Showing papers in "International Journal of Drug Development and Research in 2011"

Hydrotropy: a promising tool for solubility enhancement: a review

Abstract: The study on solubility yields information about the structure and intermolecular forces of drugs. Use of the solubility characteristics in bioavailability, pharmacological action and solubility enhancement of various poorly soluble compounds is a challenging task for researchers and pharmaceutical scientists. Hydrotropy is one of the solubility enhancement techniques which enhance solubility to many folds with use of hydrotropes like sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, urea, niacinamide etc. and have many advantages like; it does not require chemical modification of hydrophobic drugs, use of organic solvents, or preparation of emulsion system etc.

Protective effect of Solanum torvum on Doxorubicin- induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Abstract: Hepatotoxicity is one of the main side effects associated with Doxorubicin (DOX) treatment. The aim of the present study was to examine the protective effect of S. torvum in Doxorubicin (DOX) induced hepatotoxicity. Wistar rats received either DOX (67.75 mg/kg, i.v, 2 days before sacrifice) or Solanum torvum (100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) prior to DOX or S. torvum (100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) extract alone for 4 weeks. Hepatotoxicity was assessed in rats by recording changes in biochemical and histopathological approaches. Abnormal levels of transaminases (ALT and AST) in blood and the antioxidant defence enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) for liver were measured at the end of the treatment schedule. Treatment with S. torvum (100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.05) decreased the levels of ALT, AST, and increased the anti-oxidant defence enzyme levels of SOD and CAT. Histopathological changes showed that DOX caused significant structural damages to liver like inflammation, congestion and necrosis which was reversed with S. torvum. The results suggest that S. torvum has the potential in preventing the organ toxicity induced by Doxorubicin.

A Review: Transdermal Drug Delivery System: A Tool For Novel Drug Delivery System

Abstract: The human skin is a readily accessible surface for drug delivery. Skin of an average adult body covers a surface of approximately 2 m2 and receives about one-third of the blood circulating through the body. Over the past decades, developing controlled drug delivery has become increasingly important in the pharmaceutical industry. The human skin surface is known to contain, on an average, 10- 70 hair follicles and 200-250 sweat ducts on every square centimeters of the skin area. It is one of the most readily accessible organs of the human body. There is considerable interest in the skin as a site of drug application both for local and systemic effect. However, the skin, in particular the stratum corneum, poses a formidable barrier to drug penetration thereby limiting topical and transdermal bioavailability. Skin penetration enhancement techniques have been developed to improve bioavailability and increase the range of drugs for which topical and transdermal delivery is a viable option. During the past decade, the number of drugs formulated in the patches has hardly increased, and there has been little change in the composition of the patch systems. Modifications have been mostly limited to refinements of the materials used. The present review article explores the overall study on transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) which leads to novel drug delivery system (NDDS).

Formulation and evaluation of Gel containing Fluconazole-Antifungal Agent

Abstract: Fluconazole is an imidazole derivative and used for the treatment of local and systemic fungal infection. The oral use of fluconazole is not much recommended as it has many side effects. Commercially fluconazole topical gel preparation are not available in the market, thus this formulation is made for better patient compliance and to reduce the dose of drug and to avoid the side effects like liver damage and kidney damage.. The gel was formulated by changing the polymer ratio. FT-IR study confirmed the purity of drug and revealed no interaction between the drug and excipients. Gel formulations were characterized for drug content, pH determination, viscosity measurement, in vitro diffusion, antifungal activity and skin irritation. Among the five formulations, F1 was selected as the best formulation as its %CDR after 4½ h was 97.846% and release rate of drug from F1 formulation is best fitted to Higuchi model. The viscosity of the F1 formulation was within the limits and F1 formulation did not show any skin irritation. Gel formulation F1 was found to be stable at 30 ±2°C and 65 ± 5 RH. It was found that at 40 ± 2°C and 75 ± 5 RH the gel formulation was not stable and %CDR was decreased. Efficient delivery of drug to skin application was found to be highly beneficial in localizing the drug to desired site in the skin and reduced side effects associated with conventional treatment.

In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extractsof basella alba linn. var. alba

Abstract: The leaf extracts of Basella alba Linn.var. alba were investigated for In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity by human red blood cell membrane stabilization method (HRBC). The increased use of natural product in the pharmaceutical industry has led to an increase in demand for screening for cost effective, nontoxic bioactive compounds in medicinal plants. Now a day’s many researchers interest is to search medicinal plants with potent therapeutic activity which may lead to the discovery of new therapeutic agent. In this work the methanolic extract of Basella alba (M.E.B.A.) and aqueous extract of Basella alba (A.E.B.A.) were studied for its in-vitro antiinflammatory activities. The potency of the extracts was compared with standard Diclofenac sodium (50 and 100 @g/ml). The aqueous extract showed the most significant membrane stabilizing action on human red blood cell membrane.

Comparative Anthelmintic Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaf Extracts Of Clitoria Ternatea

Abstract: The present study aimed at the in-vitro comparative study of anthelmintic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves of Clitoria ternatea using Eisenia foetida at three different concentrations (100, 50, 25 mg/ml) respectively. The study involved the determination of time of paralysis (P) and time of death (D) of the worms. At the concentration of 100 mg/ml both the ethanolic and the aqueous extracts showed very significant activities as compared to the standard drug levamisole (0.55 mg/ml). In case of aqueous extract the time of paralysis and death time was observed as 18 ± 1.57 and 53.33 ± 0.33 and in case of ethanolic extracts 12.33 ± 0.80 and 32.33 ± 0.71 respectively. In conclusion, the use of leaves of Clitoria ternatea as an anthelmintic have been confirmed and further studies are suggested to isolate the active principles responsible for the activity.

Formulation And Evaluation of Topical Aceclofenac Gel UsingDifferent Gelling Agent

Abstract: Aceclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. In order to decrease the gastric ulcerogenic effects, aceclofenac gels have been developed. This study was conducted to develop a gel formulation of aceclofenac using four types of gelling agents: carbopol, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose(HPMC), carboxymethylcellulose sodium (Na CMC) and sodium alginate. Effect of penetration enhancer (propylene glycol) on the release has been studied. The gels were evaluated for physical appearance, rheological behavior, drug release and stability. The drug release from all gelling agents through a standard cellophane membrane was evaluated using Keshary-Chien diffusion cell. All gels showed acceptable physical properties concerning color, homogeneity, consistency, spreadability and pH value. Among all the gel formulations, carbopol showed superior drug release than followed by Na CMC, HPMC and sodium alginate. Drug release decreased with increase in polymer concentration. Drug release was not linearly proportional with the concentration of penetration enhancer or co-solvents. Stability studies showed that the physical appearance, rheological properties, and drug release remained unchanged upon storage for two months at ambient conditions.

Natural biodegradable polymers as matrices intransdermal drug delivery

Abstract: Polymers are the backbone of a transdermal drug delivery system as they control the release of the drug from the device. Biodegradable polymers attracts the attention of its use as they can be degraded to non-toxic monomers and most important, a constant rate of drug release can be achieved from a biodegradable polymer based controlled release device. Natural polymers can be used as the means of achieving predetermined rates of drug delivery and their physico-chemical characteristics with the ease of availability provide a platform to use it as a polymer for transdermal drug delivery systems. These polymers may be used to formulate various controlled and targeted drug delivery system

Smart polymers: innovations in novel drug delivery

Abstract: Smart polymers are attracting the researchers for development of novel drug delivery systems. Importance of smart polymers is rising day by day as these polymers undergo large reversible, physical or chemical changes in response to small changes in the environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, dual- stimuli, light and phase transition. Smart polymers are representing promising means for targeted drug delivery, enhanced drug delivery, gene therapy, actuator stimuli and protein folders. In the present paper, different types of smart polymers, along with their examples, mechanism of action and applications are reviewed.

Ethnopharmacological approach in Endodontic Treatment: A Focused Review

Abstract: Endodontic or root canal treatment involved removal of infected tissue and microorganisms from within the root canal space to prevent further infection of the periradicular tissues as well as to allow healing of these tissues. This critical process involves the use of some chemical substances for disinfection of the root canal space. Several studies have shown that contemporary chemical agents [both proteolytic and acidic] do not achieve complete disinfection, and have other disadvantages like weakening of the tooth structure, predisposing to fracture of the tooth. Recently, there has been a growing trend to seek natural remedies as part of dental treatment. This may be termed as ethnopharmacology or phytotherapy. This paper aims at providing a comprehensive review that focuses on the herbal agents that have been evaluated in endodontics. It also briefly reviews the agents with potential applications in root canal disinfection. The agents reviewed include Morinda citrofolia [Indian Noni], Terminalia chebula [Triphala], Curcuma longa [Turmeric], Glycyrrhiza glabra [Liquorice], Propolis, Melaleuca alternifolia [Tea Tree Oil] and Azadirachta indica A. Juss [Neem].

Averrhoa bilimbi Linn'Nature's Drug Store- A PharmacologicalReview

Abstract: Use of various plant parts like leaves, bark, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots or the whole plant as such for medicinal purpose has a long tradition in different culture. Averrhoa bilimbi (Bilimbi) is medicinally used as a folk remedy for many symptoms .It is an attractive, long-lived tropical tree, reaching 5-10 m in height. It has a short trunk and a number of upright branches. The fruit conserve is administered as a treatment for coughs, beri-beri and biliousness. Syrup prepared from the fruit is taken as a cure for fever and inflammation and to stop rectal bleeding and alleviate internal hemorrhoids. The leaves are applied as a paste or poulticed on itches, swellings of mumps and rheumatism, and on skin eruption. The leaves have hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. A flower infusion is said to be effective against coughs and thrush. The leaves and fruit extract is an effective antibacterial against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis. This review aims at compiling the potential benefits of Averrhoa bilimbi Linn based on its pharmacological activity.

Bactericidal Activity of Some Lichen Secondary Compounds ofCladonia ochrochlora, Parmotrema nilgherrensis and Parmotremasancti-angelii

Abstract: In the present study, bactericidal potential of some lichen secondary compounds has been presented. Three lichen species namely Cladonia ochrochlora, Parmotrema nilgherrensis and Parmotrema sancti-angelii were successively fractionated in various organic solvents nhexane, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol. The ethyl acetate fraction (10 μg/ml) of these lichen species showed promised bactericidal activity and the order of the activity of lichen species were found as P. nilgherrensis > P. sanctiangelii > C. ochrochlora. Seven lichen secondary compounds alectoronic acid, atranorin, $-collatolic acid, fumarprotocetraric acid, hypoprotocetraric acid, lecanoric acid and protocetraric acid isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of above lichen species demonstrated moderate to strong bactericidal activity with low MIC value; alectoronic acid showed MIC 21.9 μg to 162.1 μg/ml, atranorin (5 μg - 70.7 μg/ml), $-collatolic acid (8.6 μg - 245 μg/ml), fumarprotocetraric acid (24 μg - 227.3 μg/ml), hypoprotocetraric acid (12.2 μg - 278.5 μg/ml), lecanoric acid (24.6 μg - 591.7 μg/ml), protocetraric acid (18.7 μg - 740.7 μg/ml). These secondary compounds were found most effective to kill microorganisms within a period of 0 hrs to 6 hrs incubation as evident from the kinetic time kill assay study. As far as the stability of the lichen compounds for the observed activity, it was found that these compounds were stable at 4oC without loosing their bactericidal potential.

Comparative Anthelmintic Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Stem Extract of Tinospora Cordifolia

Abstract: The present study aimed at the in-vitro evaluation of anthelmintic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of stem of Tinospora cordifolia using Eisenia foetida at four different concentrations (10, 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml) respectively. The study involved the determination of time of paralysis (P) and time of death (D) of the worms. At the concentration of 100 mg/ml both the ethanolic and the aqueous extracts exhibited very significant activities as compared to the standard drug piperazine citrate (10 mg/ml). The time of paralysis and death was recorded as 9 ± 0.57 and 15.83 ± 0.60 in case of aqueous extract, on the other hand it was recorded as 4.16 ± 0.30 and 10.83 ± 0.60 in case of ethanolic extracts. In conclusion, the use of stem of Tinospora cordifolia as an anthelmintic have been confirmed and further studies are suggested to isolate the active principles responsible for the activity.

Anti-Arthritic activity of Hydroalcoholic extract of Lawsonia Innermis

Abstract: Adjuvant induced arthritis is a chronic crippling, skeletonmuscular disorder having nearest approximation to human rheumatoid arthritis for which there is currently no medicine available effecting a permanent cure. Even modern drugs used for the amelioration of the symptoms, offer only temporary relief and also produce severe side effects. This work was aimed at the scientific validation of the ethno-pharmacological claim about Lawsonia inermis and its anti-arthritic property. In the present study, antiarthritic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Lawsonia inermis is done by Freund's adjuvant induced arthritis model and formaldehyde induced arthritis model. Paw edema, paw diameter and loss in body weight during arthritis condition was corrected on treatment with hydroalcoholic extract of Lawsonia inermis and Diclofenac. Biochemical parameters such as hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were estimated. Serum parameters such as SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and Total protein were also estimated for assessing the anti- arthritic potential of hydroalcoholic extract of Lawsonia inermis. The results of the current investigation concluded, hydroalcoholic extract of Lawsonia inermis possess a significant anti-arthritic activity against adjuvant induced arthritis and formaldehyde induced arthritis model and justifying its therapeutic role in arthritic condition. The observed antiarthritic activity may be due to the presence of phytoconstituents such as alkaloid and flavonoids.

GC-MS Analysis and anti-microbial activity of Psidium Guajava (leaves) grown in Malva region of India

Abstract: The essential oil of the leaves of Psidium guajava grown at Ujjain M.P. (India) was isolated and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The components of the essential oil were identified by comparing their retention indices and mass spectra fragmentation patterns with those stored on the MScomputer library and also from the published literatures. The present study describes the phytochemical profile and anti-microbial activity of essential oil of P. guajava. Furthermore, anti-microbial activity of oil was evaluated using agar well diffusion method. The anti-microbial test results showed that the oil had a potential anti-microbial activity against all twelve Gram+ ve and Gram-ve bacterial strains such as: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptoccocus faecalis, Bacillus subtillis, Lactobacillus spp ., Enterococcus aerogenes, Acinetobacter spp. (Gram Positive) and Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgari, Enterobacter aerogenes , Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginoso, Klebsiella pneumoniae (Gram Nagative) . Essential oil showed maximum zone of inhibition and minimal inhibition concentration against Bacillus subtillus and Escherichia coli bacterial strains. These results permitted the conclusion to be made that, it is the first report of the GCMS analysis and anti-microbial activity on a P. guajava., a naturally growing species from Malva Region of India.

Antimicrobial Investigation on Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen

Abstract: The present study was designed to screen antimicrobial activity of Manilkara zapota (L.). Bioassays for antimicrobial activities were carried out using ethyl acetate extracts of both stem bark and leaves of Manilkara zapota against some pathogenic bacteria and fungi. TLC (Thin layer chromatography) profile of isolated extracts showed the presence of terpenoids, glycosides and flavoniods type compounds. The ethyl acetate extract of stem bark exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the pathogenic bacteria used in this study and also showed activity against Aspergillus flavus, Vasianfactum sp and Fusarium sp. with inhibition zones in the range of 08-16 mm. Ethyl acetate extract of leaves possessed mild activity against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Sarcina lutea, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts were found to be in the range of 256 ~ 512 ig/ml. The cytotoxicity (LC50) against brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia salina) were also evaluated and found to be 16.17 ig/ml for ethyl acetate extract of leaves, 50.26 ig/ml for ethyl acetate extract of stem bark and 12.38 ig/ml for ampicillin trihydrate.

Investigation of in Vitro Anthelmintic activity of Azadirachta Indica Leaves

Abstract: The aqueous extract of Azadirachta Indica Leaves was investigated for anthelmintic activity using earthworms (Pheretima posthuma), tapeworms (Raillietina spiralis) and roundworms (Ascaridiagalli). Various concentrations (10-70 mg/ml) of plant extract were tested in the bioassay. Piperazine citrate (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard drug whereas distilled water as control. Determination of paralysis time and death time of the worms were recorded. Extract exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at the concentration of 40 mg/ml. The result shows that aqueous extract possesses vermicidal activity and found to be effective as an anthelmintic. Therefore, the anthelmintic activity of the aqueous extract of Azadirachta Indica Leaves has been reported

Nature's Weapon against Urinary Tract Infections

Abstract: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common disease. Continued allopathic treatment with various antibiotics may cause side effects. It is also known that the bacteria causing infection can develop resistance to the existing antibiotics that have been prescribed, if the medication is used for a long time. These issues have led to a continuous exploration of different modes of treatment and alternate therapies. Herbs have a long history and proven to be very effective in preventing and treating urinary tract infections. This review article is about some commonly accepted herbs like Vaccinium macrocarpon [Cranberry], Hydrastis Canadensis [Goldenseal], Agathosma betulina [Buchu], Arctostaphylos uva-ursi [Bearberry], Echinaceae purpurea[Cone flower] and Equisetum arvense [Horse tail] that have been clinically proven for urinary tract infection cure as well as bladder infection treatment

Microemulsion Based Transdermal Drug Delivery of Tea Tree Oil

Abstract: Psoriasis is an inflammatory and proliferate disease of skin that results in rapid turnover of skin cells. Tea tree oil (TTO) is the essential oil steam-distilled from Melaleuca alternifolia, known for its antimicrobial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. This oil is a mix of many terpenes and among them terpinen-4-ol is the main active component. The study aimed at formulating a microemulsion based transdermal drug delivery system for psoriasis. Microemulsions were formulated using 5% Tea tree oil, different concentrations of Polysorbate 80 as surfactant and Isopropyl Myristate and Isopropyl alcohol as cosurfactants. The formulations were characterized for pH, Droplet size, PDI, Viscosity and Surface morphology. The mean droplet size of the microemulsion was found in the range of 84-115 nm with a PDI of 0.764 indicating uniformity in the microemulsion. Rheological data was assessed for viscosity and microemulsions were found to be low viscosity system. The maximum terpinen-4-ol content observed was 1.68 µg/mg of microemulsion. The TEM images of the microemulsion depicted spherical shape and even boundary of the oil particles. The skin diffusion studies clearly depicted the enhanced ability of microemulsion to deliver the drugs through transdermal application. About 14.5% Tepinen-4-ol penetration was observed from the microemulsion. Skin irritation confirmed that levels up to 5% tea tree oil could be safely applied to the skin. The studies showed that microemulsion system of tea tree oil might be promising vehicles for the transdermal delivery for psoriasis.

Diverse biological activities of Thiazoles: A Retrospect

Abstract: Many compounds bearing five membered heterocyclic rings in their structure have an extensive spectrum of biological activities. The search for new biologically active thiazole analogues continues to be an area of intensive investigation in medicinal chemistry. The present review describes ongoing research in search for new thiazole compounds that can prove useful for the design of future target and development of new drug molecule.

Invitro Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Flower Extract of Nymphaea Alba

Abstract: Nymphaea alba also known as the European White Waterlily, White Lotus or Nenuphar, is an aquatic flowering plant of the family Nymphaeaceae. The flowers are white and they have many small stamens inside. It contains the active alkaloids nupharine and nymphaeine, and is a sedative and an aphrodisiac/an aphrodisiac.In this study, the antioxidant activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from flower of Nymphaea alba was evaluated by various antioxidant assays including total antioxidant, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and nitric oxide scavenging activities. Both extracts have exhibited significant antioxidant activity in DPPH, Nitric oxide and Hydroxyl radical induced invitro assay methods. The results indicate that both the extracts firmly possess strong antioxidant effects .Comparatively the ethanolic flower extract showed more antioxidant activity than the aqueous extracts. The results obtained from the present study indicate that the Nymphaea alba flower extract can be a potential source of natural antioxidant

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential of moringa oleifera pods against dmba-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in male mice

Abstract: The importance of Moringa oleifera pods hydroethanolic extract was investigated for its possible hepatoprotective effect in male swiss albino mice against DMBA (synthetic poly aromatic hydrocarbon 7, 12- dimethyl benz(a)anthracene) induced hepatocarcinogenicity and oxidative stress in hepatic tissues. DMBA exposure elicited a significant escalation in TBARS substances level and depletion in antioxidant enzymes namely superoxide dismutase and catalase in liver. It has been observed that mice treated with MO showed a significant improvement in LPO level along with elevated levels of SOD and CAT activity, which might be the reason for its chemopreventive effect. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of MO clearly indicate that the extract possess antioxidant properties and could serve as free radical inhibitors, acting possibly as primary antioxidants. Finally, these results suggested that M. oleifera pods extract could act against DMBA-induced hepatic injury in mice by a mechanism related to its antioxidant properties and its ability to attenuate the hepatic stellate cells activation. These findings are suggestive of a possible chemopreventive potential of M. oleifera pods extract against chemical carcinogens.

Effect of Rotula aquatica Lour. on ethylene-glycol inducedurolithiasis in rats.

Abstract: The effect of the alcoholic extract of Rotula aquatica (Boraginaceae) against ethylene glycolinduced urolithiasis in albino rats is summarized in this study. Lithiasis was induced in rats by administrating 1% ethylene glycol in drinking water for 28 days and was manifested by high urinary calcium, phosphate, oxalate, protein, uric acid, creatinine and low urinary magnesium content. The alcoholic extract of Rotula aquatica was administered in 200 mg/kg body weight orally for 28 days along with 1% ethylene glycol. Urinary calcium, phosphate, oxalate, protein, uric acid, creatinine was reduced and urinary magnesium level was elevated. It also increased the urine volume, thereby reducing the tendency for crystallization. The histopathological studies confirmed the induction of lithiasis as microcrystal deposition was observed in section of kidney from animals treated with ethylene glycol. This was reduced, however, after treatment with the extract. These observations enable us to conclude that alcoholic extract of Rotula aquatica is effective against ethylene-glycol induced urolithiasis in albino rats.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate After Complexation With Ammonium Molybdate And Picric Acid

Abstract: PURPOSE: Tenofovir disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) is a Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI) used in the management of HIV/AIDS. The drug has not been listed in the Official Pharmacopoeias and monographs. Two simple and sensitive methods for the determination of Tenofovir are described. METHODS: The first method involved the acid hydrolysis of the orthophosphate group of tenofovir disoproxil and its subsequent complexation with ammonium molybdate- Stannous Chloride to form a coloured complex with absorption maximum (emax) at 495nm. The second method involves complexation of the hydrolyzed tenofovir with picric acid to form a blue coloured complex that absorbed maximally (emax) at 465 nm. RESULTS: Both complexations obeyed Beer-Lamberts Law over the wide range of concentrations investigated. Complexation with ammonium molybdate-stannous Chloride and picric acid gave a mean recovery of 99.20% and 96.12% respectively. Their molar absorptivities were also calculated to be 1,234.09 Mol l-1cm-1 and 12,330.92 Mol l-1cm-1 respectively. The Sandell?s sensitivity were similarly determined as 1.94 and 19.40 respectively. Comparison of the two methods by Student?s t-test suggested that they are not significantly different (t ≥ 5 %). CONCLUSION: This results from this investigation show that both methods are suitable for evaluating the quality of the tenofovir disoproxil formulation and can be used for its routine quality control

A Peer Reviewed of General Literature on Chlorophytumborivilianum Commercial Medicinal Plant

Abstract: Chlorophytum borivilianum Santapau & Fernandes (Liliaceae) is a very popular herb in traditional Indian medicine and constitute a group of herbs used as ?Rasayan? or adaptogen Thirteen species of Chlorophytum have been reported from India [2,14,17,18, ] All these species differ in appearance, native species are sold as ?Safed musli? in the Indian drug market Major biochemical constituents of safed musli are carbohydrates 42%, protein 80-90%, fibres 3 - 4%, saponins 2 -17% and alkaloids 15 - 25% [3] Primarily saponins and alkaloids impart medicinal value Chlorophytum borivilianum has therapeutic application in ayurvedic system of medicine [2,3,17] Fasciculated roots of Chlorophytum borrivillianum is used as tonic and constitute and important ingredient of 20 ayuervedic and unani preparation Roots are used for the preparation of nutritional tonic used in general sexual weakness Administration of Chlorophytum borivilianum root power also increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and vitamin C levels which may have enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the live] Chlorophytum tuberosum Baker commonly referred as Safed Musli has been widely used as a potent "Rasayna? drug in Ayurveda as a rejuvenator and tonic The aqueous extract of Chlorophytum borivilianum(250mg/kg for 7 days) significantly reverted levels of plasma glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and serum corticosterone and also reduced the ulcer index, adrenal gland weight more as effectively as standard drugs(diazepam) in rats

Pharmacognostic and Biological Studies of the Roots of RubiaCordifolia Linn. (Rubiaceae)

Abstract: Rubia cordifolia (Rubiaceae) is also known as, Manjishtha, Indian madder known to contain substantial amounts of anthraquinones, especially in the roots which is responsible for anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, urinary disorders, antistress antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, radio protective, and anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal, hypotensive, analgesic, antimalarial, antioxidant, antileukemic and mutagenic functions, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. The plant contains substantial amounts of anthraquinones, triterpenoids especially in the roots, which is responsible for most of its pharmacological activity. In present study the chloroform fraction from methanolic extract of roots of R. cordifolia were evaluated for its biological effect and compared with the parent extract and remaining fraction, where chloroform fraction showed potent protective action for stress induced complications in mice.

Sublingual route for the systemic delivery of Ondansetron

Abstract: Drug delivery via sublingual mucous membrane is considered to be a promising alternative to the oral route. This route is useful when rapid onset of action is desired as in the case of antiemetics such as ondansetron. In terms of permeability, the sublingual area of the oral cavity is more permeable than cheek and palatal areas of mouth. The drug absorbed via sublingual blood vessels bypasses the hepatic first-pass metabolic processes giving acceptable bioavailability with low doses and hence decreases the side effects. Sublingual drug delivery system is convenient for paediatric, geriatric, and psychiatric patients with dysphagia. This review highlights the different sublingual dosage forms, advantages, factors affecting sublingual absorption, pharmacology of ondasetron, methods of preparation and various in vitro and in vivo evaluation parameters of sublingual tablet of ondansetron

Investigation of in Vitro Anthelmintic activity of Cinnamomum Camphor Leaves

Abstract: The aqueous extract of Cinnamomum camphorLeaves was investigated for anthelmintic activity using earthworms(Pheretima posthuma), tapeworms (Raillietina spiralis) and roundworms (Ascaridia galli). Various concentrations (10-70 mg/ml) of plant extract were tested in the bioassay. Piperazine citrate (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard drug whereas distilled water as control.Determination of paralysis time and death time of the worms were recorded. Extract exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at the concentration of 50 mg/ml. The result shows that aqueous extract possesses vermicidal activity and found to be effective as an anthelmintic. Therefore, the anthelmintic activity of the aqueous extract of Cinnamomum camphorLeaves has been reported. Introduction Infections with helminth are among the most widespread infections in humans and other domestic animals affecting a large number of world population. The majority of these infections due to worms are generally restricted mainly to the tropical regions and the occurance is accelerated due to unhygienic lifestyle and poverty also resulting in the development of symtomps like anaemia, eosinophilia and pneumonia1. Parasitic diseases cause ruthless morbidity affecting principally in population.

Recent Advances In Ndds (Nov el Drug Delivery System) For Delivery Of Anti- Hypertensive Drugs

Abstract: Novel drug delivery systems present an opportunity for formulation scientists to overcome the many challenges associated with antihypertensive drug therapy, thereby improving the management of patients with hypertension. Currently available Anti-hypertensive drugs can be classified into these categories: ACE inhibitors, angiotensin antagonist, calcium channel blocker, diuretics, central sympathomimetics, a- adernergic blocker, vasodilator, â-adernergic blocker. Most of these drugs bear some significant drawbacks such as relatively short half-life, low bioavailability, poor permeability and undesirable side effects. Efforts have been made to design drug delivery systems for anti hypertensive drugs to: a) reduce the dosing frequency, b) increase the bioavailability, c) deliver them to the target cells selectively with minimal side effects. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the various anti hypertensive drug delivery systems that have been developed for achieving sustained drug release kinetics, and for addressing formulation difficulties such as poor solubility, stability and drug entrapment. The physicochemical properties and the in vitro/in vivo performances of various system such as such as sustained release tablets, ceramic implants, nanoparticles, nanocontainers, liposomes, emulsomes, aspasomes, microemulsions, nanopowders and PheroidTM are summarised. This review highlights the significant potential that novel drug delivery systems have for the future effective treatment of hypertensive patients on anti-hypertensive drug therapy.

Free Radical Scavenging (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Ability (FRAP) of Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall) Parker

Abstract: Many plants possess antioxidant ingredients that provided efficacy by additive or synergistic activities. Present article highlights an antioxidant activity of a red listed medicinal plant Aphanamixis polystachya bark which has a strong astringent power. It is used for the treatment of rheumatism, tumours, liver and spleen diseases. Antioxidant activity of the crude extracts of A. polystachya (bark) were assessed using DPPH and FRAP assays. The alcohol, aqueous methanol and petroleum ether extracts exhibited potent antioxidant activity compared to known antioxidants. Due to its natural origin and potent free-radical scavenging ability A. Polystachya could be used as a potential preventive action taken to improve free radical-mediated diseases.