Showing papers in "International Migration Review in 1992"
TL;DR: In this paper, a new chapter on immigration in the current age of globalization, a new Preface, and new appendixes with the most recent statistics are added to the book.
Abstract: With a timely new chapter on immigration in the current age of globalization, a new Preface, and new appendixes with the most recent statistics, this revised edition is an engrossing study of immigration to the United States from the colonial era to the present.
301 citations
TL;DR: This study investigates homeownership differences among twelve racial/ethnic groups using the Public Use Sample data (PUMS) of the 1980 census to identify differences among non-Hispanic whites, blacks, American Indians, and Asian and Hispanic groups in access to homeownership.
Abstract: This study investigates homeownership differences among twelve racial/ethnic groups using the Public Use Sample data (PUMS) of the 1980 census. The analysis draws inspiration from two broad ap? proaches in the literature on spatial processes?one approach is la? beled as "assimilation" and the other as "stratification"?and includes both individual-level and contextual determinants. The study identi? fies a number of differences among non-Hispanic whites, blacks, American Indians, and Asian and Hispanic groups in access to homeownership. Majority group members have the greatest probabil? ity of homeownership, net of compositional characteristics. They also are the most likely to be able to respond to the housing needs of married persons and households with children by buying a home, and they have one of the smallest disparities in ownership between persons of low and high income. Homeownership opportunities in the subur? ban portions of metropolitan areas have their greatest impact on majority group members, while minority homeownership is more responsive to die composition of the central-city housing stock. Nev? ertheless, for every group there is a strong correspondence between homeownership and various individual-level factors: age, household composition, socioeconomic position and language acculturation. The observed differences in ownership are substantially attenuated when group differences in some of these variables are controlled.
283 citations
TL;DR: A vast majority of Korean immigrants in the United States are affiliated with ethnic churches as discussed by the authors, and Korean ethnic churches serve important social functions for Korean church members and the Korean commu...
Abstract: A vast majority of Korean immigrants in the United States are affiliated with ethnic churches. Korean ethnic churches serve important social functions for Korean church members and the Korean commu...
277 citations
TL;DR: This article analyzed data from the 1980 U.S. census and compared the characteristics and behaviors of the foreign-born such as their earnings participation in the labor market schooling and fertility with those of the native-born.
Abstract: This study conducted for the National Committee for Research on the 1980 Census is one in a series presenting analyses of data from the 1980 U.S. census. \"The focus of this study is on the foreign-born population resident in the United States in the last two decades 1960-1980....This group [is also compared] with the foreign-born population in 1900 and 1910 when immigration was at its highest levels in this century and with the native-born population in both time periods....We focus on...emigration naturalization language and the role of immigration laws in determining the number and type of immigrants. In addition we compare the characteristics and behaviors of the foreign-born such as their earnings participation in the labor market schooling and fertility with those of the native-born....We emphasize the important role of immigration selectivity in shaping the characteristics and behavior of the foreign-born population.\" Data are from U.S. censuses and from administrative records on legal immigrants. (EXCERPT)
246 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of 1970 and 1980 US Census data revealed both assimilation and disruption effects on the fertility of Mexican-origin women residing in the US, showing that the fertility levels of native-born women are approaching those of non-Hispanic white women during the middle childbearing years.
Abstract: An analysis of 1970 and 1980 US Census data revealed both assimilation and disruption effects on the fertility of Mexican-origin women residing in the US. The Census is the only data source available with large enough numbers of Mexican-born US women to disaggregate fertility results by age cohort and time of entry into the US. In accord with an assimilation hypothesis the fertility levels of native-born women are approaching those of non-Hispanic white women during the middle childbearing years. After age 25 years foreign-born women demonstrate the highest current fertility and native-born women do not differ significantly from their non-Hispanic counterparts in the 25-39 year age group. In the 30-34 year age group the fertility of the former women is actually lower. Additionally support for a disruption effect is provided by current fertility statistics for the 20-24 year age group. Here immigrant women show lower fertility levels than native-born women. The largest percentage of migrants are in this young age group. Overall the data suggest a pattern in which current fertility is depressed around the time of migration from Mexico to the US but peaks 5-10 years later as women attempt to "catch up." Also implied is a trend toward a fertility convergence the longer the Mexican-origin women are in the US. This analysis underscores the importance of disaggregating the data by age and/or period of immigration if patterns that are often obscured when immigrant groups are examined as an aggregate are to be identified.
165 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that the increasing importance of this form of mobility is related to the process of internationalization by large employers and that the particular form of movement is dependent on the evolution of corporate business structures.
Abstract: This article seeks to show that the migration process for highly skilled workers in contemporary Europe is part of the structuring of European business. It focuses on the employers perspective and role in articulating movement using data from various official sources as well as survey evidence from the United Kingdom. It suggests that the increasing importance of this form of mobility is related to the process of internationalization by large employers and that the particular form of movement is dependent on the evolution of corporate business. (EXCERPT)
159 citations
TL;DR: The author finds that international migration reveals a contradiction between the main economic purpose of the postwar international order—to promote exchange—and the national perquisites of sovereignty and citizenship.
Abstract: In this article I have developed a political-economic framework for understanding international migration in postwar Europe and the United States. The author begins by reviewing four theories of international relations and gives a short critique of their main assumptions. He "finds that international migration reveals a contradiction between the main economic purpose of the postwar international order--to promote exchange--and the national perquisites of sovereignty and citizenship." (EXCERPT)
136 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the political economy of migration and the role of permanent settlement in the economic model of migration, and the racialisation of Carribrean migrant farm labour.
Abstract: Introduction: Part 1: Theoretical Issues: The Political Economy of Migration, 1. Political Economy and Migration: a Critique of Castles and Kosack, 2. Modes of Incorporation and Racialisation, Part 2: Foreign Labour Incorporatoin and Fruit and Vegetable Production, 3. Labour Shortages and Alternatives to Labour Import in the Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Industry, 4. Without immigrants you don't grow cash crops: Foreign Labour in the Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Industry, 5. The Racialisation of Permanent Settlement, 6. The Racialisation of Carribrean migrant farm labour, Conclusion: Modes of Incorporation, Endnotes, Bibliography.
124 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a model for "the voice of sanity getting hoarse" in ethnic conflict resolution, and the dynamics of ethnic conflict peace-keeping and peace-making.
Abstract: Part 1 General issues: approaches to ethnic conflict the international dimension of ethnic conflict. Part 2 Ethnic conflict resolution - a model: \"the voice of sanity getting hoarse\" - the dynamics of ethnic conflict peace-keeping and peace-making peace-building and conflict transformation.Part 3 The United Nations and ethnic conflict: the United Nations and ethnic conflict resolution the international protection of ethnic minorities.
122 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a fascinating portrait of Jewish immigrant wage earners, Susan A. Glenn weaves together several strands of social history to show the emergence of an ethnic version of what early twentieth-century Americans called the ''New Womanhood''.
Abstract: In this fascinating portrait of Jewish immigrant wage earners, Susan A. Glenn weaves together several strands of social history to show the emergence of an ethnic version of what early twentieth-century Americans called the \"New Womanhood.\" She maintains that during an era when Americans perceived women as temporary workers interested ultimately in marriage and motherhood, these young Jewish women turned the garment industry upside down with a wave of militant strikes and shop-floor activism and helped build the two major clothing workers' unions.
121 citations
TL;DR: The composition of American society American mainstream culture observing America schooling in the American cultural dialogue conflict and accommodation of mainstream and minority values religious movements in America the American hinterland mainstream, minority cultures - a Chicano perspective the Afro-American in the cultural dialogue of the United States as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The composition of American society American mainstream culture observing America schooling in the American cultural dialogue conflict and accommodation of mainstream and minority values religious movements in America the American hinterland mainstream and minority cultures - a Chicano perspective the Afro-American in the cultural dialogue of the United States.
TL;DR: A relative deprivation approach to migration is proposed in this article, where the economic performance of migrants and their remittances is analyzed in the context of planning with migration in a context of economic instability.
Abstract: Preface Introduction Part I: Overviews Part II: Migration and Risk Part III: A Relative Deprivation Approach to Migration Part IV: Labour Migration Under Alternative Informational Regimes Part V: Migrants' Remittances: Motives, Consequences and Inequality Implications Part VI: Planning with Migration Part VII: The Economic Performance of Migrants.
TL;DR: A survey of the politics of immigration in the major receiving states shows a strong pattern of restrictionism in the face of unprecedented pressures for entry but also amnesties exceptions on humanitarian grounds and hesitation to enforce the law.
Abstract: This article explores the politics of migration policies in the receiving states. The author finds that "a survey of the politics of immigration in the major receiving states shows a strong pattern of restrictionism in the face of unprecedented pressures for entry but also amnesties exceptions on humanitarian grounds and hesitation to enforce the law. As individual states founder multilateral strategies abound but with scant success....Ironically the failure of states to deal with the crisis may reinforce national prerogatives and capacities with respect to immigration and strengthen rather than erode the distinction between economic migrants and refugees." (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: The paper examines the usefulness of various theoretical approaches for understanding the causes and consequences of international migration in the 1990s, and the newer approaches seem most promising, although the picture they provide is also incomplete.
Abstract: The paper examines the usefulness of various theoretical approaches for understanding the causes and consequences of international migration in the 1990s. Extant ideas are considered in three periods each with its own characteristic approach: the classical represented by push and pull and assimilation perspectives; the modern reflecting neo-Marxist and structured inequality perspectives; and emerging patterns in the literature focusing on multiculturalism social movements and citizenship. The geographical focus is on Europe and the United States. (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: The authors examines the politics of citizenship vis-a-vis Russian immigrants in the successor states focusing on the Baltic states where citizenship has been a matter of sustained and heated controversy and concludes that formal citizenship cannot be divorced from broader questions of substantive belonging.
Abstract: The breakup of the Soviet Union has transformed yesterdays internal migrants secure in their Soviet citizenship into todays international migrants of contested legitimacy and uncertain membership. This transformation has touched Russians in particular of whom some 25 million live in non-Russian successor states. This article examines the politics of citizenship vis-a-vis Russian immigrants in the successor states focusing on the Baltic states where citizenship has been a matter of sustained and heated controversy. The author concludes that "formal citizenship cannot be divorced from broader questions of substantive belonging. Successor states willingness to accept Russian immigrants as citizens and immigrants readiness to adopt a new state as their state will depend on the terms of membership for national minorities and the organization of public life in the successor states." Data are from a variety of published sources. (EXCERPT)
Abstract: The article focuses on the economic circumstances and the family arrangements that govern the labor supply of Hispanic immigrant wives in the United States. We use a two-stage estimation procedure ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the history of Indians in the Transvaal and beyond, from the Kimberley to Cape Town, and the restrictions of movement of the Indians.
Abstract: Chapter 1 Indentured and passenger Indians: arrival and settlement Chapter 2 Free Indians in Natal Chapter 3 Hawkers and traders in Natal Chapter 4 Op alle grenzen en langs alle groot wegen: Indians in the Transvaal and beyond Chapter 5 Indians in the Cape: from Kimberley to Cape Town Chapter 6 Literacy tests, permits, and locations: the restrictions of movements Chapter 7 Pravasi perspectives: experiences recalled by Indians.
TL;DR: Carson focuses her study on the careers and ideas of settlement founders and leaders, among them Jane Addams, Robert Woods, Mary Simkhovitch, Lillian Wald, and Graham Taylor as discussed by the authors and demonstrates how these influential, often charismatic leaders appropriated and adapted certain Victorian values such as the Social Gospel and the religion of character to their visions of urban reform through action and experimentation.
Abstract: Mina Carson deftly merges social and intellectual history to reconsider the settlement movement its Anglo-American roots and evolution, its conflicts and accomplishments. Carson focuses her study on the careers and ideas of settlement founders and leaders, among them Jane Addams, Robert Woods, Mary Simkhovitch, Lillian Wald, and Graham Taylor. She demonstrates how these influential, often charismatic leaders appropriated and adapted certain Victorian values such as the Social Gospel and the religion of character to their visions of urban reform through action and experimentation. These extraordinary individuals left an enduring legacy of beliefs about professional and voluntary responsibility for welfare services. As Carson shows, however, their genius for image creation and their myriad connections with other intellectual and social leaders extended the influence of the settlement ideology in many directions: fostering new attitudes toward the American city and the equality of the sexes, initiating a new social-scientific approach to social problems, and shaping the self-definition of the American educated middle class.\
TL;DR: This paper examined the relationship between the adjustment in school of immigrant children and their parents' attitudes to social change and new experiences and found that parent attitudes to new experiences were significant predictors of adjustment in both immigrant and native children, even when the effects of parental education, family SES and children's age, intelligence, English language competence and immigrant/native status were held constant.
Abstract: This study examined the relationship between the adjustment in school of immigrant children and their parents' attitudes to social change and new experiences. The subjects were 51 Jewish children between the ages of six and fifteen, all born in the former Soviet Union and immigrants to the United States, and a comparison group of 51 American-born Jewish children attending the same parochial school in San Francisco. Parental attitudes to social change and new experi? ences were found to be significant predictors of the adjustment in school of both immigrant and native children, even when the effects of parental education, family SES, and children's age, intelligence, English language competence and immigrant/native status were held constant. Parental attitudes to social change and new experience were not found to be differentially associated with adjustment for immi? grant as opposed to native children. An interaction was found between the gender of die parent holding the set of attitudes toward change and new experiences, and the differential adjustment of sons and daughters.
TL;DR: Examination of the importance of place of birth on the internal migration and spatial redistribution patterns of the foreign-born population in the United States during the 1965–70 and the 1975–80 periods is examined, relying principally on the Public Use Microdata Sample files for input data.
Abstract: The Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) files of 1972-83 from the US Bureau of the Census were used for input data. From 1960-80 the ratio of the number of immigrants to the number of births doubled from 8-16% since the fertility rate was below replacement level for almost 2 decades. Regions of origin were divided into 8 different categories and the redistribution of immigrants within the US is analyzed. 55% of foreign-borns were of European origin in 1970 but by 1980 this dropped to 37% (declining from 6.06 to 5.52 million). On the other hand during this period the annual growth rate of Mexican-borns was 9.6% and Puerto Ricans increased at a rate of 2.4%. In 1980 the Asian-born population numbered 2.7 million and was growing at 10.2% annually. The foreign-borns were concentrated in the Northeast and the West. In the Northwest immigrants from Europe Puerto Rico and Latin America made up 37.7 63 and 44.2% of the population in 1980. 81.5% of Mexican-borns living in the Northeast in 1975 were still living there in 1980 2.1% moved to the Midwest 5.5% moved to the South and 10.9% moved to the West. 1975-80 immigration patterns tended to reinforce higher concentrations of people born in Mexico Asia Africa Oceania and the rest of the world. A regression model was applied to examine the attraction of foreign-borns to a region where native compatriots had high concentrations. The retention effect deterring out-migration appeared to be more important than the attraction effect for 5 of 8 foreign-born groups. Increasing age (except retirement) and the presence of school-age children deter out-migration while entry into the labor market has the opposite effect. Immigrants show a family-oriented age pattern of out-migration more than the native-born population they are less attached to their region and their migration is increasing over time.
TL;DR: This contribution will try to take stock of the past European Community policy on migration and provide the basic elements which are shaping a future potentially common policy, carried out either through intergovernmental cooperation or community legislation.
Abstract: This contribution will try on one hand to take stock of the past [European Community] policy on migration and on the other hand to provide the basic elements which are shaping a future potentially common (or partly common) policy carried out either through intergovernmental cooperation or community legislation or both. Pertinent treaties and legislation are also described. (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: It is suggested that while the developed economies will continue to attract and exchange highly skilled labor, they will have little need for mass immigration by those with low skill levels, in contrast, poorer countries with rapid population growth and low living standards will encourage emigration, except by the highly skilled.
Abstract: The article reviews the nature of international labor migration today and the economic and political rationale for its occurrence. It suggests that while the developed economies will continue to attract and exchange highly skilled labor they will have little need for mass immigration by those with low skill levels. In contrast poorer countries with rapid population growth and low living standards will encourage emigration except by the highly skilled. One consequence will be more illegal immigration. (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: The author considers the strong and long-lasting effect of this emigration—followed by the subsequent return of half of the emigrants after the fall of the regime—both on Bulgaria's economy and on the political life of the society.
Abstract: The history of the emigration of Bulgarian Muslim Turks to Turkey is more than a century old. The violation of the human rights of ethnic Turks by the totalitarian regime during the 1980s resulted ...
TL;DR: The article concludes that it can provide useful impulses, though not ready-made answers: Australia's policy of multiculturalism has had profound effects both on social policy and on concepts of national identity.
Abstract: The aim of this article is to examine the experience of Australia with regard to immigration and ethnic diversity since 1945 and to discuss the relevance of this experience for Western Europe. The author finds that "since 1945 over 5 million settlers have come from many different countries leading to a situation of great cultural diversity....Over the last twenty years a policy of multiculturalism has emerged giving rise to several special institutions. This has had profound effects both on social policy and on concepts of national identity. The relevance of the Australian model for Western Europe is discussed." (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: A resumption of general immigration to ensure population stabilization would require inflows much higher even than those previously considered unacceptable, and attention should be given to making it easier for women to combine their desires for children with those for work.
Abstract: European countries defined as all Northern and Western Europe including the former East Germany had a population of 498.4 million in 1990. In 1990 Western Europe had 374.4 million people. The European Community (EC) makes u 92% of the total population. Projections forecast a peak of the EC population (excluding the former East Germany) in 2005 at 334.2 million compared with 327 million in 1989 then declining to 332.5 million in 2010 329.0 million min 2015 and 324.5 million in 2020. In Europe outside the East the 20-24 year old work force entrance age group will drop from 29860000 in 1990 to 26400000 in 1005 and 23480000 in 2000: decreasing by 6380000 or 21.3%. Fertility rose by 22% in Sweden between 1985 and 1990 the rise of negligible in France and Belgium but 2% in the UK and Switzerland 4% in the Netherlands 13% in Norway 16% in Denmark and even 6% in Germany and Luxembourg. The Ec labor force was 145 million in 1990 (excluding East Germany); it is projected to peak at 146.9 million in 2000 decline slowly until 2010 and decline faster up to 2025 with the steepest decline occurring in Germany and Italy. Unemployment rates would change from the 1990 estimate of 15.7 million to 15.5 million in 1995. Net migration into the 12 EC countries was on average -4800 from 1965 to 1969; 357000 from 1970 to 1974; 164400 from 1980 to 1984; and 533000/year from 1985 to 1989 as a result of the rise of asylum applicants and migration of ethnic Germans into Germany. Increased immigration is not needed to satisfy work force shortages for the next 10-20 years in Western Europe or in the EC. Other issues addressed are the economic activity forecast the hidden labor supply skill shortages Eastern Europe and teenage shortage. High-level manpower movements immigration of asylum seekers and illegal immigration will continue but in the long run the conditions of employment and welfare support have to be improved for the women of Europe.
TL;DR: The authors examined the role of immigrants in the small business sector by using a theoretical model that views immigrant enterprise as a product of class and ethnic resources in combination with economic and social mobility.
Abstract: Participation in the small business sector by immigrants in Ontario is examined, using a theoretical model that views immigrant enterprise as a product of class and ethnic resources in combination ...