Showing papers in "Journal of Counseling and Development in 1995"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define hope as the process of thinking about one's goals, along with the motivation to move toward (agency) and the ways to achieve (pathways) those goals.
Abstract: Hope is defined as the process of thinking about one's goals, along with the motivation to move toward (agency) and the ways to achieve (pathways) those goals. After discussing other related concepts, the scale for measuring hope is introduced, and the role of hope in the counseling process is described.
765 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigated the previously untested hypothesis that college men with higher levels of male gender role conflict (MGRC) experience both increased risk of depression and more negative attitudes toward seeking counseling services.
Abstract: To investigate the previously untested hypothesis that college men with higher levels of male gender role conflict (MGRC) experience both increased risk of depression and more negative attitudes toward seeking counseling services, this study used latent variable modeling to examine these relations. Two components of MGRC were identified: restriction-related MGRC, which predicted 25% of the variance in help-seeking attitudes, and achievement-relatedMGRC, which predicted 21% of the variance in depression. It is suggested that outreach programs designed to increase college men's willingness to use counseling services attempt to counter the option-limiting aspects of male gender roles, whereas counseling with depressed college men incorporate an examination of their perceptions of success and achievement.
382 citations
TL;DR: This article defined acculturative stress, addressing loss of social support, self-esteem, and identity among immigrants who are white, Protestant, and northern or western European and immigrants who were Hispanic.
Abstract: This article defines acculturative stress, addressing loss of social support, self-esteem, and identity. Six distinctive differences between immigrants who are White, Protestant, and northern or western European and immigrants who are Hispanic are outlined. Suggestions are given for counseling practice that consider these differences.
289 citations
TL;DR: In this article, gender differences in 401 college students' career maturity were investigated and found that female students scored significantly higher than did male students on each of the career maturity measures (p <.005) nearly one third of the students (n = 128) were also interviewed.
Abstract: Gender differences in 401 college students' career maturity were investigated. Quantitative measures included career-mature attitudes, career decision-making skills, and vocational congruence. Analyses revealed that female students scored significantly higher than did male students on each of the career maturity measures (p < .005). Nearly one third of the students (n = 128) were also interviewed. Qualitative analyses of the interviews revealed that the perception of barriers may serve as a motivating force in many students' career development. Findings suggest that current theories of career development may be lacking in their application to many of today's college students. Ideas for future research on the perception of barriers to career attainment are discussed.
188 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined stability and change in late adolescent attachment relations and the interrelationship among attachment, separation-individuation, and college adjustment variables and found that security of attachment to parents was positively and pervasively associated with a variety of concurrent indexes of college student adjustment.
Abstract: This article examined stability and change in late adolescent attachment relations and the interrelationship among attachment, separation-individuation, and college adjustment variables. Two studies are reported. In the first cross-sectional study, freshman and upperclassmen college students completed self-report measures of attachment, separation, and adjustment. In the second study, students completed measures of attachment in their freshman year and 2 years later as juniors. In junior year, students also completed several measures of separation and adjustment to college. The results of both studies suggested stability in attachment to parents, over time, for both men and women. Security of attachment proved to be inversely related to independence from parents in cross-sectional and prospective/longitudinal analyses. Security of attachment to parents was positively and pervasively associated with a variety of concurrent indexes of college student adjustment. Secure attachment assessed in freshman year also was positively associated with academic and emotional adjustment in junior year, although the longitudinal results were not as pervasive as the cross-sectional findings. The results supported the importance of current and past perceptions of attachment for understanding late adolescent development and adjustment.
183 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a nationally representative sample of middle school students from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds was surveyed on educational aspirations, planning, and achievements and found significant racial and gender differences in educational and voational planning help-seeking behaviors.
Abstract: A nationally representative sample of middle school students from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds was surveyed on educational aspirations, planning, and achievements. Results indicated significant racial and gender differences in educational and voational planning help-seeking behaviors. Results also indicated a significant race and sex interaction in students' educational aspirations as well as perception of parental expectations. Students' educational aspirations were significantly related to their current academic achievements. In many cases, students' aspirations and perceived parents' expectations did not match closely. Significant dtfferences in mathematics, science, and reading proficiency among racial and sex groups also were indicated. Implications for counseling are discussed.
165 citations
TL;DR: School counseling as a specialty area of the counseling profession emerged, and continues to evolve, as a result of social, educational, political, and economic trends.
Abstract: School counseling as a specialty area of the counseling profession emerged, and continues to evolve, as a result of social, educational, political, and economic trends. Specifically, at the beginning of the twentieth century, divergent needs of public school populations required the inclusion of specialized assistance for students beyond that which was commonly and previously offered by teachers (Schmidt, 1993). The need for such specialized assistance for students remains apparent today. Demographic information (Glosoff & Koprowicz, 1990; Hodgkinson, 1985) describes a context for children and adolescents that includes divorce, poverty, violence, and neglect as well as the anticipated transitions associated with the process of growing up.
157 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a self-concept inventory designed to be used informally, reflecting behavior that previous research has associated with positive or negative feelings about the self, is proposed as a tool that can help guide one's perceptions when trying to identify and understand the general nature of a student's selfconcept dynamics.
Abstract: This article briefly reviews a large body of research done within approximately the past 25 years and points out that not only is there a consistent and moderately strong relationship between self-concept and academic ability but that these two variables are highly interactive and reciprocal. Although it is easy enough to see the achievement side of this interaction, it is difficult to see the self-concept component because that involves hidden feelings and personal perceptions. In an effort to help school personnel know which behaviors to look for as possible indications of self-concept status, a self-concept inventory designed to be used informally, reflecting behavior that previous research has associated with positive or negative feelings about the self, is proposed as a tool that can help guide one's perceptions when trying to identify and understand the general nature of a student's self-concept dynamics.
150 citations
TL;DR: A survey of school counselors was conducted to measure the relationship of Bandura's (1977b) concept of self-efficacy with school climate, counselor roles, and a variety of demographic variables, and results indicated that supportive staff and administrators were the strongest predictors of high counselor efficacy expectancy.
Abstract: A survey of school counselors was conducted to measure the relationship of Bandura's (1977b) concept of self-efficacy with school climate, counselor roles, and a variety of demographic variables. Results indicated that supportive staff and administrators were the strongest predictors of high counselor efficacy expectancy. In addition, outcome expectancy for school counselor behavior was predicted by both a similarly high degree of support from staff and administrators and fewer nonrelated counseling activities performed by school counselors. Discussion of results and implications for research and practice are presented.
138 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a 1-year intervention was designed to improve minority students' awareness of and preparation for math and science careers by increasing career knowledge, self-esteem, achievement, choice of high school, and high school course selection.
Abstract: A 1-year intervention was designed to improve minority students' awareness of and preparation for math and science careers. Specifically, goals focused on increasing students' career knowledge, self-esteem, math and science achievement, choice of high school, and high school course selection in math and science. Results indicated success in career knowledge and high school choice and moderate success in achievement, self-esteem, and math and science course selection. Results are discussed in terms of implications for counseling.
124 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined developmental and sex role factors and their importance for counseling interventions and the counselor-client relationship in the context of African American male adolescents, and their implications for counselors desiring to improve their abilities to assist this population.
Abstract: Few articles exist on issues related to counseling African American male adolescents. This article examines developmental and sex role factors and their importance for counseling interventions and the counselor-client relationship. Implications are drawn for counselors desiring to improve their abilities to assist this population.
TL;DR: The role of language and culture in mental health treatment of Hispanics is examined in this paper. But, although mental health practitioners and researchers have turned their attention to developing culturally sensitive therapeutic practices, an integrative framework is lacking.
Abstract: The article examines the role of language and culture in the mental health treatment of Hispanics. Although mental health practitioners and researchers have turned their attention to developing culturally sensitive therapeutic practices, an integrative framework is lacking. The proposed conceptual framework illustrates how the dimensions of acculturation, language dominance and preference, and cultural norms, values, and beliefs affect the assessment ofpsychological and physical health. Furthermore, a number of intervention strategies are described in a cultural context. This framework provides a meaningful method of developing an effective treatment program for the bilingual Spanish-speaking client.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the counseling process with an undecided and indecisive college student to examine what specific events were the most significant in each session, counselor intentions in the “best” versus “worst” sessions, role of the working alliance with career clients, and differential counseling outcomes.
Abstract: Despite the abundance of research on undecided and indecisive students, there is a lack of literature on the actual change process of counseling these individuals. No published studies have applied advances in single-subject methodology to career research. This study uses both process and outcome measures to investigate the counseling process with an undecided and indecisive college student to examine (a) what specific events were the most significant in each session, (b) counselor intentions in the “best” versus “worst” sessions, (c) role of the working alliance with career clients, and (d) differential counseling outcomes. Participants were two female counselors, one male undecided student, and one male indecisive student. Results (a) support previous speculation about the differential utility of interventions for undecided and indecisive clients, (b) suggest that the relationship may be important to clients in career counseling, and (c) raise questions about previously assumed intervention strategies for career clients.
TL;DR: The authors argue for an inclusive definition of multiculturalism and that gay men and lesbians must be part of any definition of multicultualism, and they argue that the definition of diversity should include women as well.
Abstract: The author argues for an inclusive definition of multiculturalism and that gay men and lesbians must be part of any definition of multicultualism.
TL;DR: Investigation of three approaches to brief counseling found solution-focused counseling was as effective as the other two approaches, while taking less time, and students dramatically decreased the intensity of undesired feelings from before the counseling session through the second follow-up.
Abstract: Counseling designed to be time-limited is a valuable tool for counselors in school settings. Three approaches to brief counseling were investigated in this naturalistic study: problem-focused with task, problem-focused without task, and solution-focused with task. Quantitative and qualitative measures were used to explore aspects of single-session brief counseling. High school students made significant changes from the second-week follow-up to the sixth-week follow-up in alleviating their concerns and increasing the percentage of goal achieved. Students dramatically decreased the intensity of undesired feelings from before the counseling session through the second follow-up. Solution-focused counseling was as effective as the other two approaches, while taking less time.
TL;DR: In this article, the current status of training in cross-cultural and multicultural counseling is briefly reviewed, and curricular content is suggested for upgrading the preparation of multicultural counselors in light of the new standards set by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP).
Abstract: This article looks at the current usage of the term multicultural counseling and analyzes the emerging concept by identifying the premises on which it is based. It explores the potential contribution of multiculturalism to the theory and practice of counseling. The current status of training in cross-cultural and multicultural counseling is briefly reviewed, and curricular content is suggested for upgrading the preparation of multicultural counselors in light of the new standards set by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). Some concrete proposals toward implementing CACREP standards are presented.
TL;DR: The authors used the ELM model to examine men and women's attitude change processes and found that women seemed to use more central-route attitude change and showed more lasting change from the intervention at 2-month follow-up, whereas men seemed to attend more to peripheral cues of the speaker.
Abstract: This intervention sought to improve first-year college students' attitudes about rape. The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) was used to examine men and women's attitude change processes. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used to examine how men and women construed rape prevention messages. Results indicated numerous sex differences in the ways in which men and women experienced and changed during and after the rape prevention intervention. Women seemed to use more central-route attitude change processes and showed more lasting change from the intervention at 2-month follow-up, whereas men seemed to attend more to peripheral cues of the speaker and demonstrated more transient attitude change.
TL;DR: Gender differences were examined in 182 freshman college students who had completed a packet of questionnaires and inventories to address the impact of separation from their parents and to test the relevance of self-inrelation theory as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Gender differences were examined in 182 freshman college students who had completed a packet of questionnaires and inventories to address the impact of separation from their parents and to test the relevance of self-in-relation theory. Instruments administered included the Social Support Questionnaire-Short Form (SSQ-6); the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales-Revised (FACES-R); and the Separation-Individuation Inventory. A multivariate analysis of variance performed on each instrument administered revealed significant differences between men and women on the SSQ-6 and the FACES-R. Differences indicated that, as expected, women reported establishing more of all kinds of support, were better satisfied with its quality, and viewed their families as more cohesive than did men. Unexpectedly, men and women viewed their families as equally socially desirable, and both men and women reported few disturbances in the separation-individuation process.
TL;DR: The authors developed a proactive approach, attempting to recognize and extend clients' preexisting strengths, focusing particularly on children's issues and drawing attention to sensitive multicultural issues during Hurricane Andrew in south Florida.
Abstract: Crisis intervention has typically been conceptualized as seeking a return of clients to a state of equilibrium. Our work with Hurricane Andrew survivors in south Florida, as part of the Disaster Mental Health Services team of the American Red Cross, has led us to appreciate the importance of several further considerations. In our work, we developed a proactive approach, attempting to recognize and extend clients' preexisting strengths. We offer a number of pragmatic interventions, focusing particularly on children's issues and we draw attention to sensitive multicultural issues.
TL;DR: In this paper, the negative consequences of adolescent childbearing are discussed from the perspective of vocational psychology and is then presented within two models of developmental psychology: the model of female development presented by Chodorow (1978) and Gilligan (1982) and a model of ecological human development by Bronfenbrenner (1977 1988).
Abstract: Adolescent childbearing among lower socioeconomic-status African American girls who are 16 to 21 years of age is a career choice and an alternative normative life path within African American culture. Career choice is defined here to signify selection of a role through which one implements ones identity and which represents ones life work. This choice is first addressed from the perspective of vocational psychology and is then presented within two models of developmental psychology: the model of female development presented by Chodorow (1978) and Gilligan (1982) and the model of ecological human development by Bronfenbrenner (1977 1988). These views incorporate a reassessment of the negative consequences of adolescent childbearing. Finally implications for research and practice are suggested. (authors)
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of supervision support and supervisor race were examined in a 2 × 2 factorial design (high vs. low support × African American vs. Caucasian supervisor), with the inclusion of a no-supervision control condition.
Abstract: The effects of supervision support and supervisor race were examined in a 2 × 2 factorial design (high vs. low support × African American vs. Caucasian supervisor), with the inclusion of a no-supervision control condition. Sixty Caucasian women served as counselors in two counseling sessions with a confederate client. They were supervised by 1 of 6 experienced supervisors—3 African American and 3 Caucasian. Dependent variables included measures of counselor anxiety, perceived performance, satisfaction, and perceptions of the supervisory relationship. Results revealed a significant main effect for supervisor level of support but no significant effects for supervisor race. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
TL;DR: This article examined the relationship of masculinity and femininity to self-esteem and environmental presses for each of these sets of behavioral characteristics, and found that a stronger press for masculine characteristics than feminine characteristics indicated that a masculine environment may place women who are low in masculinity at particular risk for low selfesteem.
Abstract: Much empirical research has examined the psychological well-being of individuals with varying gender role orientations. This research has typically shown masculinity to be a strong correlate of self-esteem and femininity to be relatively unrelated to self-esteem. This research has often failed to consider the relative environmental influences impacting this process. This study examines the relationships of masculinity and femininity to self-esteem and environmental presses for each of these sets of behavioral characteristics. Results indicate a stronger press for masculine characteristics than feminine characteristics. The person-environment interaction suggests that a masculine environment may place women who are low in masculinity at particular risk for low self-esteem. Implications for both research and practice are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined 10 factors and their relation to the life satisfaction of single middle-aged professional women, including job satisfaction, gender identity, locus of control, social support, health, financial resources, leisure-time activities, sexual satisfaction, and regrets regarding life circumstances.
Abstract: This study examined 10 factors and their relation to the life satisfaction of single middle-aged professional women. The proposed regression model, which included job satisfaction, gender identity, locus of control, social support, health, financial resources, leisure-time activities, sexual satisfaction, and regrets regarding life circumstances, was explored through a questionnaire. Questionnaires were administered to single professional women in higher education institutions. Responses were received from 152 women. Performance on life satisfaction was significantly explained by recourse to the variables of job satisfaction, internal locus of control, regrets regarding life circumstances, sexual satisfaction, and leisure-time activities.
TL;DR: For instance, the authors surveyed counselors regarding their value orientations in four domains: universal values, mental health values, individualistic-collectivistic values, and religious-spiritual values.
Abstract: A national sample (n = 479) of counselors representative of the 1993 American Counseling Association membership was surveyed regarding their value orientations in four domains: universal values, mental health values, individualistic-collectivistic values, and religious-spiritual values. Results yielded a multifaceted, generally concordant (although by no means unanimous) value profile for professional counselors across these value domains, presenting an overall content pattern that might be globally summarized as a strong core valuing of holistic-humanistic empowerment related to personal development and interpersonal and social concern. Implications for counseling practice, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
TL;DR: A review of the literature indicates a high incidence of sexual trauma among women who seek treatment for substance abuse and clients who have experienced sexual trauma appear to be more susceptible to relapse, the return to substance abuse.
Abstract: A review of the literature indicates a high incidence of sexual trauma among women who seek treatment for substance abuse. Additionally, clients who have experienced sexual trauma appear to be more susceptible to relapse, the return to substance abuse. This article explores issues surrounding sexual trauma and chemical dependency. It aims to provide direction for relapse prevention with a relapse-prone population. Application of traditional milieu substance abuse treatment for sexual trauma survivors is explored. Recommendations for working with sexual trauma survivors who are also substance abusers are presented, as are suggestions for research.
TL;DR: This article found that supervisors had the most difficulty accurately assessing counselors representing Level 2 in Stoltenberg's model and tended to make relative judgments about counselor developmental level, while supervisor experience did not influence the assessment of developmental level or the ability to make accurate environmental matches.
Abstract: Supervisors representing different levels of experience viewed videotape vignettes of counselors demonstrating the first three developmental levels of Stoltenberg's (1981) Counselor Complexity Model. Supervisors assessed each counselor on his or her developmental level and on the supervision environment he or she would provide for the trainee. Results indicated that supervisor experience did not influence the assessment of developmental level or the ability to make accurate environmental matches. Nevertheless, supervisors had the most difficulty accurately assessing counselors representing Level 2 in Stoltenberg's model and tended to make relative judgments about counselor developmental level. Implications for training and further research are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effects of academic and psychosocial variables on the academic performance of minority and nonminority college student athletes and found that higher levels of competitive trait anxiety and negative life stress were associated with lower fall-term grade point averages for certain non-minority athletes.
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of academic and psychosocial variables on the academic performance of minority and nonminority college student athletes. Analyses revealed that higher levels of competitive trait anxiety and negative life stress were associated with lower fall-term grade point averages for certain nonminority athletes. The academic variable was weakly related to the academic performances of minority and not related to nonminority football players' performances. These findings call into question the use of standardized test scores for predicting academic performance and suggest that academic counselors may want to consider the effects of noncognitive variables in their work with student athletes.
TL;DR: The authors argued that current theory and practice of cognitive therapy are encapsulated by a set of epistemic values that assign causative primacy for psychological problems to the cognitive processes of the individual knower.
Abstract: It is argued that current theory and practice of cognitive therapy are encapsulated by a set of epistemic values that assign causative primacy for psychological problems to the cognitive processes of the individual knower. Social contructionism represents an alternative to this state of affairs by underscoring the inextricable connection between the personal and the social, challenging the merit of decontextualized accounts of psychological problems, and identifying empowerment and social change as viable therapeutic options.
TL;DR: A model of secondary-survivor (R. Remer and E. Elliott, 1988a, 1988b) healing is presented based on the experiences of male partners attending a support group as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A model of secondary-survivor (R. Remer & Elliott, 1988a, 1988b) healing is presented based on the experiences of male partners attending a support group. The focus is on both the resources and strengths required for becoming a secondary survivor and the difficulties often encountered in coordinating individual and relationship aspects of healing. Particular stress is given the need to develop and maintain a balanced, interdependent perspective, one that is fair to both secondary and primary victims engaged in the healing process. The role of counselors and therapists in promoting optimal interaction is also suggested.