Showing papers in "IEEE Potentials in 2016"
TL;DR: The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technological revolution that represents the future of connectivity and reachability and includes interaction and social aspects.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technological revolution that represents the future of connectivity and reachability. In the IoT, things refer to any object on the face of the Earth, whether it is a communicating device or a noncommunicating "dumb" object. From a smart device to a leaf of a tree or a beverage bottle, anything can be part of the Internet. The objects become communicating nodes over the Internet through data communication means, primarily through radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. The IoT includes smart objects as well. Smart objects are digital, physical entities, which perform some tasks for humans and/or the environment. This is why the IoT is not only a hardware and software paradigm but also includes interaction and social aspects.
179 citations
TL;DR: Additive manufacturing (AM) is the process of joining materials to make objects from 3-D model data, usually layer upon layer as discussed by the authors, in which parts are built up by the addition of materials one layer at a time, corresponding to the cross section of the sliced 3D model.
Abstract: Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as threedimensional (3-D) printing, is the process of joining materials to make objects from 3-D model data, usually layer upon layer. Contrary to conventional manufacturing techniques, parts are built up by the addition of materials one layer at a time, corresponding to the cross section of the sliced 3-D model. Due to the nature of AM's layer-wise fabrication process, the need for fixtures and cutting tools are eliminated. Furthermore, computer-aided design (CAD) tools have allowed design optimization on demand, enabling the production of customizable parts readily.
78 citations
TL;DR: The focus of energy harvesting for medical applications is to develop biocompatible devices that can be worn on the human body in the form of clothes, watches, footwear, or glasses to extract energy from the body and convert it to electrical power.
Abstract: Energy harvesting has been growing in demand, and there is a variety of ongoing research to discover techniques for supplying electronic devices with a lifetime of power. The process of energy harvesting requires an energy source for harvesting and an energy harvesting sensor that matches that type of energy source. An energy harvester is a small device that converts available energy from the surrounding environment into electrical energy that can then be used to power small devices. Typical sources of energy include electromagnetic, wind, vibrational, and thermal energy.
33 citations
TL;DR: The isolation of the faulty line(s) is an important aspect of power system protection, as it not only prevents a calamitous situation but also protects the apparatus and increases its useful life as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Transmission lines are the vital links between generating stations and distribution substations, and it is essential to study, understand, and analyze the faults that occur in transmission lines. The isolation of the faulty line(s) is an important aspect of power system protection, as it not only prevents a calamitous situation but also protects the apparatus and increases its useful life.
24 citations
TL;DR: The World Health Organization (WHO) identified road traffic noise as one of the main contributors to urban noise pollution as mentioned in this paper, which is a prevalent feature of any urban soundscape, such as traffic noise.
Abstract: Environmental noise (also known as noise pollution) is a prevalent feature of any urban soundscape. Of the numerous environmental noise sources (e.g., aircrafts, road traffic, railways, industries, and construction), the World Health Organization (WHO) has identified road traffic noise as one of the main contributors to urban noise pollution.
23 citations
TL;DR: A wireless sensor network is a system that comprises thousands of wireless nodes spread around that use radio frequency (RF) channels to share their information and data, which may be further processed to monitor or control the system.
Abstract: Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a system that comprises thousands of wireless nodes spread around. These nodes use radio frequency (RF) channels to share their information and data, which may be further processed to monitor or control the system.
20 citations
TL;DR: An efficient yet economical device to serve as a distance sensor as well as provide other blind-assistance features and audibly relay the information back to the user would be highly significant to this group of people.
Abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that 90% of the information the human brain receives is transmitted through sight alone. Unfortunately, this highly efficient information-collecting channel is blocked to the over 285 million blind or visually impaired people across the world. An efficient yet economical device to serve as a distance sensor as well as provide other blind-assistance features and audibly relay the information back to the user would be highly significant to this group of people. Technology must serve and continue to advance the welfare of these individuals.
16 citations
TL;DR: The earliest accelerometer found its industrial applications in 1923 and could measure the acceleration and vibration of industrial components as discussed by the authors, and was extremely large in size, no engineer could foresee its utility in mobile electronic devices.
Abstract: The earliest accelerometer found its industrial applications in 1923 and could measure the acceleration and vibration of industrial components. Because it weighed about 1 lb and was extremely large in size, no engineer could foresee its utility in mobile electronic devices. The device used a resistance bridge along with electronic circuitry to measure the acceleration and vibrations of intended objects. In addition to its bulkiness, the accelerometer had lower resonant frequency, was fragile, and possessed low frequency response.
15 citations
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TL;DR: This dystopian vision, written almost 60 years ago about a future predicted for a time that is now over 30 years in the past, is closer than it has ever been to becoming a reality as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: This dystopian vision, written almost 60 years ago about a future predicted for a time that is now over 30 years in the past, is closer than it has ever been to becoming a reality. Even mind-reading technology is currently being developed and refined, leading us to an even-more dystopian reality in which our physical bodies will become vessels of surveillance. Uberveillance, (omnipresent surveillance) will of course mean the end of privacy as we know it and as we have grown to value it. If we wish to have privacy in the future, we must embark on several courses of action in the present before, as a society, we are too late.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the use of accelerometers, gyroscopes, and inertial measurement units (IMUs) play an important part in human movement analysis, and there has been a significant emphasis on physical activity and health monitoring.
Abstract: Accelerometers, gyroscopes, and inertial measurement units (IMUs) play an important part in human movement analysis. In recent years, there has been a significant emphasis on physical activity and health monitoring, and the use of accelerometers for physical activity monitoring has become popular. Electromyography (EMG) is a popular technique in the analysis of muscle activations in sports biomechanics. Widespread use was limited due to devices originally being bulky and expensive. Recent developments have incorporated wireless functionality in these devices.
11 citations
TL;DR: South Korea is home to a variety of communication networks that are densely deployed nearly everywhere, from homes and offices that use WiFi, to vehicles, tourist points, and other outdoor areas that make use of numerous cellular technologies.
Abstract: A variety of wireless networks have surrounded us for the provision of ubiquitous communication services. While the earliest communication infrastructure used wires for data exchange, wireless communication networks have become more popular over the years. Wireless communication provides freedom from wires and allows a device to communicate over a network regardless of its location. All wireless networks employ antennas that broadcast data into our environment as electromagnetic signals. With an increasing number of wireless networks, the number of elements that radiate in our ambient environment has also risen significantly. While each antenna element may broadcast at a relatively smaller transmit power, a large number of such antennas may emit considerable amount of electromagnetic energy into the environment.
TL;DR: The number of personnel with major specialization in complex systems, those that get hired by academia and industry, remains small; yet, the professional requirements are high and include a thorough education in one or more of the following as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The scientific landscape of manufacturing systems continues to change hand in hand with the evolution of the field itself. It is anticipated that new scientific insights will impact further growth in this area. However, the number of personnel with major specialization in complex systems, those that get hired by academia and industry, remains small; yet, the professional requirements are high and include a thorough education in one or more of the following
TL;DR: There is no doubt that the authors live in an age of persistent connectedness and are increasingly empowered as individuals to generate large volumes of digital data that can range from simple text messages and e-mail, to photographs, video clips, and a broad range of metadata.
Abstract: There is no doubt that we live in an age of persistent connectedness and are increasingly empowered as individuals to generate large volumes of digital data. This can range from simple text messages and e-mail, to photographs, video clips, and a broad range of metadata ranging from our location throughout the day to the webpages we browse, the online stores we visit, the travel arrangements we make, the financial transactions we initiate, and the social networks in which we participate.
TL;DR: Time is of the essence when ambulances are utilized to save people's lives, but when an ambulance needs to pass through a junction, its speed often must be reduced due to traffic.
Abstract: Time is of the essence when ambulances are utilized to save people's lives, but when an ambulance needs to pass through a junction, its speed often must be reduced due to traffic. This complicates situations when the patient in the ambulance needs urgent treatment that can be administered only at a hospital. Due to the unavailability of advanced medical procedures in an ambulance, there is the possibility for patients to suffer a loss of life.
TL;DR: A new technology must meet a number of requirements before people will reach an agreement on it; legal, social, and global considerations must be explored before robotics applications will be accepted by society.
Abstract: Major debates surround the field of robotics, making the potential development of humanlike robots one of the most controversial facets of modern technology. This is the result of the technology's young age. A new technology must meet a number of requirements before people will reach an agreement on it; legal, social, and global considerations must be explored before robotics applications will be accepted by society.
TL;DR: A mammogram is an X-ray image of the human breast used for the detection and diagnosis of changes in breast tissues and reveals information that could yield the detection of suspicious lesions by breast radiologists (BRs).
Abstract: A mammogram is an X-ray image of the human breast. It is used for the detection and diagnosis of changes in breast tissues. Asymptomatic women may be encouraged to undergo screening mammography on a regular basis after reaching a certain age. In most cases, mammograms reveal information that could yield the detection of suspicious lesions by breast radiologists (BRs). Hopefully, the detection is achieved before the lesions have advanced to a late stage of cancer, which makes it difficult to cure.
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TL;DR: Additive manufacturing processes can be broadly classified as additive, subtractive, and formative (see Fig. 1) as mentioned in this paper, which is best suited for fabricating small parts directly from their 3-D computeraided design (CAD) models, using layer-by-layer addition of the material extruded from a nozzle or sintered using a laser beam.
Abstract: Manufacturing processes can be broadly classified as additive, subtractive, and formative (see Fig. 1). Additive manufacturing technology, also called three-dimensional (3-D) printing (usually in plastics) or rapid prototyping (in plastics as well as metals), is less than 30 years old. It is best suited for fabricating small parts directly from their 3-D computeraided design (CAD) models, using layer-by-layer addition of the material extruded from a nozzle (as in fused deposition modeling) or sintered using a laser beam (as in selective laser sintering). There is negligible set up time; no part-specific programming or tooling is required; hence the first part can be produced within hours. But the next part also takes the same amount of time. As a result, this process is not suitable for mass production and is mainly limited to producing prototypes (for testing) and parts required in small numbers (for repair and maintenance). The step-like surface created by layers limits the surface finish.
TL;DR: The simplest answer would be "because the insect is very small and light." So then, why are smaller things better able to float on the water? An aircraft carrier can easily float on a sea too, although it is extremely large as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: When I was a kid, I was fascinated by watching water striders glide on the water and would wonder: why do they not drown but instead play, standing effortlessly on the water? This is undoubtedly a common question among curious children. The simplest answer would be "because the insect is very small and light." So then, why are smaller things better able to float on the water? An aircraft carrier can easily float on the sea too, although it is extremely large.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the digital tools necessary to properly protect the public, and how to ensure that the use of these tools ensures that the police serve the public and not the other way around.
Abstract: To serve and protect: that is the mandate of the modern police force. However, as they acquire more tools for processing information, the notion of serving and protecting necessarily evolves. What are the digital tools necessary to properly protect the public, and how can we ensure that the use of these tools ensures that the police serve the public and not the other way around?
TL;DR: The theme issue of IEEE Potentials was prospectively titled "The Dark Side of Technology" as discussed by the authors, which addressed some of the dangerous scenarios that arise from the development of new technologies without proper constraint, restraint, ethical judgment, or regard for people and the planet.
Abstract: Originally, this theme issue of IEEE Potentials was prospectively titled "The Dark Side of Technology." We wanted to address some of the dangerous scenarios that arise from the development of new technologies without proper constraint, restraint, ethical judgment, or regard for people and the planet. Certainly, there was no shortage of case studies or scenarios from which to choose.
CERN1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed thousands of such collisions and showed that the circumstances shortly after those collisions are representative to the universe's conditions only moments after the Big Bang, and that the results can be made toward answering the previous questions.
Abstract: How did the universe look in the first moments after the Big Bang? Why does matter dominate over antimatter? What are the fundamental particles that make up the world as we see it today? To find answers to those and similar questions, the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is operating the world's largest particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC accelerates protons to a velocity close to the speed of light and makes hundreds of them collide. The circumstances shortly after those collisions are representative to the universe's conditions only moments after the Big Bang. By analyzing thousands of such collisions, a steps can be made toward answering the previous questions.
TL;DR: In this article, information security is approached from a novel perspective as it is examined its unintended ramifications and its paradoxes.
Abstract: In this article, we approach information security from a novel perspective as we examine its unintended ramifications and its paradoxes. Information security and cybersecurity are necessities of modern societies. Simply put, services that are based on information and communication technologies would not function without information security. Thus, information security can easily tend to be thought of in only positive terms, as it ensures and facilitates our way of life.
TL;DR: Zanella (2014) uses the term smart city to describe how a city will be equipped with microcontrollers, transceivers for digital communication, and suitable protocol stacks that will make them able to communicate with one another and with the users.
Abstract: Gibson first proposed the term smart city in 1992 to broadly define how urban development was turning toward technology at that time and the subsequent innovation and globalization possible as a result. Since then, the term smart city has evolved, and Zanella (2014) uses it to describe how a city will "...be equipped with microcontrollers, transceivers for digital communication, and suitable protocol stacks that will make them able to communicate with one another and with the users." These sensors are used around cities to record a wide range of data, including information on utilities (e.g., smart grids, street lighting, water and electricity consumption), the environment (e.g., temperature, humidity, pollution), and traffic management (e.g., parking space usage, traffic monitoring and modeling). This data is analyzed by city authorities, utility companies, and businesses to enable maintenance and investment in infrastructure and services throughout the city.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on advanced and smart manufacturing technologies and the challenges faced by industry segments to decrease the manufacturing cost per unit of a product, including moving factories to places with lower labor costs, improving production processes and manufacturing technologies.
Abstract: In continuation of our efforts to bring you thematic issues centered around interesting and hot topics, this issue of IEEE Potentials focuses on advanced and smart manufacturing technologies. Increasingly, industry segments are facing the challenge to decrease the manufacturing cost per unit of a product. A number of different measures have been adopted by companies including moving factories to places with lower labor costs, improving production processes and manufacturing technologies, and designing better products.
TL;DR: The zero-sum, win/lose paradigm of privacy versus public safety is not only wrong, but also extremely dangerous and must be brought to an end as mentioned in this paper, because privacy and public safety can indeed coexist, resulting in greater efficacy for both.
Abstract: Make no mistake, privacy is a necessary condition for both a prosperous and free society. However, ever since the tragic events of 11 September 2001 and the terrorist acts that have followed, privacy has been increasingly cast as an antagonist of public safety. (I use the term public safety as an all-encompassing term that includes the necessary security measures to bring it about.) This zero-sum, win/lose paradigm of privacy versus public safety is not only wrong, it is extremely dangerous and must be brought to an end. It is wrong because privacy and public safety can indeed coexist, resulting in greater efficacy for both. It is dangerous because, in the tension between privacy and public safety, privacy will always lose, and this loss will directly endanger not only freedom but the prosperity that we enjoy as a free and open society.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce another component to the problem worth paying attention to: our lack of moral intuitions toward technology, which, more often than not, remain largely neglected and unaddressed in public discourse.
Abstract: Social networks' commodification of personal data, digital rights management software, corporate back doors, technologyenabled global surveillance, e-waste, and the working conditions in much of ICT manufacturing-many of the technologies that define the lives of 21st century, first-world citizens-possess significant moral dimensions, which, as it appears, more often than not, remain largely neglected and unaddressed in public discourse. Why is this the case? Well, for one, it?s because a lot of people are profiting from the status quo. But that is not what this article will focus on. Instead, I will introduce another component to the problem worth paying attention to: our lack of moral intuitions toward technology.
Journal Article•
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TL;DR: While the new engineer may embark on a number of different career paths, two that are frequently followed are product development and its companion, product test: functional tests, field tests, usability tests, and classical tests.
Abstract: While the new engineer may embark on a number of different career paths, two that are frequently followed are product development and its companion, product test. In either case, new engineers will run into four general types of testing required to bring a new product into the market: functional tests, field tests, usability tests, and classical tests. The first two tests may be accomplished in either the development or test organization and are frequently completed in both areas. In the first case, the developers wish to ensure that the product is meeting its specification (operating conditions, power sequences, and logical functions), while in the second, it is part of the charter of the product test group to ensure the product meets, and exceeds, the specification.
TL;DR: In 2010, a young man named Khaled Said was beaten to death by the secret police and Google executive Wael Ghonim set up the Facebook page "We are all KhaledSaid," and within a day tens of thousands of people had joined as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In Egypt in June 2010, a young man named Khaled Said was beaten to death by the secret police. In response, Google executive Wael Ghonim set up the Facebook page "We are all Khaled Said," and within a day, tens of thousands of people had joined. The Facebook page was used to publicize a series of protests against police brutality and government corruption, including a huge protest on 25 January 2011. As the resistance gathered momentum, Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak ordered Internet and mobile phone service be shut down.
TL;DR: This article explores cloud sprawl, a phenomenon that occurs as more applications requiring integration are hosted in different cloud environments and cloud providers, resulting in a new set of issues and complexities.
Abstract: As we continue to deploy more vendor-hosted or cloud-based applications, we are starting to experience a phenomenon that can be called cloud sprawl. This cloud sprawl is resulting in a new set of issues and complexities that this article explores. The sprawl occurs as more applications requiring integration are hosted in different cloud environments and cloud providers. These issues are particularly critical for those applications that are tightly integrated with other applications, such as the enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. The applications considered here are large, server-based applications at the enterprise level, traditionally hosted in our own data center.