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Showing papers in "Ingeniería in 2020"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an approach for the optimal placement of capacitores, reguladores de tension and generadores distribuidos in EDNs is presented, which can be used to optimize the allocation of all these elements together, in pairs, or separately.
Abstract: espanolContexto: Con el advenimiento del paradigma de las redes inteligentes, los operadores de las redes de distribucion estan haciendo esfuerzos para modernizar sus redes a traves de la ubicacion ´optima de generacion distribuida y otros dispositivos como condensadores y reguladores de tension. La ubicacion ´optima de estos dispositivos es una tarea desafiante que involucra variables de decision discretas y enteras. Metodo: Este articulo presenta una metodologia para la ubicacion optima de capacitores, reguladores de tension y generadores distribuidos en redes de distribucion. La caracteristica distintiva del modelo propuesto es el hecho de que se puede utilizar para optimizar la ubicacion de todos estos elementos a la vez, en pares o por separado. La ubicacion optima de estos elementos se formula como un problema de programacion no lineal de enteros mixta, y se resuelve mediante un algoritmo gen etico especializado. Resultados: La metodologia propuesta se probo en el sistema de prueba IEEE de 69 barras. Los resultados se comparan con trabajos previos reportados en la literatura especializada, mostrando la efectividad y robustez del modelo propuesto. Conclusiones: Se encontro que una ubicacion adecuada de condensadores, reguladores de tension y generadores distribuido permiten una reduccion importante de las perdidas de energia. Tambien se encontro que el modelo propuesto es mas rapido que otras tecnicas propuestas en la literatura especializada. Agradecimientos: Los autores agradecen el financiamiento del programa Colombia Cientifica dentro de la convocatoria Ecosistema Cientifico (Contrato No. FP44842- 218 2018). Los autores tambien agradecen el apoyo de Universidade Estadual de Londrina y la Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira (UTP). EnglishContext: With the advent of the smart grid paradigm electrical distribution network (EDN) operators are making efforts to modernize their power grids through the optimal implementation of distributed generation (DG) and other devices such as capacitors (CAs) and voltage regulators (VRs). The optimal allocation such devices is a challenging task involving discrete and integer decision variables. Method: This paper presents an approach for the optimal placement of CAs, VRs and DGs in EDNs. The distinctive feature of the proposed model is the fact that it can be used to optimize the allocation of all of these elements together, in pairs, or separately. The optimal placement of these elements is formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem, and it is solved by means of a specialized genetic algorithm (SGA). Results: The proposed methodology was tested on the IEEE 69-bus test system. Results are compared with previous works reported in the specialized literature, showing the effectiveness, and robustness of the proposed approach. Conclusions: It was found that an appropriate allocation of CAs, VRs and DGs results in an important reduction of power losses. It was also found that the proposed model is faster than other techniques proposed in the specialized literature. Acknowledgements: The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the Colombia Scientific Program within the framework of the call Ecosistema Cientifico (Contract No. FP44842- 218-2018). The authors also acknowledge the support of the State University of Londrina and Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira (UTP).

10 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the design of a linear quadratic Gaussian controller to regulate the voltage of a DC generator, and its performance is compared with that of a self-tuning regulator based on pole placement.
Abstract: espanolContexto: En este articulo se presenta el diseno de un controlador lineal cuadratico gaussiano para regular el voltaje de un generador CD y se compara su desempeno con el de un regulador autoajustable sintonizado por asignacion de polos. Metodo: Para implementar estas estrategias de control, se utiliza el prototipo de un generador CD y se obtiene el modelo matematico del sistema utilizando identificacion no parametrica, se presentan las bases teoricas y el diseno de las dos estrategias de control y se realiza la comparacion del desempeno de los dos controladores utilizando metricas de la integral del error y respuesta temporal. Resultados: Las metricas de la integral del error y las de respuesta temporal muestran que, aunque el desempeno del controlador lineal cuadratico gaussiano es ligeramente superior al presentado por el controlador autoajustable por asignacion de polos, con las dos estrategias de control las respuestas del sistema son estables, con buena velocidad de respuesta y error de estado estable igual a cero. Conclusiones: Las estrategias de control lineal cuadratico gaussiano y el control autosintonizado son una buena alternativa al control convencional y generan un adecuado control del proceso, acorde con los requerimientos del sistema. EnglishContext: This paper presents the design of a Linear Quadratic Gaussian controller to regulate the voltage of a DC generator, and its performance is compared with that of a self-tuning regulator based on pole placement. Method: To implement these control strategies, a prototype DC generator is used, and the mathematical model of the system is obtained by means of non-parametric identification. The theoretical bases and the design of the two control strategies are presented, and the performance comparison of the two controllers is performed by using metrics from their integral error and time response. Results: Integral error and time response metrics show that, although the performance of the Linear Quadratic Gaussian controller is slightly higher than that presented by the self-tuning controller, system responses are stable with both control strategies, as well as with a good speed response and a steady-state error equal to zero. Conclusions: A Linear Quadratic Gaussian controller and self-tuned control strategies are a good alternative to conventional control and generate an adequate process control that is in line with system requirements.

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a reconfigurable photovoltaic cell model and a research platform in solar conversion optimization are proposed, where Artificial Neural Networks have been applied, in their specific functions of dynamic modeling, advanced control and reconfiguration schemes.
Abstract: This research proposes a reconfigurable photovoltaic cell model and a research platform in solar conversion optimization. The solar park concept has its main objective in scientific field research. That is why it is a space for the analysis of technologies; the model proposed here is based on a reconfigurable scheme, with converter concatenation and feedback, within the framework of regenerative systems. Criteria were established for the configuration of IPVDs intelligent photovoltaic devices, supported by FPGA technology. An intelligent arrangement of solar panels, distributed in the solar field, perform the formulation of the tandem composition and synthesis of reconfigurable structures. Artificial neural networks have been applied, in their specific functions of dynamic modeling, advanced control and reconfigurable schemes. As a result, the conceptual design of the platform is obtained under criteria of sustainability and environmental responsibility, a matrix of codes for the remote configuration of the elements and a model with LFSR architecture for the renewable energy converter system. All this allows us to contribute to the migration towards new technologies and sustainable models of the energy matrix, with online estimation of the environmental impact and efficiency of the new developments. A technological concept is obtained as a conclusion, which is based on a fractal model from quantum physics applied to the design of the photovoltaic converter, to the generalized structure, with the ability to reconfigure the characteristics of its layers.

6 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Abstract: espanolContexto: Este articulo analiza la efectividad de apantallamiento electromagnetico de varias estructuras de concreto en funcion de la variacion del grosor y el contenido o nivel de humedad (NH) para un rango de frecuencias definido. Metodo: El estudio se fundamenta en la implementacion de simulaciones en dos dimensiones (2D) usando un software basado en el metodo de elementos finitos (FEM) y se desarrollo a partir de un conjunto de valores obtenidos de la aplicacion de modelos matematicos para medios dielectricos. Inicialmente, se caracterizan las propiedades electricas complejas de las estructuras (permitividad dielectrica y conductividad) aplicando el modelo matematico de Jonscher de tres variables. Posteriormente, se evaluan dichas propiedades sobre diferentes estructuras de concreto para un rango de frecuencias determinado. Resultados: Se observo que el blindaje electromagnetico ofrecido por el concreto aumenta cuando se incrementa el NH y el grosor de las estructuras. Adicionalmente, las pruebas evidencian que las perdidas de energia por absorcion son mayores en comparacion con los demas tipos de perdidas analizadas en el estudio. Conclusiones: Luego de la investigacion se puede afirmar que modelo electromagnetico de Jonscher ofrece una buena respuesta al ser aplicado a las propiedades electricas complejas del concreto en un rango de frecuencia desde 250 MHz hasta 700 MHz. Asimismo, al variar el grosor y el NH en las estructuras analizadas, se evidencio un aumento en la efectividad de apantallamiento electromagnetico total. Debido a que el concreto es un medio dielectrico imperfecto, las perdidas de energia por reflexion son bajas comparadas con las perdidas de absorcion y de multiples reflexiones. Aun asi, este material estructural puede ser usado como apantallamiento natural contra perturbaciones electromagneticas radiadas en la banda de UHF. Agradecimientos: Este trabajo fue posible gracias al soporte y asesoria del Grupo de compatibilidad e interferencia electromagnetica (GCEM-UD) de la Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas. EnglishContext: This paper analyzes the effectiveness of electromagnetic shielding of several concrete structures based on the variation of the thickness and the content or level of humidity (NH) for a defined frequency range. Method: The study is based on the implementation of simulations in two dimensions (2D) using a software based on the finite element method (FEM) and it was developed from a set of values obtained from the application of mathematical models for dielectric media. Initially, the complex electrical properties of the structures (dielectric permittivity and conductivity) are characterized by applying the Jonscher´s mathematical model of three variables. Subsequently, these properties are evaluated with different concrete structures for a specific frequency range. Results: It is observed that the electromagnetic shielding offered by the concrete increases when the NH and the thickness of the structures are increased. Additionally, the evidencesshow that energy losses due to absorption are greater compared to the other types of losses analyzed in the study Conclusions: After the investigation, it can be affirmed that the Jonscher electromagnetic model offers a good response when it is applied to the complex electrical properties of concrete in a frequency range from 250 MHz up to 700 MHz. Also, by varying the thickness and the humidity level in the structures analyzed, an increase in the effectiveness of the total electromagnetic shielding was evidenced. Because concrete is an imperfect dielectric medium, energy losses by reflection are low compared to absorption losses and losses due to multiple reflections. However, this structural material can be used as a natural shield against radiated electromagnetic disturbances in the UHF band. Acknowledgements: This work was made possible thanks to the support and advice of the Electromagnetic compatibility and interference research group (GCEM-UD) of the Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas.

6 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the state of the art in green and sustainable supply chain management is presented, looking forward to guiding readerstowards a synthesis of related concepts and future lines of research.
Abstract: espanolContexto: Las dimensiones ambiental y social del desempeno cobran importancia, ya que deben ser incorporadas a los objetivos estrategicos, tacticos y operativos de las empresas y cadenas de suministro para mitigar los impactos negativos sobre el medio ambiente y la sociedad. Metodo: Basado en una revision del estado del arte en bases de datos Scopus, Web of Science y ScienceDirect, consultando los temas de sostenibilidad y gestion de la cadena de suministro, se presenta el estado del arte en la gestion de la cadena de suministro verde y sostenible, esperando guiar a los lectores hacia una sintesis de conceptos relacionados y futuras lineas de investigacion. Resultados: Se introduce al lector en conceptos y tendencias en el campo de la gestion de la cadena de suministro verde y sostenible con el fin de despertar el interes en nuevas investigaciones y practicas para guiar la implementacion de la sostenibilidad en las organizaciones y sus cadenas de suministro. Conclusiones: La gestion sostenible de la cadena de suministro aun enfrenta varios aspectos academicos y practicos, desafios en terminos de implementacion, medicion del desempeno y como los modelos pueden capturar un contexto social y ambiental dinamico e incierto. Hay cuestiones de investigacion latentes como la gestion de la cadena de suministro circular, las aplicaciones en economias emergentes o la aplicacion de tecnologias 4.0. EnglishContext: The environmentally and socially dimensions of performance gain importance as they need to be incorporated into strategic, tactical and operational objectives in companies and supply chains in order to mitigate negative impacts on the environment and society.Method: Based on a review of the state of the art in databases such as Scopus, Web of Science and ScienceDirect, querying the topics of sustainability and supply chain management, the state of the art in green and sustainable supply chain management is presented, looking forward to guiding readerstowards a synthesis of related concepts and future lines of research.Results: The reader is introduced to concepts and trends around the field of green and sustainable supply chain management to the ends of raising interest in new research and practices to guide the implementation of sustainability in organizations and their supply chains.Conclusions: Sustainable supply chain management still faces several academic and practical challenges in terms of implementation, measurement of performance and how models can capture a dynamic and uncertain social and environmental context. There are latent research issues such asmanagement of the circular supply chain, applications in emerging economies, or the application of 4.0 technologies.

5 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an analysis of three technologies for wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of feasible application in Costa Rica and find that the current practice of extended use of small-scale ASE systems is not the most sustainable option.
Abstract: espanolEste articulo aborda el tema del tratamiento sostenible de las aguas residuales en pequenas comunidades de Costa Rica. Aunque esfuerzos recientes muestran interes politico en mejorar el rezago historico que sufre el pais en infraestructura sanitaria, existen pocas referencias que guien el proceso de seleccion de la tecnologia y escala mas adecuadas para los sistemas a implantar. Este trabajo provee un analisis de tres tecnologias para plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) de aplicacion factible en el pais. Para ello se estimo la demanda de area (DA), el costo constructivo (CC) y el costo de operacion y mantenimiento (CO&M) de PTAR en diferentes escalas. Se mostro que los sistemas con humedal construido tienen la mayor DA y los menores CC y CO&M. Los sistemas con reactor anaerobio de flujo ascendente de manto de lodo seguido de filtro biologico percolador (UASB + FBP) tuvieron DA ligeramente mayores a las de los sistemas de lodos activados de aireacion extendida (LAE), con CC ligeramente inferiores para la primera tecnologia y CO&M de 50 a 100% mayores para los LAE. El estudio comprobo que la practica actual de uso extendido de sistemas LAE en pequena escala no resulta la opcion mas sostenible, por lo que se insta a que en el futuro se consideren escalas de PTAR mayores y se amplie el abanico de tecnologias utilizadas en el pais, aprovechando algunas recientes experiencias exitosas en paises con condiciones similares EnglishThis article discusses the sustainable treatment of sewage for small communities in Costa Rica. Although recent efforts show a political interest in improving the country’s historical lag in sanitation infrastructure, there are few references that guide the selection process of the most appropriate technology and scale for the systems to be installed. This work provides an analysis of three technologies for wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of feasible application in the country. For this, a land area requirement (LAR), the building cost (BC) and the operation and maintenance cost (O&MC) of STPs at different scales were estimated. It was shown that systems with constructed wetland have the highest LAR and the lowest BC and O&MC. The systems with upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor followed by trickling filter (UASB + TF) had a larger LAR than those of activated sludge with extended aeration (ASE), with BC lower for the first technology and O&MC 50 to 100% higher for ASE. The study found that the current practice of extended use of smallscale ASE systems is not the most sustainable option. Thus, it is advised that future WWTP consider larger scales and alternative technologies, emulating some recent successful experiences in countries with similar conditions.

4 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a solution to the problem of represamiento de entregas, identified in 2018, in a company dedicated to the service of deliveries of packages and merchandise, located in Valle del Cauca, Colombia.
Abstract: espanolContexto: Este articulo plantea resolver el problema de represamiento de entregas, identificado en 2018, en una empresa dedicada al servicio de entregas de paquetes y mercancias, localizada en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia, a partir de la optimizacion del proceso logistico que permita reducir los tiempos del proceso de entregas a los clientes y evitar perdidas para la empresa. Esto significa generar rutas adecuadas, segun el problema clasico denominado Problema de Enrutamiento del Vehiculo (VRP, por sus siglas en ingles). Metodo: Se analiza la informacion de mas de 200 clientes para su realizacion. Se combinaron herramientas de calidad, tales como el analisis de Pareto y el enfoque de procesos, con tecnicas de optimizacion basadas en el metodo Clarke-Wright y el uso de ventanas de tiempo por medio del programa VRP Solver 3.0. Resultados: Con el diseno de las rutas propuesto para atender las entregas de una de las zonas de mayor demanda en la empresa (Zona Centro), los resultados de la simulacion arrojaron un aumento en el nivel de servicio del 60%, dado el uso del vehiculo para la distribucion en una jornada laboral completa y no solo en media jornada. Se evidencia que el aumento en los clientes atendidos, genera ingresos adicionales suficientes para cubrir los costos de usar el vehiculo una jornada mas, con utilidades para la empresa. Asi mismo, la capacidad de entrega, en Tm se aumenta en un 39%. De este modo se elimina la mercancia represada. Conclusiones: Con el uso de ventanas de tiempo, se propone un metodo para la programacion de rutas mediante la aplicacion de la herramienta VRP Solver 3.0, consecuente con la operacion del dia a dia en operadores logisticos como el caso estudiado. Igualmente, este articulo constituye una manera de acercar los conocimientos teoricos de la academia a la gestion eficiente del servicio en las Pymes. Asi, empresas, como la del caso presentado, pueden mejorar aun mas su nivel de servicio con tecnologias apropiadas para el tratamiento y control de la informacion de los clientes, con miras a la planificacion de las entregas. EnglishContext: This paper proposes to solve the problem of accumulated deliveries, identified in 2018, in a company dedicated to the service of deliveries of packages and merchandise, located in Valle del Cauca, Colombia, based on the optimization of the logistics process that allows reducing delivery times to customers and avoiding wastages for the company. This means generating appropriate routes, according to the classic problem called Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). Metodo: The information of more than 200 clients is analyzed for its realization. Quality tools, such as Pareto analysis and process approach, were combined with optimization techniques based on the Clarke Wright method and the use of time windows through the VRP Solver 3.0 program. Resultados: With the design of the routes proposed to meet the deliveries of one of the areas with the highest demand in the company (Central Zone), the results of the simulation showed an increase in the service level of 60%, given the use of the vehicle to the distribution in a complete working day and not only in half day of work. It is evident that the increase in customers served generates additional income, sufficient to cover the costs of using the vehicle half working day more, with profits for the company. Likewise, the delivery capacity, in Tm, is increased by 39%. So the accumulated merchandise by delivery is eliminated. Conclusiones: With the use of time windows, a method for route programming is proposed by applying the VRP Solver 3.0 tool, more consistent with the daily operation of logistics operators as the case studied. Likewise, this article constitutes a way of bringing the theoretical knowledge of the academy to the efficient management of the service in SMEs. Thus, companies like the case presented, can further improve their service level with appropriate technologies for the processing and control of customer information, with the purpose to planning the deliveries.

4 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison of the performance of diesel and biodiesel engines was performed using the SAE J1349 standard, and the results showed that the biodiesel produced by the diesel engine is more efficient than the diesel.
Abstract: espanolContexto: La tendencia de la cultura de la sociedad moderna, se basa especialmente en el desarrollo de nuevos biocombustibles, donde se direccionan mas especificamente en el campo de los motores de combustion interna, estableciendose como punto central, la perdida de su rendimiento termico. Este factor es uno de los principales retos, donde la investigacion se dinamiza en forma compleja e importante. En este contexto, la investigacion aqui propuesta, fortalece esta area del conocimiento, tambien, determina el comportamiento del desempeno de un motor monocilindrico encendido por compresion y con mezclas entre el diesel convencional y un biodiesel producido con tecnicas innovadoras. Metodo: En este trabajo se realizo, un analisis en un banco de pruebas para motores de combustion interna tipo Diesel, donde se caracterizo y se determino la eficiencia del motor, utilizando Diesel y diferentes mezclas como la B2, B5, B10, B20, B50 y B100 lo cual el numero determina el porcentaje de biodiesel en la mezcla. El biodiesel utilizado, conto como base el aceite de palma africana y se obtuvo por medio de la tecnologia de radiacion por microondas. Estas pruebas fueron realizadas utilizando la norma SAE J1349. La toma de datos como potencia, torque, consumo de combustibles y temperaturas, indicaron el desempeno del motor, que a su vez determinaron los efectos de los diferentes combustibles en estudio. Resultados: Al desarrollar las pruebas y realizar su analisis, se evidencio que, para todas las mezclas analizadas, la combustion se formo sin complicaciones, ademas de esto, al incrementar el porcentaje de biocombustible en la mezcla, se identifico aumentos mayores o iguales al 20% del consumo de combustible y perdidas de potencia en el rango del 40%. Ahora, respecto a la utilizacion del proceso por la tecnologia con microondas se mostro mas eficiente para la produccion del mismo Conclusiones: Con la metodologia aplicada, se determino que para la mezcla B20, los valores de la potencia fueron los mas estables en terminos de rendimiento termico. En el contexto del comparativo de los combustibles patron, diesel colombiano y venezolano, sometidos bajos las mismas condiciones de operacion, se obtuvo que el combustible tipo diesel venezolano presenta mejores caracteristicas de rendimiento en cuanto a su potencia, torque y estabilidad termica. Con respecto al consumo especifico del combustible obtenido, se observa el aumento con mayor porcentaje de mezcla de biodiesel, esto directamente proporcional a la perdida de potencia. EnglishContext: The trend in modern society's culture is based especially on the development of new biofuels, where they are directed more specifically in the field of internal combustion engines, establishing as a central point, the loss of their thermal performance. This factor is one of the main challenges, where research is dynamized in a complex and important way. In this context, the research proposed here strengthens this area of knowledge, also, determines the performance behavior of a single-cylinder engine ignited by compression and with mixtures between conventional diesel and biodiesel produced with innovative techniques. Method: In this work, an analysis was made in a test bench for internal combustion engines type Diesel, where the efficiency of the engine was characterized and determined, using Diesel and different mixtures such as B2, B5, B10, B20, B50 and B100 which number determines the percentage of biodiesel in the mixture. The biodiesel used was based on African palm oil and was obtained by means of microwave radiation technology. These tests were performed using SAE J1349 standard. Data collection such as power, torque, fuel consumption, and temperature, indicated engine performance, which in turn determined the effects of the different fuels under study. Results: During the development of the tests and their analysis, it was evidenced that, for all the analyzed mixtures, the combustion was formed without complications. In addition, when increasing the percentage of bio-fuel in the mixture, increases greater or equal to 20% of the fuel consumption and power losses in the range of 40% were identified. Now, with respect to the use of the process by the technology with microwaves, it was shown more efficient for the production of the same Conclusions: With the methodology applied, it was determined that for the B20 mixture, the power values were the most stable in terms of thermal efficiency. In the context of the comparison of the standard fuels, Colombian and Venezuelan diesel, submitted under the same operating conditions, it was obtained that the Venezuelan diesel type fuel presents better performance characteristics in terms of power, torque, and thermal stability. With respect to the specific consumption of the fuel obtained, the increase is observed with a higher percentage of biodiesel mixture, this being directly proportional to the loss of power.

3 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A parallel active topology allows better management of stored energy in the SC by supporting variation of SC terminal voltages with a DC converter as interface to the DC bus.
Abstract: Context:This paper presents a comparative study of the performance of three topologies for interconnecting Lithium ion batteries and supercapacitors in a hybrid energy storage system for use in electric residential microgrids with intermittent generation. The hybrid system’s main purpose is to prolong battery life, using the supercapacitor to handle the dynamic component of current from a pulsed current load. This work builds upon a preliminary simulation-based study, in which two semi-active topologies were compared and evaluated. Here, we add an active topology to the study and describe the operational benefits of each topology. Method: For every topology in this study, a non-isolated half-bridge bidirectional DC converter was used, and a proportional–integral (PI) double-loop linear ACC control algorithm was designed for controlling the converters. In the active topology an additional optimisation-based real-time frequency-decoupling control strategy was employed. Results:A parallel active topology allows better management of stored energy in the SC by supporting variation of SC terminal voltages with a DC converter as interface to the DC bus. Conclusions: Semi-active topologies are easier to design and control, but the operational benefits of supercapacitors require voltage variation at the terminals. This variation is made possible with an active topology.

3 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of clays during the DO transfer process in water bodies was investigated, and it was concluded that the presence of arcillas can generate a beneficial effect during the transfer of DO in bodies of water with a high oxygen deficiency, whereas, for water samples with a relatively high percentage of DO, clays can hinder the DO restoration process.
Abstract: espanolContexto: La carencia de oxigeno disuelto (OD) en cuerpos de agua se ha convertido en un problema ambiental para varios ecosistemas debido a cambios drasticos en sus condiciones climaticas, bilogicas y fisicas. La presencia de microorganismos, materia organica y arcillas, transportados por deslizamientos y aguas lluvias, afectan los procesos de restauracion y transferencia de OD en el agua, lo que hace necesario estudiar como dichos factores afectan el proceso de transferencia de OD. Metodo: Este trabajo se centra en estudiar la influencia de las arcillas durante el proceso de transferencia de OD en cuerpos de agua. Para esto, se utilizaron muestras de arcillas de la region de Paipa-Boyaca, adicionadas en 1, 3 y 5% en peso a muestras de agua limpia. El proceso de aireacion se llevo a cabo utilizando un sistema de difusion de flujo constante. Los ensayos se realizaron hasta obtener la saturacion de oxigeno disuelto en cada una de las muestras de agua trabajadas. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que la presencia de arcillas durante la transferencia de OD tienen poca influencia en los cuerpos de agua. Sin embargo, se observaron variaciones en intervalos de tiempo Conclusiones: Con estos resultados se concluye que la presencia de arcillas puede generar un efecto benefico durante la transferencia de OD en cuerpos de agua con una alta carencia de oxigeno, mientras que, para muestras de agua con un porcentaje relativamente alto de OD, las arcillas perjudican el proceso de restauracion de OD. EnglishContext: The lack of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water bodies has become a serious problem for several ecosystems due to drastic changes in their climatic, biological, and physical conditions. The presence of microorganisms, organic matter, and clays, which are carried by landslides and rainwater, affect the process of restoration and transfer of DO in water, thus making it necessary to study how these factors affect the process of DO transfer in water bodies. Method: This work is focused on studying the influence of clays during the DO transfer process in water bodies. To this effect, samples of clays from the region of Paipa, Boyaca, were added in 1, 3 and 5% by weight into the samples of clean water. The aeration process was performed using a constant flow diffusion system. The tests were carried out until the saturation of dissolved oxygen in each of the water samples was obtained. Results: The results show that the presence of clays during the transfer of DO have little influence on bodies of water. However, variations were observed in time intervals of Conclusions: With these results, it is concluded that the presence of clays can generate a beneficial effect during the transfer of DO in bodies of water with a high oxygen deficiency, whereas, for water samples with a relatively high percentage of DO, clays can hinder the DO restoration process.

3 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a system for learning in primary school using a mobile application, where two teams compete against each other to answer questions about a subject, and the robot moves along a racetrack whenever a team answers correctly.
Abstract: espanolContexto: En este articulo se presenta el diseno de un sistema robotico aplicado para la ensenanza en basica primaria, dirigido a la poblacion infantil. El sistema robotico es controlado mediante una aplicacion en un telefono celular, a partir del cual dos equipos de ninos compiten moviendo un robot en una pista cuando responden correctamente una pregunta. El sistema esta disenado para ser operado por personas sin conocimientos avanzados en informatica o robotica. Metodo: Inicialmente se realizo una revision de los resultados de las pruebas Pisa para Colombia, donde se evidencio que en educacion basica primaria existen fuertes deficiencias en matematicas. Posteriormente se procede al diseno del sistema utilizando la plataforma robotica Lego Mindstorm y una aplicacion para telefono celular. El sistema es validado en una actividad con 40 ninos de grados tercero y quinto, validando la actividad por medio de encuestas. Resultados: Las encuestas reflejaron una satisfaccion general de los estudiantes al realizar la actividad, mostrando mucho interes, asi como concentracion. Se evidencio disciplina de los ninos en la actividad. La actividad fue acompanada por el docente del espacio academico, quien considero que el ejercicio realizado fue positivo y contribuye al desarrollo academico de los estudiantes. Conclusiones: El uso de plataformas roboticas contribuye a los procesos de aprendizaje en la poblacion infantil al ser atractivas, interactivas y fortalecer el trabajo en equipo. Este tipo de plataformas deben ser de facil uso, ya que las actividades serian acompanadas por docentes de distintas formaciones. Se debe buscar que las plataformas sean accesibles y de bajo costo, pero con un diseno llamativo para la poblacion a la que va dirigida. Agradecimientos: Este proyecto ha sido financiado por la “Decimocuarta convocatoria interna para el fomento de la investigacion y la innovacion FODEIN 2020” de la Universidad Santo Tomas, Bogota D.C., Colombia, titulado “Optimizacion de trayectorias mediante algoritmos bio-inspirados aplicado a robots moviles con percepcion local”, codigo de proyecto: 2036004. EnglishContext: In this paper, the design of a robotic system applied to learning in primary school is presented. This system is controlled through a mobile application, where two teams competing against each other answer questions about a subject. The robot moves along a racetrack whenever a team answers correctly. The system is designed for easy operation without advanced knowledge in robotics or informatics. Method: First, the results from Colombia’s Pisa tests were consulted, finding that primary school shows a significant weakness in mathematics. Afterwards, a robotic educational platform was designed using a LEGO MINDSTORM robot and a mobile phone app. The education environment was validated by means of perception surveys at the end of an academic activity with 40 students between third and fifth grade. Results: The surveys reported an overall interest and satisfaction from the students with the academic activity and the proposed system. The children were very disciplined in the class with the robot. The activity was supported by the mathematics teacher, who believes that the class yielded positive results, thus contributing to the students’ academic development. Conclusions: The use of robotic platforms contributes to the learning process of children. This is because these activities are appealing and interactive. These kinds of systems are designed to develop teamwork. One important characteristic of these environments must be easy usage since they are conducted by teachers without knowledge in robotics or informatics. These platforms must be more accessible and low-cost, but their design must still be attractive. Acknowledgements: This work was funded by “Decimocuarta convocatoria interna para el formento de la investigacion y la innovacion FODEIN 2020” at Universidad Santo Tomas, Bogota, Colombia, entlited “Optimizacion de trayectorias mediante algoritmos bio-inspirados aplicado a robots moviles con percepcion local” (project code 2036004).

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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the selection criteria used to select the type of battery in a microgrid, these being sufficient to ensure the economic viability of the same throughout the entire life cycle of the system.
Abstract: espanolContexto: En la implementacion de una microrred la parte mas costosa es el sistema de almacenamiento de energia, el cual, en la mayoria de casos esta conformado por baterias. Diferentes autores motivados por alcanzar la reduccion de costos de implementacion que permita el crecimiento de las microrredes han dedicado sus esfuerzos a desarrollar tecnicas y topologias de microrred que permitan la optimizacion del sistema de almacenamiento de energia buscando el compromiso entre la vida util, mantenimiento e inversion inicial. Metodo: El objetivo del presente articulo es presentar los criterios de seleccion que se utilizan para seleccionar el tipo de bateria en una microrred, siendo estos suficientes para asegurar la viabilidad economica de la misma a lo largo de todo el ciclo de vida del sistema. Para alcanzar dicho objetivo se consultaron articulos indexados en revistas de contenido cientifico y de ingenieria clasificando los criterios en dos grupos, criterios tecnicos y criterios tecnico-economicos. Resultados: Se pudo establecer que los criterios tecnicos aseguran el cumplimiento de las caracteristicas tecnicas que requiere el usuario final de la microrred, pero no consideran la operacion del sistema de almacenamiento a lo largo de toda la vida util, en contraste, los criterios tecnico-economicos permiten garantizar el funcionamiento del sistema de almacenamiento de la microrred a lo largo de toda la duracion del proyecto. Conclusiones: La clasificacion de criterios realizada en este articulo es una guia que permite para motivar el avance de investigaciones con el fin de establecer metodologias que garanticen costos de implementacion viables a nivel de microrredes partiendo del analisis tecnico-economico del sistema de almacenamiento. Palabras clave: Baterias, Microrredes, Sistemas de almacenamiento. Agradecimientos: Este articulo presenta resultados parciales del proyecto de investigacion titulado “Interoperabilidad de Microrredes” financiado por el CIDC-UD, 2019. EnglishContext: In the implementation of a microgrid the most expensive element is the energy storage system, which, in most cases is made by batteries. Different authors motivated to achieve the reduction of implementation costs that allow the growth of microgrids have dedicated their efforts to develop techniques and topologies for microgrids that allow the optimization of the energy storage system seeking the compromise between the useful life, maintenance and investment initial. Method: The mains of this paper to present the selection criteria used to select the type of battery in a microgrid, these being sufficient to ensure the economic viability of the same throughout the entire life cycle of the system. To achieve this objective, papers indexed in journals of scientific and engineering content were consulted, classifying the criteria into two groups, technical criteria, and technical-economic criteria. Results: It was established that the technical criteria ensure compliance with the technical characteristics required by the end-user of the micro-network, but the operation of the storage system is not determined throughout the entire useful life, in contrast, the technical-economic criteria allow to guarantee the operation of the microgrid storage system throughout the entire duration of the project. Conclusions: The classification of the criteria carried out in this paper is a guide that allows motivating the progress of research in order to establish methodologies that guarantee viable implementation costs at the microgrid level based on the technical-economic analysis of the storage system. Keywords: Batteries, Microgrids, Storage systems.. Acknowledgements: This paper presents partial results of the research project entitled “Interoperabilidad de Microrredes” financed by the CIDC-UD year 2019.

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TL;DR: A preview of the San Jose canton exposure model to be used in seismic risk assessments, consisting in the structural characterization and spatial distribution of buildings inside the canton is presented in this paper.
Abstract: A preview of the San Jose canton exposure model to be used in seismic risk assessments, consisting in the structural characterization and spatial distribution of buildings inside the canton is presented. For it generation, a sample of 1 856 buildings, selected by means of a stratified random sampling with proportional allocation was used, following the Rapid Environmental Mapping method, developed by GFZ. Among the main results found was that 50% of the buildings from the sample are classified as confined reinforced masonry with rigid diaphragm and 40% with flexible diaphragm, also the most used lateral load resisting system is the wall type (92%).

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TL;DR: An encryption model for color images based on chaotic systems, which satisfies security standards in accordance with the challenges faced by society is proposed, confirming that the use of chaos theory as a tool for strengthening security schemes in communications is a good alternative.
Abstract: espanolContexto: Aprovechando los fundamentos de la teoria de sistemas dinamicos no lineales se propone un modelo de encriptacion para imagenes a color basado en sistemas caoticos, que satisface estandares de seguridad acordes con los desafios a que se enfrenta la sociedad. Metodo: Se propone un algoritmo simetrico utilizando el sistema caotico Cat de Arnold para la permutacion y para la difusion el sistema hipercaotico de Chen o el sistema hipercaotico de Lorenz, en la implementacion se utiliza programacion paralela para reducir los tiempos de ejecucion. Resultados: Se aplican metricas de desempeno para evaluar la seguridad del modelo criptografico propuesto, encontrando que los indicadores obtenidos se enmarcan dentro de los publicados en articulos recientes que abordan el problema de la seguridad a traves del caos. Conclusiones: Se aplican metricas de desempeno para evaluar la seguridad del modelo criptografico propuesto, encontrando que los indicadores obtenidos se enmarcan dentro de los publicados en articulos recientes que abordan el problema de la seguridad a traves del caos. EnglishContext: Taking advantage of the foundations of the theory of non-linear dynamic systems, we propose an encryption model for color images based on chaotic systems, which satisfies security standards in accordance with the challenges faced by society. Method: A symmetrical algorithm is proposed using Arnold's chaotic Cat system for permutation and for diffusion Chen's hyperchaotic system or Lorenz's hyperchaotic system, a parallel programming in implementation is used to reduce execution times. Results:Performance metrics are applied to evaluate the security of the proposed cryptographic model, finding that the indicators obtained are framed within those published in recent articles that address the problem of security through chaos. Conclusions: The results obtained confirm that the use of chaos theory as a tool for strengthening security schemes in communications is a good alternative, particularly when referring to image transfer.

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TL;DR: A MATLAB code implementation and the GUI (General User Interface) for fuzzy random variable generation and the main goal is to provide graphical and code–efficient tools to users.
Abstract: espanolContext: This paper presents a MATLAB code implementation and the GUI (General User Interface) for fuzzy random variable generation. Based on previous theoretical results and applications, a MATLAB toolbox has been developed and tested for different membership functions. Method: A two–step methodology was used: i) a GUI toolbox was implemented over MATLAB framework to be used for separate and ii) all .m functions are available to use as normal code. The main goal is to provide graphical and code–efficient tools to users. Results: The main obtained results are the MATLAB GUI and code. In addition, some experiments were ran to evaluate its capabilities and some randomness statistical tests were successfully performed. Conclusions: Satisfactory results were obtained from the implementation of the MATLAB code/toolbox. All randomness tests were accepted and all performed experiments shown stability of the toolbox even for large samples (?10.000). Also, the code/toolbox are available online. EnglishContexto: Este trabajo presenta una implementacion de codigo de MATLAB y un GUI (interfaz de usuario) para la generacion de variable aleatoria difusa. Basados en resultados teoricos y aplicacion previos, un toolbox de MATLAB fue desarrollado y validado para diferentes funciones de pertenencia. Metodo: Una metodologia de dos pasos ha sido implementada: i) un toolbox GUI es implementada sobre MATLAB para usarse por separado y ii) todas las funciones .m estan disponibles para usarse como codigo normal. La meta principal es proveer herramientas graficas y de codigo a los usuarios. Resultados: Los resultados principales de este trabajo son el MATLAB GUI y el codigo subyacente. Adicionalmente, algunos experimentos fueron realizados para evaluar las capacidades del toolbox, y algunas pruebas estadisticas de aleatoriedad fueron realizadas con exito. Conclusiones: Resultados satisfactorios de la implementacion del codigo/toolbox de MATLAB fueron obtenidos. Todos los tests estadisticos fueron aceptados y todos los experimentos realizados mostraron que el toolbox es estable aun para tamanos de muestra grande (?10.000). Adicionalmente, el toolbox/codigo esta disponible online.

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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the effect of anodizing potential in porous anodica nanoporosa (AAN) images of oxalic acid 0,3 M using the Fast-Fourier transform.
Abstract: espanolContexto: La alumina anodica nanoporosa es un material de gran interes debido a su baja densidad, alta relacion de aspecto y a que es posible obtener estructuras altamente ordenadas de ella. En las ultimas decadas, los investigadores han concentrado sus esfuerzos en controlar las caracteristicas morfologicas de los arreglos de poros fabricados, particularmente su ordenamiento. Recientemente, se empezo a migrar la caracterizacion del ordenamiento de las estructuras de cualitativa a cuantitativa, conllevando esto al desarrollo de herramientas de caracterizacion mas precisas. Metodo: En este trabajo se evaluo el efecto del potencial de anodizado en el ordenamiento de alumina anodica nanoporosa (AAN) fabricada en acido oxalico al 0,3 M. Se empleo la transformada rapida de Fourier (TRF) como herramienta para cuantificar el ordenamiento de la AAN fabricada. Los valores del grado de ordenamiento se obtuvieron mediante el calculo del radio de regularidad basado en las imagenes obtenidas de las TRF generadas a partir de las imagenes superficiales de microscopia electronica de barrido (MEB) de las muestras de AAN. Resultados: Se observo que a medida que el potencial de anodizado aumenta, el radio de regularidad disminuye para los potenciales evaluados. Adicionalmente, se evidencio que el diametro de poro y la distancia entre poros aumentan con el potencial de anodizado. Conclusiones: Estructuras altamente ordenadas pueden ser obtenidas mediante el anodizado de aluminio puro en acido oxalico al 0,3 M a 40 V, 50 V y 55 V. El calculo del radio de regularidad representa un valioso instrumento para la caracterizacion cuantitativa del ordenamiento de las estructuras de AAN. La determinacion del grado de ordenamiento de la AAN se relaciona con sus propiedades y por lo tanto con su aplicacion. La comprension del efecto del potencial de anodizado en el ordenamiento de los poros de alumina proporciona herramientas para mejorar el diseno de dispositivos basados en la AAN. Agradecimientos: Los autores agradecen a la Universidad Catolica Luis Amigo por la financiacion del proyecto numero: 57156 y a Colciencias y la Universidad de Antioquia, con el numero de contrato: 0636-2013. EnglishContext: Nanoporous anodic alumina is a material of great interest due to its low density, high aspect ratio, and because it is possible to obtain highly ordered structures from it. In the last decades, researchers have focused on controlling the morphological characteristics of fabricated porous structures, particularly regarding their ordering. Recently, characterization of the ordering of these structures has started to migrate from qualitative to quantitative methods, leading to the development of more precise characterization tools. Method: In this work, the ordering of the nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) fabricated in oxalic acid 0,3 M was evaluated. Fast-Fourier transform was used to analyze the effect of anodizing potential in porous ordering. The regularity ratio was calculated based on the Fast-Fourier-transformed images generated from the top scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the obtained NAA samples. Results: It was observed that increasing the anodizing potential decreases the regularity ratio for the evaluated potentials. Additionally, it was found that morphological characteristics such as pore diameter and interpore distance increase with the anodizing potential. Conclusions: Highly ordered structures can be obtained through pure aluminum anodizing in 0,3 M oxalic acid at 40 V, 50 V, and 55 V. The regularity ratio is a useful instrument for the quantitative characterization of the ordering level of NAA structures. The NAA ordering level can be related with its properties, and then with NAA applications. The understanding of the anodizing potential effect on porous alumina ordering provides tools to improve the design of NAA-based devices. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank Universidad Catolica Luis Amig´o for funding project number 57156, as well as Colciencias and Universidad de Antioquia (contract number 0636-2013).

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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an analisis of the 1-FB-1, a Convertidor DC-DC, operando in modo de conduccion discontinuo.
Abstract: Se plantea el analisis del nuevo Convertidor DC-DC denominado 1-FB-1 operando en modo de conduccion discontinuo. Se establece el limite de operacion entre modos de conduccion continuo y discontinuo para definir apropiadamente los valores de los elementos en la etapa de diseno. El analisis abarca la descripcion de los estados del circuito, asi como expresiones analiticas que describen la corriente del inductor y el voltaje de salida del capacitor.

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TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the spatial position on the power of a 5W LED which was obtained using a radiometer was evaluated, taking at different positioning angles and the distance from it from the sensing equipment.
Abstract: This experiment evaluates the effect of the spatial position on the power of a 5W LED which was obtained using a radiometer. For this purpose, the radiant flow emitted by the LED was arranged, taken at different positioning angles and the distance from it from the sensing equipment. Statistical analysis for the validation of the obtained data was checked against the values provided by the manufacturer according to the specification sheet. Finally, the increase in tilt angle and distance resulted in a loss of radiant flow emitted by the LED by 99%.

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TL;DR: Power Conversion System for Hybrid Battery-Capacitor Storage Conversóin de Potencia for un Sistema de Almacenamiento Hı́brido Bateriéa- Capacitor Carlos Andrés Ramos-Paja.
Abstract: espanolContexto: Gracias a las bajas emisiones de CO2 de los sistemas electricos, estos han ganado mucha atencion por parte de la industria y la academia. Sin embargo, los sistemas de almacenamiento de energia requeridos en un sin numero de aplicaciones deben garantizar ser de alta densidad de energia y potencia. Metodo: Para satisfacer estos requerimientos, este trabajo propone un sistema de almacenamiento de energia hibrido (HESS) activo, el cual es formado por una bateria como dispositivo de alta densidad de energia, y un capacitor como el dispositivo de alta densidad de potencia. Asimismo, la solucion propuesta protege la bateria a traves de la limitacion de la derivada de la corriente. Resultados: Se disenan dos controladores por modos deslizantes, uno para la corriente de la bateria y otro para regular el voltaje en la carga. El proceso de diseno garantiza la estabilidad global del sistema y una operacion segura de la bateria. EnglishContext: Thanks to the low emissions of CO2 generated by electric systems, those solutions have anincreased attention from industry and academia. However, the electrical storage systems required in alarge amount of applications must to have both high energy and power densities. Method: To meet those requirements, this paper proposes an active hybrid energy storage system(HESS), which is formed by a battery, i.e. the device with high energy density, and a capacitor, i.e. the device with high power capability. The proposed power system also protects the battery by limiting the current derivative. Results: Two sliding-mode controllers (SMC) are designed to regulate both the battery current and the load voltage. The design process guarantees the global stability and safe battery operation. Conclusions: The controller avoids the battery degradation caused by the high-frequency current components since the capacitor assumes those components demanded by the load profile.

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TL;DR: MIRC as discussed by the authors is a producto de software that implementa un sistema for the divulgacion del Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica de Colombia, disponible for dispositivos moviles inteligentes (celulares, tablets, etc.).
Abstract: En el presente tesis, se diseno e implemento un Modelo de Interaccion Inteligente del Reglamento del Congreso de Colombia para dispositivos moviles “MIRC”; producto de software que implementa un sistema para la divulgacion del Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica de Colombia, disponible para dispositivos moviles inteligentes (celulares, tablets, etc.), dirigido a la poblacion en general y en especial a personas en situacion de discapacidad visual o fisicos y/o con problemas de analfabetismo, con el fin de facilitar el acceso y participacion ciudadana al quehacer legislativo y administrativo. La interaccion entre el usuario y el dispositivo movil, esta dado en un procesamiento en lenguaje natural; mediante el cual el usuario se limita a efectuar la peticion de lo que desea consultar con su propia voz y el dispositivo le da la respuesta a esa peticion en voz sintetizada. Para poder alcanzar este objetivo se hizo especial enfasis en los aspectos de calidad de software, requerimientos de los usuarios, accesibilidad, uso del potencial de los dispositivos moviles utilizando su tecnologia en la interaccion con el usuario; tales como: componente para reconocimiento de voz y conversion a texto (SpeechRecognizer), sensor de dispositivos moviles (AcelerometroSensor), componente de lectura de texto y su conversion a voz (TextToSpeech), entre otros. La app MIRC fue implementada para dispositivos moviles: telefonos celulares inteligentes y tablets con sistema operativo ANDROID®. Con el fin de validar la usabilidad de la app MIRC, se realizo una entrevista/encuesta a usuarios potenciales interesados en la consulta del Reglamento del Congreso, fueron tenidos en cuenta ademas de usuarios sin discapacidad, tambien los usuarios con algunas discapacidades visuales, fisicas o con problemas de analfabetismo. Cuyos resultados, fueron de gran aceptabilidad, de facil accesibilidad y operatividad.

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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluate the noise generated by aeronautical operations around Juan Santamaria Airport and its compatibility with the land use and the proposed zoning around the airport.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the noise generated by aeronautical operations around Juan Santamaria Airport and its compatibility with the land use and the proposed zoning around the airport. Aircraft noise can produce discomfort, interference with daily activities, and excessive vibrations; hence, land use planning around airports is of importance. Maps were prepared through computational models representing the noise levels generated by the operations of the airport. The operations were analyzed by aircraft type, schedules, and flight tracks, for 2013 and projections for: 2016, 2026, and 2036. Noise level data were collected with a sound level meter at 28 points surrounding the airport. Comparing the annual maps of 2013 and 2036 it was determined that 41,24 % of the analyzed area will present clearly perceivable increases (5 dB(A) to 10 dB(A)), and 1,36 % of the area will have double loudness increases (10 dB(A) to 14 dB(A)). The 2016 maps show locations where it is recommended to incorporate solutions in the construction regulation that reduce between 25 dB and 30 dB in the residential and scholar areas located within 65 dB(A) and 70 dB(A), such as Coco, Rincon Monge, Rincon Herrera, and Bajo Sorda. This finding is supported by field measurements. The proposed zoning was contrasted against the yearly day-night average sound level of 2036. The biggest issue of excessive aircraft noise is located near the west runway where a range above the 75 dB(A) is expected. Any edification of permanent residence must be banned in here.

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TL;DR: In this article, the use of a co-current down-flow trickle bed reactor for heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of phenol (as model pollutant) over Fe-Diatomite pellets and Fe-coated glass beads was investigated.
Abstract: The use of continuous reactors for heterogeneous catalytic ozonation is yet to be investigated in order to develop a viable technology for industrial applications. This paper presents hydrodynamic and degradation studies on the use of a co-current down flow trickle bed reactor for heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of phenol (as model pollutant) over Fe-Diatomite pellets and Fe-coated glass beads. It was found that the reactor can operate under trickle or pulsing flow regimes, promoting mass transfer augmentation. Residence time distribution data, fitted with n-CSTR and axial dispersion (ADM) models, showed low axial dispersion and high flow distribution. Just the Fe-diatomite pellets showed important phenol adsorption (16 %). Degradation experiments demonstrated that phenol conversion was substantial when using both catalysts, up to 19,7 % pollutant conversion with liquid-phase space times of just 6 s. Compared to direct ozonation, the use of the Fe-diatomite pellets and Fe-coated glass beads enhanced the reactor performance by 48 % and 23 %, respectively. It was confirmed that mass transfer is an important factor that restricts this reaction system performance; consequently, further improvement in mass transport rate is necessary for system optimization.

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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the antenna concept, its radiation principles, the mathematical foundations, the material used for radiation and the adjustment of the parameters to find a result of the pulse in TeraHertz (THz) using the finite element method accessible in COMSOL Multiphysics® software.
Abstract: espanolContexto: El estudio de las nanotecnologias ha mostrado grandes avances que incluyen la investigacion y exploracion en la region TeraHertz (THz), donde uno de sus enfoques mas comunes es el uso de Antenas Fotoconductoras (PCA) debido a las propiedades intrinsecas de su emision y a la naturaleza no destructiva de este tipo de radiacion. Metodo: Este articulo describe el concepto de antena, sus principios de radiacion, los fundamentos matematicos, el material utilizado para la radiacion y el ajuste de los parametros para encontrar un resultado del pulso en THz, mediante el uso del metodo de elementos finitos accesible en el software COMSOL Multiphysics®. Resultados: Se presenta el resultado de un modelado computacional, que estudia el comportamiento de una PCA, donde la entrada del modelo escogida corresponde a la geometria y al material de la antena, mostrando la concentracion del campo electrico en la zona GAP del dipolo y del substrato del semiconductor. Conclusiones: Dados los fundamentos teoricos que describen el comportamiento de las PCA en THz, fue posible configurar parametros como la geometria de la antena, el laser a usar y los materiales de construccion para lograr la generacion del pico de fotocorriente en el orden de 0,1 hasta 1,2 THz. EnglishContext: The study of nanotechnology has shown great advances that include research and exploration in the TeraHertz (THz) region, where one of its most common approaches is the use of Photoconductive Antennas (PCA) due to the intrinsic properties of their emission and nature non-destructive of this type of radiation. Method: This paper describes the antenna concept, its radiation principles, the mathematical foundations, the material used for radiation and the adjustment of the parameters to find a result of the pulse in THz, by using the finite element method accessible in COMSOL Multiphysics® software. Results: The result of a computational modeling is presented, which studies the behavior of a PCA, where the input of the chosen model corresponds to the geometry and material of the antenna, showing the concentration of the electric field in the GAP zone of the dipole and the substrate of the semiconductor. Conclusions: Given the theoretical foundations that describe the behavior of PCAs in THz, it was possible to configure parameters such as the geometry of the antenna, the laser to be used and the construction materials to achieve the generation of the photocurrent peak in the order of 0, 1 to 1.2 THz.

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TL;DR: This automatic image analysis tool can extend its implementation to any laboratory that is involved in the quantification of extracellular Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, as well as other aspects of research on its tachyzosites that require the count of this form of development of the parasite.
Abstract: Context: Digital image processing is an efficient and suitable computational tool for the automatic quantification of human pathogens in images, providing analysis in less time, greater number of samples, and result reproducibility. We propose the development and validation of an image processing algorithm, for the recognition and automatic quantification of T. gondii tachyzoites. Method: We developed an algorithm based on image processing. This workflow allows identifying the morphology of each parasite in the image by determining the number of parasites distinguishing them from those with a similar morphology, but not corresponding to the parasite in question. Images were obtained through Giemsa staining protocols. Results: The original images were analyzed by experts. The results showed correlation with those obtained by the automatic count. Additionally, a processing time of 5 seconds per image was obtained with the algorithm. This automated quantification tool allowed count of tachyzoites in tens of images. Conclusions: This automatic image analysis tool can extend its implementation to any laboratory that is involved in the quantification of extracellular Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, as well as other aspects of research on its tachyzoites that require the count of this form of development of the parasite.

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TL;DR: In this article, the results presented in this paper suggest that the extracts obtained from grape seeds, those obtained by means of microwave-assisted extraction, have high compounds phenolic compounds and total compounds, as well as high antioxidant activity, using the DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC tests.
Abstract: espanolContexto: En la actualidad, el aumento en la generacion de residuos agroindustriales ha incentivado la busqueda de alternativas viables de aprovechamiento. En este articulo se estudian cuatro metodos para la obtencion de extractos a partir de cascaras mango, guanabana y uva, y semillas de uva. Se analiza su eficiencia a traves de los rendimientos de extraccion y la caracterizacion de la capacidad antioxidante de los extractos. Metodo: La extraccion se realizo mediante extraccion con solvente, extraccion Soxhlet, extraccion asistida por microondas y extraccion asistida por ultrasonido. La caracterizacion de los extractos se realizo mediante la cuantificacion de compuestos fenolicos y flavonoides totales, asi como la determinacion de la capacidad antioxidante, utilizando las pruebas DPPH, FRAP y ORAC. Resultados: Se encontro que los extractos de semilla de uva obtenidos por diferentes metodos de extraccion, destacando los obtenidos por extraccion asistida por microondas, presentan alto contenido de compuestos fenolicos totales (>321.381,41 ± 3.476,85 µg Acido Galico/g) y flavonoides (>103.232,01 ± 4.638,19 µg Quercetina/g), ademas de una alta actividad antioxidante, segun los resultados de las pruebas de DPPH (152.280,08 ± 5.197,53 µg TROLOX/g) y ORAC (>124.566,81 ± 581,96 µg TROLOX/g). Conclusiones: Los resultados presentados en este estudio sugieren que los extractos obtenidos de las semillas de uva, especialmente aquellos obtenidos mediante extraccion asistida por microondas, tienen un uso potencial en la industria alimentaria y farmaceutica, debido a su alta capacidad antioxidante y su contenido de compuestos fenolicos totales y flavonoides. EnglishContext: Currently, the increase in agroindustrial waste generation has encouraged the search for viable use alternatives. In this paper, four methods to obtain extracts from mango, soursop, and grape peels, as well as and grape seeds, are studied. Their efficiency is analyzed through extraction yields and antioxidant capacity characterization of the extracts. Method: The extraction was performed using solvent, Soxhlet, microwave-assisted, and ultrasound assisted extraction. The characterization of the extracts was made by total phenolic compounds and flavonoids quantification, as well as antioxidant capacity determination, using the DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC tests. Results: It was found that grape seed extracts obtained by different extraction methods, highlighting those obtained by microwave assisted extraction, present a high total content phenolic compounds (>321.381,41 ± 3.476,85 μg Gallic Acid/g) and flavonoids (>103.232,01 ± 4.638,19 μg Quercetin/g), in addition to high antioxidant activity, according to the results of the DPPH (152.280,08 ± 5.197,53 µg TROLOX/g), and ORAC (>124.566,81 ± 581,96 μg TROLOX/g) tests. Conclusions: The results presented in this study suggest that the extracts obtained from grape seeds, especially those obtained by means of microwave-assisted extraction, have a potential use in food and pharmaceutical industries, due to their high antioxidant capacity and their total phenolic compounds and flavonoids content.

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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show the results on the laboratory experience of four RC beams, considering that only three of them were externally strengthened to bending, and a solution with anchors made of FRP was also used, in order to allow the tensile behavior of the FRP external reinforcement.
Abstract: In Peru there is a growing demand to improve, expand or remodel existing infrastructure, which has generally been designed with structural standards less demanding than the current ones. It is for this reason that various techniques are used, such as reinforcement using FRP (fiber reinforced polymer) systems. Among the predominant applications of this system is the reinforcement to bending of reinforced concrete (RC) elements such as walls, slabs and especially the beams. During the application of the FRP, various interferences or constructive limitations could occur, which has led to the approach of practical and modern solutions such as the use of FRP band systems, FRP plates and bars, NSM systems, and the use of anchors made of FRP. These procedures are contemplated in the ACI's guide 440.2R (ACI, 2017), used for the construction and design of external reinforcement with FRP on RC elements. The purpose of this article is to show the results on the laboratory experience of four RC beams, considering that only three of them were externally strengthened to bending, a solution with anchors made of FRP was also used, in order to allow the tensile behavior of the FRP external reinforcement. The specimens tested were subjected to cyclic loads by a quasi-static test, and the results indicate that these elements strengthened with FRP bands and anchors have a resistance capacity greater than the nominal flexural capacity. In addition, the behavior exhibited throughout these tests was stable and without unexpected anomalies that have been observed.

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TL;DR: El paralelismo inherente de los FPGAs puede ser usado para realizar múltiples operaciones en paralelo, manteniendo el buen desempeño por vatio that caracteriza a estos dispositivos.
Abstract: espanolContexto: Las redes neuronales convolucionales (CNNs) son actualmente utilizadas en una amplia gama de aplicaciones de inteligencia artificial. En muchos casos, dichas aplicaciones requieren la ejecucion de las redes en tiempo real en dispositivos integrados. Por esto, el interes en que estas aplicaciones puedan alcanzar un buen desempeno con bajo consumo de potencia. Las CNNs realizan operaciones entre los datos de entrada y los pesos de la red, con la particularidad de que no existe dependencia entre la mayoria de las operaciones. Por tal motivo, el paralelismo inherente de los FPGAs puede ser usado para realizar multiples operaciones en paralelo, manteniendo el buen desempeno por vatio que caracteriza a estos dispositivos. Este articulo se enfoca en la evaluacion del algoritmo de convolucion para una capa convolucional de redes neuronales explorando directivas de paralelizacion usando VIVADO HLS, y su objetivo es evaluar el desempeno del algoritmo utilizando directivas de optimizacion. Metodo: La metodologia consiste en una exploracion del espacio de diseno de la implementacion de una capa de una red neuronal convolucional usando VIVADO HLS. La verificacion del funcionamiento del FPGA fue realizada comparando los datos de salida con el mismo algoritmo de convolucion implementado en MATLAB. Una capa de la version comercial Xilinx DNNK fue usada como referencia para las medidas de desempeno de las diferentes implementaciones obtenidas en la exploracion del espacio de diseno. En este trabajo se utilizan multiples variaciones de directivas de optimizacion, tales como pipeline, array partition, y unroll. Resultados: Este trabajo presenta los resultados de una implementacion de referencia (sin directivas de optimizacion) del algoritmo de convolucion con respecto a la latencia del algoritmo y los recursos de hardware utilizados por la FPGA. Los resultados se comparan con implementaciones del algoritmo, incluyendo diferentes combinaciones de dos directivas de optimizacion (pipeline y partition array). Conclusiones: Este trabajo explora el espacio de diseno de un algoritmo de convolucion para una capa de red neuronal convolucional sobre FPGAs. La exploracion incluye el efecto causado por la transferencia de los datos entre la memoria DDR y la memoria on-chip del FPGA. Ademas, dicho efecto es causado por las directivas de optimizacion en Vivado HLS sobre los diferentes ciclos del algoritmo. EnglishContext: Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are currently used in a wide range of artificial intelligence applications. In many cases, these applications require the execution of the networks in real time on embedded devices. Hence the interest in these applications achieving excellent performance with low power consumption. CNNs perform operations between the input data and the network weights, with the particularity that there is no dependence between most of the operations. Thus, the inherent parallelism of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) can be used to perform multiple operations in parallel, maintaining the good performance per watt that characterizes these devices. This paper focuses on evaluating the convolution algorithm for a convolutional layer of neural networks by exploring parallelization directives using VIVADO HLS, and it aims to evaluate the performance of the algorithm using optimization directives. Method: The methodology consists of an exploration of the design space of a convolutional neural network layer implementation using VIVADO HLS. Performance verification of the FPGA was performed by comparing the output data with the same convolution algorithm implemented in MATLAB. A layer of the commercial version Xilinx DNNK was used as a reference for performance measurements of the different implementations obtained during the exploration of the design space. In this work, multiple variations of optimization directives are used, such as pipeline, array partition and unroll. Results: This paper presents the results of a reference implementation (without optimization directives) of the convolution algorithm concerning algorithm latency and the hardware resources used by the FPGA. The results are compared with the implementations of the algorithm, including different combinations of two optimization directives (pipeline and partition array). Conclusions: This work explores the design space of a convolution algorithm for a convolutional neural network layer on FPGAs. The exploration includes the effect of data transfer between DDR memory and the on-chip memory of the FPGA. Also, said effect is caused by the optimization directives in VIVADO HLS on the different cycles of the algorithm. Acknowledgements: This work was supported in part by the Autom´atica, Electr´onica y Ciencias Computacionales Group (COL0053581) - Instituto Tecnol´ogico Metropolitano and in part by Sistemas Embebidos e Inteligencia Computacional Group (COL0010717) - Universidad de Antioquia under Grant P17224.

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TL;DR: In this article, el comportamiento de una gestion electrica inteligente basado en la combinación multi-agente de almacenamientos and energia alternativa is analyzed.
Abstract: Mediante un algoritmo de optimizacion, se muestra el comportamiento de una gestion electrica inteligente basado en la combinacion multiagente de almacenamiento y energia alternativa. El algoritmo de control se concibe a traves de una optimizacion del flujo energetico de una residencia. Con datos reales de consumo y generacion prevista la optimizacion fija un limite de ahorro del 93% respecto a un sistema tradicional sin gestion electrica. De acuerdo al flujo energetico y bajo las mismas condiciones de optimizacion, se comprueba el funcionamiento del algoritmo, el cual permite acercarse al limite y lograr un 86% de ahorro.

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TL;DR: In this paper, a battery charging system for electric vehicles based on the constant movement of the traction system is presented, and an evaluation is carried out on a system of Constant Kinetic Energy Regeneration to increase the autonomy of electric vehicles, through the validation of a mathematical model of energy consumption of a battery electric vehicle with Regenerative Brake system, comparing with simulations the results of consumption and load states between the two energy recovery systems.
Abstract: espanolContexto: El incremento constante en el uso de vehiculos eletricos a nivel mundial, ha motivado diferentes investigaciones para mejorar la autonomia de los mismos frente al uso de vehiculos de combustion. Este articulo presenta el estudio de un sistema de carga de bateria para vehiculos electricos basado en el movimiento constante del sistema de tracci´on.M´etodo: Se realiza una evaluaci´on sobre un sistema de Regeneracion de Energ´ia Cin´etica Constante para aumentar la autonomia de vehiculos eletricos, mediante la validacion de un modelo matematico de consumo de energia de un Vehiculo El´ectrico de Bater´ia con sistema de Freno Regenerativo, comparando mediante simulaciones los estados de consumo y carga entre los dos sistemas de recuperacion de energia. Resultados: El vehiculo con un sistema de regeneraci´on por movimiento constante consumio 42.9% m´as de potencia que utilizando freno regenerativo, debido a que el nuevo sistema aumento la masa total en el vehiculo. Dicho aumento de masa, hace que se deba consumir mayor potencia por parte del sistema de traccion para mover el vehiculo. Conclusiones: El sistema convencional de Freno Regenerativo resulta mas favorable respecto al sistema de regeneracion por energia cinetica propuesto, excepto en tramos de velocidad constante y aceleracion cero. EnglishContext: The constant increase in the use of electric vehicles worldwide has motivated different researches to improve their autonomy compared to the use of combustion vehicles. This article presents the study of a battery charging system for electric vehicles based on the constant movement of the traction system. Method: An evaluation is carried out on a system of Constant Kinetic Energy Regeneration to increase the autonomy of electric vehicles, through the validation of a mathematical model of energy consumption of a Battery Electric Vehicle with Regenerative Brake system, comparing with simulations the results of consumption and load states between the two energy recovery systems. Results: The vehicle with a constant motion regeneration system consumed 42.9% more power than using regenerative brake, because the new system increased the total mass in the vehicle. This increase in mass means that more power must be consumed by the traction system to move the vehicle. Conclusions: The conventional Regenerative Brake system is more favorable with respect to the proposed regeneration system for kinetic energy, except in constant speed and zero acceleration sections.