Abstract: Habitats, population densities and group sizes of 5 primate species ( Callithrix flaviceps , Callicebus personatus personatus , Cebus apella nigritus
84 citations
TL;DR: The size, acoustic variability and development of the ringtailed lemur's vocal repertoire are compared to prior assessments for this species as well as for other primates.
Abstract: The vocal repertoire of the ringtailed lemur (Lemur cαttα) is described quantitatively and spectrographically. Structure, usage and inferred function of the vocalizations of adults and immatures are e
80 citations
80 citations
67 citations
64 citations
TL;DR: Diurnal activity patterns of the macaques were adapted to tourist visitation patterns, and infants/juveniles were the commonest class in contacts with humans and vehicles.
Abstract: Interactions between tourists and Barbary macaques ( Macaca sylvanus ) at Queen’s Gate, Gibraltar, are described. Interaction rates are high, with 99.6 interactions/h at peak times. M
62 citations
62 citations
TL;DR: Comparisons between three species revealed marked differences in the chemical composition of their diets; in particular, baboon diets were found to be higher in protein and lower in fibre than those of either lowland gorillas or Malaysian leaf monkeys, and differences in condensed tannin levels were also found.
Abstract: Information on the chemical composition of baboon foods from the Laikipia Plateau, Kenya, is presented. Despite some differences in methods, results of analyses performed on the same foods at different sites were found to be extremely consistent, encouraging the view that meaningful intra- and interspecific comparisons of diet selection are feasible. Contrary to assumptions in the literature, no relationship between the abundance of food types and their chemical composition was found, nor was the foliage eaten by the baboons found to be a low-quality or high-fibre item in comparison with fruits and storage organs. Emphasis is placed on the need for caution in the use of simplistic dietary taxonomies which imply phytochemical and ecological homogeneity within broad food categories. Comparisons between three species revealed marked differences in the chemical composition of their diets; in particular, baboon diets were found to be higher in protein and lower in fibre than those of either lowland gorillas or Malaysian leaf monkeys, and differences in condensed tannin levels were also found. The relationship between these differences and the socio-ecology of the three species is discussed.
62 citations
TL;DR: It appears that hierarchical relationships between females (unstable, inconsistent, individualistic, with low rates of agonistic coalitions) reflect scramble within-group competition.
Abstract: The ecological model of Carel van Schaik provides clear predictions for female-female relationships in relation to scramble or contest within-group competition and contest between-group competition. T
TL;DR: The Guizhou snub-nosed monkey is arboreal, traveling through the trees by quadrupedal walking, climbing, leaping, semibrachiation and (occasionally) by full brachiation.
Abstract: The Guizhou snub-nosed monkey, Rhinopithecus brelichi, is a large-bodied colobine confined to the subtropical semideciduous forests of Fanjing Mountain Reserve in Guizhou province,
TL;DR: A detailed examination of relatively large numbers of specimens of most of the species of langurs concerned supports the conclusion that the douc and snub-nosed langurs are generically distinct and should be referred to as species of Pygathrix and Rhinopithecus.
Abstract: The taxonomy of the douc and snub-nosed langurs has changed several times during the 20th century. The controversy over the systematic position of these animals has been due in part to difficulties in studying them: both the doucs and the snub-nosed langurs are rare in the wild and are generally poorly represented in institutional collections. This review is based on a detailed examination of relatively large numbers of specimens of most of the species of langurs concerned. An attempt was made to draw upon as many types of information as were available in order to make an assessment of the phyletic relationships between the langur species under discussion. Toward this end, quantitative and qualitative features of the skeleton, specific features of visceral anatomy and characteristics of the pelage were utilized. The final data matrix comprised 178 characters. The matrix was analyzed using the program Hennig86. The results of the analysis support the following conclusions: (1) that the douc and snub-nosed langurs are generically distinct and should be referred to as species of Pygathrix and Rhinopithecus, respectively; (2) that the Tonkin snub-nosed langur be placed in its own subgenus as Rhinopithecus (Presbytiscus) avunculus and that the Chinese snub-nosed langur thus be placed in the subgenus Rhinopithecus (Rhinopithecus); (3) that four extant species of Rhinopithecus be recognized: R. (Rhinopithecus) roxellana Milne Edwards, 1870; R. (Rhinopithecus) bieti Milne Edwards, 1897; R. (Rhinopithecus) brelichi Thomas, 1903, and R. (Presbytiscus) avunculus Dollman, 1912; (4) that the Chinese snub-nosed langurs fall into northern and southern subgroups divided by the Yangtze river; (5) that R. lantianensis Hu and Qi, 1978, is a valid fossil species, and (6) the precise affinities and taxonomic status of the fossil species R. tingianus Matthew and Granger, 1923, are unclear because the type specimen is a subadult.
TL;DR: It is predicted that nonseasonality of reproduction will be more likely to occur among species with a large dietary diversity than amongspecies with a more restricted diet.
Abstract: Most cercopithecines reproduce on a seasonal basis, but the proximate mechanisms influencing birth periodicity are often unclear. We analyze 10 years of data from the Gilgil Baboon Project (Kenya) in order to examine the relationship between annual birth patterns and rainfall. Savanna baboons at Gilgil copulated in all months of the year, and births did not occur on a seasonal basis. Annual rainfall patterns showed no association with annual birth patterns, but the chances of conception were significantly greater following the end of the long rainy season than at other times of the year. Nonseasonal reproduction is a general characteristic of savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus subsp.) throughout Africa. The extreme dietary diversity of baboons enables them to utilize a wide variety of resources and facultatively manipulate the timing of different stages in the reproductive cycle in accordance with resource availability. We predict that nonseasonality of reproduction will be more likely to occur among species with a large dietary diversity than among species with a more restricted diet.
TL;DR: Information on paleoenvironmental changes in China and southeast Asia since the late Tertiary was used to examine the influences of migratory routes and range of distribution in Asian colobines.
Abstract: In order to study the differentiation of Asian colobines, 14 variables measured on 123 skulls, including Rhinopithecus, Presbytis, Presbytiscus (Rhinopithecus avunculus), Pygathrix
TL;DR: The slender loris displays a more complex social life-style than has previously been reported, with huddling, marking activities and the behavioural complex of stretching/wrestling/allogrooming occurring daily.
Abstract: Observations were made on the behaviour of a group of slender lorises (Loris tαrdigrαdus) maintained in the Adelaide Zoo. Descriptions of their individual behaviour, social interact
TL;DR: Cercopithecids, which were only minor elements of the late Tertiary primate faunas, colonized tropical, subtropical and temperate environments in the Pleistocene and were able to reradiate into those environments after the LGM.
Abstract: Primate faunas in East Asia since the mid-Tertiary have undergone a series of major changes in response to a complex sequence of environmental changes. As a consequence of the Himalayan orogeny and th
TL;DR: Structural patterns and 24-hour rhythms of the loud calls of Alouatta seniculus were studied in a wild population living in primary rain forest in French Guyana and the occurrence of two different loud calls in Guyanan howlers and the amount of night calling in these monkeys are discussed with reference to studies of other howler populations.
Abstract: Structural patterns and 24-hour rhythms of the loud calls of Alouatta seniculus were studied in a wild population living in primary rain forest in French Guyana. These loud calls ar
TL;DR: It is concluded that R. bieti is a mainly terrestrial species and the locomotor repertoires of juveniles were more diverse than those of subadults or adults.
Abstract: Aspects of the behaviour of three groups of Yunnan snub-nosed langurs, Rhinopithecus bieti, were observed over the course of three field seasons from 1986 to 1988. The major finding
TL;DR: It was found that aggression between kin was less frequent than between non-kin in all 3 groups and conclusions about differences in the number of social parameters in species with different dominance styles were supported.
Abstract: Single groups with small matrilines of 3 species of the genus Macaca (M. arctoides, M. mulatta, M. fascicularis) were investigated. The aim of the study was to find out how affiliative preferences towards close kin correlate with the distribution of aggression and support in agonistic encounters among individuals, and whether such tendencies differ between species with different dominance styles. It was found that aggression between kin was less frequent than between non-kin in all 3 groups. Kinship was not a decisive factor in the choice of partners for close spatial proximity in any of the 3 species. Animals preferred to groom relatives significantly more frequently only in the M. mulatta group. A kin effect was clearly expressed in the choice of objects of support in aggressive conflicts in M. mulatta and M. fascicularis, whereas in M. arctoides such an effect was absent. In the M. mulatta and M. arctoides groups, animals preferred to support victims, while in the M. fascicularis group aggressors were preferentially supported. Our data supported conclusions about differences in the number of social parameters in species with different dominance styles. In species with relaxed social hierarchies (M. arctoides), there is a strong tendency towards cohesive relations with all social categories, while in groups with rigid hierarchies (M. mulatta; M. fascicularis) cohesive tendencies are largely concentrated in the direction of related individuals.
TL;DR: The results suggest that within both the fascicularis and sinica groups genetic distances are small between members and that the status of the species within the groups may require further investigation.
Abstract: Mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) purified from 25 samples of 6 species of macaques, Macaca mulatta, M. fascicularis, M. arctoides, M. nemestrina, M. assamensis and M. thibetana, were analyzed to study the phyletic relationships among the species. A total of 36-46 sites was observed in each sample. By combining the cleavage patterns each of the endonucleases, the 25 samples were classified into 11 restriction types. When data on M. fuscata and M. cyclopis collected by other authors were added to our own, the resultant molecular phylogenetic trees indicated that the 8 species may be divided into 4 groups: M. mulatta, M. fuscata, M. cyclopis and M. fascicularis; M. arctoides; (3) M. nemestrina; (4) M. assamensis and M. thibetana. Our results suggest that within both the fascicularis and sinica groups genetic distances are small between members and that the status of the species within the groups may require further investigation.
TL;DR: Feeding and vocal behaviours of wild black gibbons (Hylobates concolor) were observed from 1987 to 1989 in southwestern Yunnan, notably H. concolor jingdongensis at Mt. Wuliang.
Abstract: Feeding and vocal behaviours of wild black gibbons (Hylobates concolor) were observed from 1987 to 1989 in southwestern Yunnan, notably H. concolor jingdongensis