Showing papers in "Journal of Isfahan Medical School in 2010"

Evaluation of pseudomonas aeroginosa isolated from cutaneous infections and determination of drug resistance pattern in patients of alzahra hospital in esfahan

Abstract: O®U„O§OµU‡ U…U‚O¯U…U‡: O¹UUˆU†Oa‌U‡O§UŒ O¨UŒU…O§O±O³OaO§U†UŒ O§O² U…O¹O¶U„O§Oa Uˆ U…O´U©U„O§Oa U…U‡U… U¾O²O´U©UŒ O¯O± U©O´UˆO±U‡O§UŒ OaUˆO³O¹U‡ UŒO§UOaU‡ Uˆ O¯O± O­O§U„ OaUˆO³O¹U‡ U…UŒâ€ŒO¨O§O´O¯ U©U‡ U…UˆO¬O¨ O§O´O§O¹U‡â€ŽUŒ O¨UŒU…O§O±UŒâ€ŒU‡O§UŒ O¹UUˆU†UŒ O¯O± O¬O§U…O¹U‡ U…UŒâ€ŒU¯O±O¯O¯. O³UˆO¯UˆU…UˆU†O§O³ O¢O¦O±UˆO¬UŒU†UˆO²O§ O¨U‡ O¹U†UˆO§U† UŒU©UŒ O§O² O¹UˆO§U…U„ U…U‡U… O¹UUˆU†Oa‌U‡O§UŒ O¨UŒU…O§O±O³OaO§U†UŒOŒ O¨U‡ ‌O®OµUˆOµ O¯O± O²O®U…‌U‡O§UŒ OaU…UŒO² O¨UŒU…O§O±O§U†OŒ O¹U…U„ O´O¯U‡ U…UŒâ€ŒO¨O§O´O¯. O§UO²O§UŒO´ O±UˆO²O§UO²UˆU† U…U‚O§UˆU…Oa O¢U†OaUŒâ€ŒO¨UŒUˆOaUŒU©UŒ O³UˆO¯UˆU…UˆU†O§O³ O¢O¦O±UˆO¬UŒU†UˆO²O§ U…O´U©U„O§Oa O²UŒO§O¯UŒ O±O§ O¨O±O§UŒ O¨UŒU…O§O±O§U† O§UŒO¬O§O¯ U†U…UˆO¯U‡OŒ O¯O± U…UˆO§O±O¯UŒ U…UˆO¬O¨ O³U¾OaUŒâ€ŽO³U…UŒ Uˆ U…O±U¯ Uˆ U…UŒO± O¨UŒU…O§O±O§U† U…UŒâ€ŒO´UˆO¯. O¨O§ OaUˆO¬U‡ O¨U‡ U¯O²O§O±O´â€ŒU‡O§UŒ U…O±O¨UˆO· O¨U‡ O§UO²O§UŒO´ U…U‚O§UˆU…Oa‌U‡O§UŒ O¢U†OaUŒâ€Œâ€ŒO¨UŒUˆOaUŒU©UŒOŒ O§UŒU† U…O·O§U„O¹U‡ O¨U‡ U…U†O¸UˆO± O¬O¯O§O³O§O²UŒOŒ O´U†O§O³O§UŒUŒ Uˆ OaO¹UŒUŒU† O§U„U¯UˆUŒ U…U‚O§UˆU…Oa O¯O§O±UˆUŒUŒ O³UˆO¯UˆU…UˆU†O§O³â€ŒU‡O§UŒ O¨UˆU…UŒ U©U‡ O¯O± O§UŒO¬O§O¯ O¹UUˆU†Oa‌U‡O§UŒ U¾UˆO³OaUŒ O¨UŒU…O§O±O§U† O¨O³OaO±UŒ O´O¯U‡ O¯O± O¨UŒU…O§O±O³OaO§U† O§U„O²U‡O±O§UŒ (O³) O§OµUU‡O§U† U†U‚O´ O¯O§O´OaU‡â€ŒO§U†O¯OŒ OµUˆO±Oa U¾O°UŒO±UOa. O±UˆO´â€ŒU‡O§: O¯O± O§UŒU† U…O·O§U„O¹U‡ O§O² 770 O¨UŒU…O§O± U†U…UˆU†U‡â€ŒU¯UŒO±UŒ O¨U‡ O¹U…U„ O¢U…O¯ Uˆ U¾O³ O§O² O§U†O¬O§U… U©O´Oa Uˆ O§U†O¬O§U… OaO³Oa‌U‡O§UŒ OaO´O®UŒOµUŒOŒ O§O² O³UˆO¯UˆU…UˆU†O§O³ O¢O¦O±UˆO¬UŒU†UˆO²O§ O´U†O§O³O§UŒUŒ O´O¯U‡OŒ O§U„U¯UˆUŒ U…U‚O§UˆU…Oa O¯O§O±UˆUŒUŒ U†O³O¨Oa O¨U‡ O¢U†OaUŒâ€ŒO¨UŒUˆOaUŒU©â€ŒU‡O§UŒ O³UŒU¾O±UˆUU„UˆU©O³O§O³UŒU†OŒ OaO§O²UˆO³UŒU†OŒ O³UOaO§O²UŒO¯UŒU…OŒ O³UOaO±UŒO§U©O³UˆU†OŒ O¢U…UŒU©O§O³UŒU† Uˆ O§UŒU…UŒâ€ŽU¾U†U… O¨U‡ O±UˆO´ Disk diffusion Uˆ O¨O§ O±UˆO´ O§O³OaO§U†O¯O§O±O¯Kirby-bauer O§U†O¬O§U… U¯O±O¯UŒO¯. UŒO§UOaU‡â€ŒU‡O§: O§O² 770 O¨UŒU…O§O± U…UˆO±O¯ O¨O±O±O³UŒ 56 O¨UŒU…O§O± (3/7 O¯O±OµO¯) U…O¨OaU„O§ O¨U‡ O¹UUˆU†Oa‌U‡O§UŒ U¾UˆO³OaUŒ U†O§O´UŒ O§O² O³UˆO¯U…UˆU†O§O³ O¢O¦O±UˆO¬UŒU†UˆO²O§ O¨UˆO¯U†O¯. O§U„U¯UˆUŒ U…U‚O§UˆU…Oa O¢U†OaUŒâ€ŒO¨UŒUˆOaUŒU©UŒ O³UˆO¯UˆU…UˆU†O§O³ O¢O¦O±UˆO¬UŒU†UˆO²O§ O¬O¯O§ O´O¯U‡ O§O² O¨UŒU…O§O±O§U† U†O´O§U† O¯O§O¯ U©U‡ 14/82 O¯O±OµO¯ O³UˆO¯UˆU…UˆU†O§O³ O¢O¦O±UˆO¬UŒU†UˆO²O§ O¨U‡ O³UOaO±UŒO§U©O³UˆU† U…U‚O§UˆU… O¨UˆO¯U†O¯ Uˆ U…U‚O§UˆU…Oa O¨O§U©OaO±UŒ U†O³O¨Oa O¨U‡ O³O§UŒO± O¢U†OaUŒâ€ŒO¨UŒUˆOaUŒU©â€ŒU‡O§ O¨U‡ OaO±OaUŒO¨ O¢U…UŒU©O§O³UŒU† 14/57 O¯O±OµO¯OŒ O³UOaO§O²UŒO¯UŒU… 57/53 O¯O±OµO¯OŒ O³UŒU¾O±UˆUU„UˆU©O³O§O³UŒU† 85/42 O¯O±OµO¯OŒ OaO§O²UˆO³UŒU† 28/39 O¯O±OµO¯ Uˆ O§UŒU…UŒâ€ŽU¾U†U… 28/14 O¯O±OµO¯ U…UŒâ€ŒO¨O§O´O¯. U†OaUŒO¬U‡â€ŒU¯UŒO±UŒ: U†OaO§UŒO¬OŒ O¶O±UˆO±Oa O§U†O¬O§U… U©O´Oa Uˆ O¢U†OaUŒâ€ŒO¨UŒUˆU¯O±O§U… U‚O¨U„ O§O² O§U‚O¯O§U… O¨U‡ O¯O±U…O§U† O¶O¯ U…UŒU©O±UˆO¨UŒ O¹UUˆU†Oa‌U‡O§UŒ U¾UˆO³OaUŒ O±O§ U…O·O±O­ U…UŒâ€ŒU†U…O§UŒO¯. O§U„U¯UˆUŒ U…U‚O§UˆU…Oa O¨U‡ O¢U†OaUŒâ€ŒO¨UŒUˆOaUŒU©â€ŒU‡O§ U…UŒâ€ŒOaUˆO§U†O¯ OaO¹UŒUŒU† U©U†U†O¯U‡â€ŽUŒ O§U†OaO®O§O¨ O¯O§O±UˆUŒ U…U†O§O³O¨ O¯O± O¨O±O®UˆO±O¯ O§UˆU„UŒU‡ O¨O§O´O¯O› U¾O§O³O® O¢U†OaUŒâ€ŒO¨UŒUˆU¯O±O§U… U†UŒO² U…UŒâ€ŒOaUˆO§U†O¯ O¨O±O§UŒ O¯O±U…O§U† O¨UŒU…O§O± U…UˆO±O¯ U†O¸O± U‚O±O§O± U¯UŒO±O¯. UˆO§U˜U¯O§U† U©U„UŒO¯UŒ: O¹UUˆU†Oa O¨UŒU…O§O±O³OaO§U†UŒOŒ O¹UUˆU†Oa U¾UˆO³OaUŒOŒ O³UˆO¯UˆU…UˆU†O§O³ O¢O¦O±UˆO¬UŒU†UˆO²O§OŒ U…U‚O§UˆU…Oa O¯O§O±UˆUŒUŒOŒ O¢U†OaUŒâ€ŒO¨UŒUˆOaUŒU©.

An investigation on physical, chemical and microbial quality of isfahan swimming pool waters based on standard indicators

Abstract: Background: Swimming is a recreational activity generally considered to be a healthy exercise. However, swimming pools may transmit a great number of infectious diseases, if not properly maintained, disinfected and monitored. The objective of the research was to investigate the water quality of Isfahan swimming pools and comprise the results with the standards. Methods: Twenty-five of public swimming pools were surveyed. Water samples were examined for physiochemical parameters including temperature, turbidity, pH and free chlorine and also for heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria, total and fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Findings: There was a poor compliance to the established standards for two important physiochemical parameters, including free chlorine and pH. Among the microbial indicators, total coliforms were the most frequent isolate, followed by HPC and fecal coliforms the next. The correlation analyses demonstrated the HPC and total coliforms bacteria populations increased with decrease in free chlorine. The correlation analyses also indicated that there was a positive relationship between total coliforms and all other microbiological parameters. Conclusion: Complete compliance of the pools to the standards was fairly poor and only one of the pools was free of pollution by fecal coliforms and P. aeruginosa, two important microbial indicators, during the sampling period. It is also important to maintain the proper level of free chlorine and pH in the swimming pools to ensure safety of the water quality. Keywords: Swimming pools, Water quality, Microbial indicators, Standard.

Effect of 8 Weeks Regular Corrective Exercise on Spinal Columns Deformities in Girl Students

Abstract: Background:The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks regular corrective exercise on spinal columns deformities, such as kyphosis, scoliosis and lumbar lordosis, in girl students. Methods: 150 girl students in Jiroft city, aged 12-14 year, participated in this study. The subjects were examined twice in beginning and after 8 weeks of corrective exercise. Spinal column deformities were measured by grid plane, plumb line and other relevant testes. Co-variation test was used to analysis the data. Findings: In 12 year-old subjets the degree of kyphosis and scoliosis in post-test were lower than pre-test and differences were significant (F = 28.5, P < 0.001 and F = 100, P < 0.001, respectively), but in lordosis deformity differences were not significant (F = 3.32, P ≥ 0.05). The differences between pre and post measurents of kyphosis and scoliosis in 13 year-old subjects were significant (F = 39.7, P < 0.001, F= 47.8 and P < 0.001, respectively) but in lordosis deformity differences were not significant (P ≥ 0.05, F = 3.34). Finally in 14 year-old subjects for kyphosis, scoliosis and lumbar lordosis, differences between pre and post measurents were significant (F = 7.9, P < 0.001, F = 112.4, P < 0.001, and F = 16.6, P = 0.009, respectively). Conclusion: It seems that corrective exercise is the safe and valuable method to correct spinal deformities such as kyphosis, scoliosis, and lumbar lordosis and it can decrease the old age problems and disabilities. Key words: Spinal column, Corrective movement, Kyphosis, Scoliosis, Lordosis.

Effect of Red Grape Juice on Learning and Passive Avoidance Memory in Rats

Abstract: Background: Along with increased age, learning and memory being two of the survival necessities decrease and may even deteriorate. This has motivated researches in the field of geriatric medicine to find new medicines effective on learning and memory amplification. Studies have shown that through advanced age, increased oxidative stressors lead to damaged brain processes including cognitive functions. Since types of red grape juice contain antioxidants, this study aimed to examine the effect of this material on passive avoidance memory in 1-year old rats. Methods: Twenty rats, each weighing about 270-330 g, were divided into two test and control groups. Both groups with no limitation had access to water vessel. In the control group, the water container contained pure water and in the test group it contained 80% pure water along with 20% grape juice. To prevent modification of ingredients, vessels contents were regularly refreshed. The passive avoidance memory and learning test was done in the learning device following intending treatments for all groups and in similar conditions. In this test, increased time delay for the first time of entry to the dark chamber and sum of the remaining time in the lighted chamber as well as decreased remaining time in the dark chamber indicate improved passive avoidance memory. To data analysis, the Mann-Whitney test was employed. Findings: Compared with the control group, learning and passive avoidance memory indices had significantly increased in the test group. Conclusion: Our results show that drinking grape juice causes increased learning and passive avoidance indices in rats; probably the reason was existence of antioxidant substances in the grape juice. Key words: Red grape juice, Rat, Learning, Passive avoidance memory.

The Effectiveness of Coping Strategies Training on Symptom Severity, Quality of Life and Psychological Symptoms among Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Abstract: O®U„O§OµU‡ U…U‚O¯U…U‡: O§U†UˆO§O¹US O§O² U…O¯O§O®U„O§Oa O±UˆO§U†â€ŒO´U†O§O®OaUS O¨U‡ O¹U†UˆO§U† O¨O®O´US O§O² O¯O±U…O§U† O³U†O¯O±U… O±UˆO¯U‡â€ŒUŒ OaO­O±USUƒ U¾O°USO± (IBS) U…UˆO±O¯ OaUˆO¬U‡ O¨UˆO¯U‡ O§O³Oa. O¨O§ O§UŒU† UˆO¬UˆO¯OŒ O§O«O± O¨O®O´US O¢U…UˆO²O´ O±O§U‡O¨O±O¯U‡O§US U…U‚O§O¨U„U‡â€ŒO§US O¯O± O¯O±U…O§U† O§USU† O¨USU…O§O±US O¨U‡ O®UˆO¨US O´U†O§O®OaU‡ U†O´O¯U‡ O§O³Oa. U‡O¯U O§USU† U…O·O§U„O¹U‡OŒ O¨O±O±O³US O§O«O±O¨O®O´US O¢U…UˆO²O´ O±O§U‡O¨O±O¯U‡O§US U…U‚O§O¨U„U‡â€ŒO§US O¯O± O¯O±U…O§U† IBS O¨UˆO¯. O±UˆO´â€ŒU‡O§: O¯O± O§USU† U©O§O±O¢O²U…O§USUS O¨O§U„USU†US OaOµO§O¯UUS U©U†OaO±U„ O´O¯U‡OŒ 46 O¨USU…O§O± U…O¨OaU„O§ O¨U‡ IBSOŒ UƒU‡ O¨USU† O³O§U„‌U‡O§US 1387 Uˆ 1388 O¨U‡ OµUˆO±Oa U¾US O¯O± U¾US O¨U‡ O¨USU…O§O±O³OaO§U† U†UˆO± O§OµUU‡O§U† O§O±O¬O§O¹ O´O¯U†O¯OŒ O§U†OaO®O§O¨ Uˆ O¨U‡ O·UˆO± OaOµO§O¯UUS O¨U‡ O¯Uˆ U¯O±UˆU‡ 24 U†UO±U‡â€ŒUŒ U…O¯O§O®U„U‡ Uˆ O¯O§O±UˆU†U…O§ OaO®OµUSOµ O¯O§O¯U‡ O´O¯U†O¯. U¯O±UˆU‡ U…O¯O§O®U„U‡ O¹U„O§UˆU‡ O¨O± O¯O±U…O§U†â€ŒU‡O§US O·O¨US U…O¹U…UˆU„OŒ O¯O± 8 O¬U„O³U‡ U‡UOaU¯US 2 O³O§O¹OaU‡ O´O§U…U„ O¢U…UˆO²O´ O±O§U‡O¨O±O¯U‡O§US U…U‚O§O¨U„U‡â€ŒO§US O¨U‡ OµUˆO±Oa U¯O±UˆU‡US O´O±U©Oa U©O±O¯U†O¯O› O¯O± O­O§U„US UƒU‡ O¯O± U¯O±UˆU‡ O¯O§O±UˆU†U…O§ O¹U„O§UˆU‡ O¨O± O¯O±U…O§U†â€ŒU‡O§US O·O¨US U…O¹U…UˆU„OŒ O§O² O±UˆO´ OaUˆO¬U‡ Uˆ U¾US‌U¯USO±US O¹U„O§USU… O¯O± U‚O§U„O¨ 4 O¬U„O³U‡â€ŒUŒ 90 O¯U‚USU‚U‡â€ŒO§US (U‡O± O¯Uˆ U‡UOaU‡ USU© O¨O§O±) O§O³OaUO§O¯U‡ O´O¯. U‚O¨U„ Uˆ O¯Uˆ U‡UOaU‡ U¾O³ O§O² U¾O§USO§U† U…O¯O§O®U„U‡ O´O¯Oa O¹U„O§USU…OŒ U©USUUSOa O²U†O¯U¯USOŒ O´O¯Oa O§O¶O·O±O§O¨ Uˆ O§UO³O±O¯U¯US O¨O§ O§O³OaUO§O¯U‡ O§O² U¾O±O³O´â€ŒU†O§U…U‡â€ŒU‡O§US O§O³OaO§U†O¯O§O±O¯ O§O±O²USO§O¨US O´O¯O› O³U¾O³ O¯O§O¯U‡â€ŒU‡O§US O¬U…O¹ O¢UˆO±US O´O¯U‡ O¨O§ O§O³OaUO§O¯U‡ O§O² OaO­U„USU„ UƒUˆO§O±USO§U†O³ O¢U†O§U„UŒO² O´O¯. UŒO§UOaU‡â€ŒU‡O§: O¯O± OaO­U„USU„ U©UˆO§O±USO§U†O³OŒ OaUO§UˆOa U…O¹U†UŒâ€ŒO¯O§O±US O¨USU† O¯Uˆ U¯O±UˆU‡ U…O¯O§O®U„U‡ Uˆ O¯O§O±UˆU†U…O§ O¯O± O´O¯Oa O¹U„O§O¦U… IBS (15/9 = FO› 004/0 = P) U…O´O§U‡O¯U‡ U¯O±O¯USO¯. U‡U…U†U†USU† U†OaO§USO¬OŒ OaUO§UˆOa U…O¹U†UŒâ€ŒO¯O§O±US O¯O± O¯O±OµO¯ U¾O§O³O® O¨USU…O§O±O§U† O¨USU† O¯Uˆ U¯O±UˆU‡ U†O´O§U† O¯O§O¯ (001/0 = P). U¯O±U†U‡ USO§UOaU‡â€ŒU‡O§ OaUO§UˆOa U…O¹U†UŒâ€ŒO¯O§O±US O¨USU† O¯Uˆ U¯O±UˆU‡ O¯O± O³O·UˆO­ O§UO³O±O¯U¯US (8/0 = FO› 376/0 = P) Uˆ O§O¶O·O±O§O¨ (408/1 = FO› 242/0 = P) O¨O¹O¯ O§O² O¯O±U…O§U† U†O´O§U† U†O¯O§O¯ O§U…O§ O¯O± O³O·O­ UƒUSUUSOa O²U†O¯U¯US (131/3 = FO› 084/0 = P) U¯O±O§USO´ O¨U‡ U…O¹U†UŒâ€ŒO¯O§O±US U…O´O§U‡O¯U‡ O´O¯. U†OaUŒO¬U‡â€ŒU¯UŒO±UŒ: OaO±UƒUSO¨ O¢U…UˆO²O´ O±O§U‡O¨O±O¯U‡O§US U…U‚O§O¨U„U‡â€ŒO§US O¨O§ O¯O±U…O§U†â€ŒU‡O§US U…O¹U…UˆU„OŒ O¨U‡ O·UˆO± U‚O§O¨U„ OaUˆO¬U‡US O¯O± O¨U‡O¨UˆO¯ O¹U„O§USU… O¨USU…O§O±O§U† U…O¨OaU„O§ O¨U‡ IBS U…O¤O«O± U…US‌O¨O§O´O¯. O¨O§ O§USU† UˆO¬UˆO¯OŒ U…O·O§U„O¹O§Oa O¨USO´OaO± O±UˆUS U†U…UˆU†U‡â€ŒU‡O§US O¨O²O±U¯â€ŒOaO± Uˆ O¨O§ U¾US‌U¯USO±US O·UˆU„O§U†US‌OaO± U¾USO´U†U‡O§O¯ U…US‌O´UˆO¯. UˆO§U˜U¯O§U† U©U„UŒO¯UŒ: O¢U…UˆO²O´ O¢O±O§U… O³O§O²USOŒ O¢U…UˆO²O´ U…UˆO§O¬U‡U‡â€ŒUŒ U…U†O·U‚US-O¹O§O·UUSOŒ O­U„ U…O³O£U„U‡OŒ O¯O±U…O§U† O´U†O§O®OaUS-O±UOaO§O±USOŒ O±O§U‡O¨O±O¯U‡O§US U…U‚O§O¨U„U‡â€ŒO§USOŒ O³U†O¯O±U… O±UˆO¯U‡â€ŒUŒ OaO­O±USU© U¾O°USO±OŒ U©USUUSOa O²U†O¯U¯US.

The relationship of history of hypertension and illness cognitive representation in post-myocardial infarction

Abstract: Background:According to self-regulation model of Leventhal, medical patients construct schematic representations of illness which may impact on various dimensions of their adjustment with the medical condition. The purpose of this study was to exam the relationship of the history of hypertension and illness representations among post-myocardial infarction patients. Methods: One hundred and seventy six consecutive patients following myocardial infarction admitted to the CCU wards were selected based on the inclusive and exclusive criteria. Data obtained by using demographic questionnaire, Brief Illness Perception questionnaire (B-IPQ) and Beck Depression Inventory-II. Their medical data were obtained from medical records and history of hypertension was confirmed by cardiologist based on information recorded, history of patient and taking medications for hypertension. Therefore, the patients were divided into two groups with and without previous hypertension. I‡2 test, student’s t-test, MANCOVA and Covariance were used to analyze the data. Findings: 30.7% had history of hypertension. A significant difference was seen between two groups in B-IPQ scores (F = 2.501, P = 0.033). Also, it showed significant differences in two dimensions of controllability/ treatability (F = 5.45 P = 0.026) and consequences (F = 5.054, P = 0.026). However, there were no significant differences in identity (F = 1.262, P = 0.228) and timeline (F = 0.261, P = 0.549) between two groups. Conclusion: Generally, the findings confirmed that the post-myocardial infarction patients with history of hypertension explain their cardiac attack as a more adverse event than those without history of hypertension. Also having previous hypertension may be associated with patient`s perception of consequences and controllability/treatability of myocardial infarction. However, these findings did not support such link with perception of identity and timeline of the disease. Thus, the post MI patients with history of hypertension likely develop negative schema about some dimensions of cardiac attack. Key words: Hypertension, Illness perception, Identity, Consequences, Timeline, controllability, treatability.

Tuberculosis program evaluation in isfahan 1 district

Abstract: Background:Tuberculosis (TB) is in the 7th grade according to Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) and will stay in this grade until 2020. In the developing countries, 25% of preventable deaths are due to tuberculosis, 75% of them occurs in producing people .The main reason of this outcome is ineffective national programs for tuberculosis surveillance in the countries. Therefore, periodic program evaluation of tuberculosis surveillance would be essential. Methods: This was a Health system research (program evaluation) study that has been conducted in Isfahan 1 district, according to Health Providing System deviding (2005-2006). Data were collected from epidemiologic forms sent to Isfahan provincial health center. All samples were analyzed. Data were analyzed using SPSS 11.5 software. The outcome and process indices were computed and compared with standards. Findings: The computed indices in 2005 and 2006 were as case detection rate (CDR) 90% and 77%, incidence of smear-positive cases per 100000 population 2.28 and 1.11, conversion rate 87.5% and 81%, cure rate 77.5% and 56%, completion rate 2.5% and 2%, success rate 80% and 58%, failure rate 2.5% and 4%, respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed that there is a gap between new–case incidence of smear positive lung tuberculosis, cure rate, success rate and the standards. This reveals a problem in accomplishment of tuberculosis surveillance program and continuous monitoring of this program will lead to improvement the indices. Key words: Tuberculosis, Evaluation, Iran.

The assessment of establishment and maintenance of the health management system in schools and grading for awarding stars (h.s.e-ms)

Abstract: Background: Addressing school health and safety is an important public health issue. The aim of this study was to identify the status of safety and health (HSE) in Iranian schools, and to provide a monitoring and evaluation scoring system to produce a management system to handle health and safety issues in schools systematically. Methods: An 81-item checklist was applied to obtain data regarding the performance of HSE in 60 schools in five Iranian provinces to award health stars (15-level stars). In all provinces, inadequacies and limitations were documented in safety measures. Findings: Health and safety in Iranian schools need more attention; for example only 48.2% of surveyed schools have suitable space (4 m3 per capita) for studying and only 21.4% of piloted schools have suitable and ergonomic tables; additionally 69.6% of schools have no emergency exits or access to them. Conclusion: By passing this pilot phase, now an agreement is signed between the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the Ministry of Education, and this plan is implemented as a national program in Iran for improvement of the safety and health in schools. We suggest that establishment and maintenance of the health management system in schools and ranking and granting stars to them is one of the most appropriate plans in this regard to be implemented in the region.

The effect of eight weeks corrective exercise with ergonomic intervention on musculoskeletal disorders among loabiran industry workers

Abstract: Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are a common health related problem throughout the world and a major cause of disability in the workplace, especially in the development countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8-week corrective exercise on musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) among workers of Loabiran industry. Methods: Ninety-one workers of Loabiran industry participated in this study. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used to study the prevalence of MSD. After primarily evaluations from 91 workers, thirty-one workers identified as having MSD involved in corrective exercise program for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week, each session 45 to 90 minutes). Findings: Regarding MSD, a significant difference between different sites of body was found (P < 0.05); low back (26.3 %), shoulder (18.9 %) and knee (17 %) were the most prevalent sites. The severity and rate of disorders decreased significantly following 8-weeks training in low back, shoulder, knee, neck and hand/wrist areas (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that prevalence of MSD among workers of Loabiran industry was relatively high and corrective exercise program was effective to decrease it. So, corrective exercise for reducing risk level would be recommended. Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders, Ergonomy, Corrective exercise.

The effect of theory-based intervention on promote workers’ safe behavior in isfahan steel company

Abstract: Background: The word wide concern for safety has created a need for new and effective methods to improve safety in the workplace. The aim of this study was to promote safe behavior in Isfahan Steel Company workers by theory-based intervention. Methods: This randomized control trial consisted of two case and control groups. The case group received intervention based on Health Action Model. Control group did not receive any intervention except participating in the current safety courses of company. The sample size was 270 worker who were randomly selected and divided into two equal groups (n = 135). Data was collected using a questionnaire and a checklist after and before the intervention and were analyzed based on distribution of variables, parametric (t-test, paired t-test) or nonparametric (chi-square, Wilcoxon) tests. Findings: The mean scores of knowledge, attitude and behaviors of safe behaviors in case group increased statistically significant and the observed difference in control group was not significant. The results also indicated that unsafe behaviors in the case group decreased, following the educational intervention. The difference, again, was not statistically significant in the control group. Conclusion: The results showed that application of Health Action Model has an acceptable and positive influence on promoting safe behaviors of workers in Isfahan steel Company. It is, therefore, recommended that same theory based intervention can be useful for other and similar industries. Key words:Intervention study, Health Action Model, Safe behavior, Steel Making, Roll Mill.

Assessment of tobacco use khowledge, attitude and practice of “tehran university of medical sciences” students

Abstract: U…U‚O¯U…U‡: O§O¹OaUSO§O¯ O¨U‡ O¯O®O§U†USO§Oa O¯O± O·UˆU„O§U†US U…O¯OaOŒ O¯U„USU„ O±UOaO§O±US O§OµU„US U…O±U¯â€ŒU‡O§US O²UˆO¯O±O³ Uˆ U†O§OaUˆO§U†US‌U‡O§O³Oa U©U‡ O³O§U„USO§U†U‡ U…U†O¬O± O¨U‡ O­O¯UˆO¯ 4 U…USU„USUˆU† U…O±U¯ O¯O± O¯U†USO§ U…US‌O´UˆO¯. U‡O¯U O§USU† O·O±O­ OaO­U‚USU‚O§OaUSOŒ O¨O±O±O³US O¯O§U†O´OŒ U†U¯O±O´ Uˆ O¹U…U„U©O±O¯ O¯O§U†O´O¬UˆUSO§U† O§USO±O§U†US O¯O± O²U…USU†U‡â€ŒUS O§O³OaO¹U…O§U„ O¯O®O§U†USO§Oa O¨UˆO¯. O±UˆO´ U‡O§: O¬U…O¹â€ŒO¢UˆO±US O¯O§O¯U‡â€ŒU‡O§ O§O² O·O±USU‚ U¾O±O³O´â€ŒU†O§U…U‡â€ŒUŒ O§O³OaO§U†O¯O§O±O¯ OµUˆO±Oa U¯O±UOa. U©U„ U†U…UˆU†U‡ U…UˆO±O¯ U†O¸O± 1200 O¯O§U†O´O¬Uˆ O¨UˆO¯ U©U‡ 958 U†UO± O¯O± O§USU† U…O·O§U„O¹U‡ O´O±U©Oa U†U…UˆO¯U†O¯O› O§O² O§USU† OaO¹O¯O§O¯ 485 U†UO± O¯O§U†O´O¬UˆUS O²U† Uˆ 456 U†UO± O¯O§U†O´O¬UˆUS U…O±O¯ O¨UˆO¯ Uˆ 17 U¾O§O³O® O¯U‡U†O¯U‡ O¬U†O³USOa O®UˆO¯ O±O§ O¨USO§U† U†U©O±O¯U†O¯. O¯O± OaO¬O²USU‡ Uˆ OaO­U„USU„ O¯O§O¯U‡â€ŒU‡O§OŒ U‡O± O¯Uˆ O¯O³OaU‡â€ŒUŒ O¢O²U…UˆU†â€ŒU‡O§US OaUˆOµUSUUS Uˆ O§O³OaU†O¨O§O·US (OaO­U„USU„US) O¢U…O§O±USOŒ O¨U‡ U©O§O± U¯O±UOaU‡ O´O¯. UŒO§UOaU‡ U‡O§: O¯O§U†O´ U…OaUˆO³O· O¯O§U†O´O¬UˆUSO§U† O²U† O¯O± O²U…USU†U‡â€ŒUŒ U…O³O§O¦U„ U…O±O¨UˆO· O¨U‡ O§O³OaO¹U…O§U„ O¯O®O§U†USO§OaOŒ O§U†O¯U©US O¨O§U„O§OaO± O§O² O¯O§U†O´ U…OaUˆO³O· O¯O§U†O´O¬UˆUSO§U† U…O±O¯ O¨UˆO¯O› U†U¯O±O´ O¯O§U†O´O¬UˆUSO§U† O²U† O¯O± O²U…USU†U‡â€ŒUŒ U…O³O§O¦U„ U…O±O¨UˆO· O¨U‡ O§O³OaO¹U…O§U„ O¯O®O§U†USO§OaOŒ O¨U‡ O·UˆO± U…OaUˆO³O· U…O®O§U„Uâ€ŒOaO± O§O² U†U¯O±O´ U…OaUˆO³O· O¯O§U†O´O¬UˆUSO§U† U…O±O¯ O¨UˆO¯. U‡U…U†U†USU† O¯O§U†O´O¬UˆUSO§U† U…O±O¯ O¨USO´OaO± O§O² O¯O§U†O´O¬UˆUSO§U† O²U† U…O­OµUˆU„O§Oa O¯O®O§U†US O±O§ O§O³OaO¹U…O§U„ U…US‌U©O±O¯U†O¯ (O¹U…U„U©O±O¯). O§USU† U…O·O§U„O¹U‡ U†O´O§U† O¯O§O¯ U©U‡ O¨USO´OaO± O²U†O§U†US U©U‡ OaO¬O±O¨U‡â€ŒUŒ O¯O®O§U†USO§Oa O¯O§O±U†O¯OŒ O¨O±O§US O§UˆU„USU† O¨O§O± O¯O± O³U† 20 O³O§U„U¯US USO§ O³U†USU† O¨O§U„O§OaO±OŒ O¢U† O±O§ O§O³OaO¹U…O§U„ U©O±O¯U‡â€ŒO§U†O¯ Uˆ O¯O± U…USO§U† U…O±O¯O§U†OŒ O§UˆU„USU† OaO¬O±O¨U‡â€ŒUŒ O¯O®O§U†USO§OaOŒ U‚O¨U„ O§O² O³U† 20 O³O§U„U¯US O¨UˆO¯U‡ O§O³Oa. U†OaUŒO¬U‡ U¯UŒO±UŒ: U…O·O§U„O¹U‡â€ŒUŒ O­O§O¶O± O¯O± OµO¯O¯ O¢U† O¨UˆO¯ U©U‡ U…OaOoUSO±U‡O§US U…O¤O«O± O¯O± O§O³OaO¹U…O§U„ O¯O®O§U†USO§Oa O±O§ O¯O± O¬U…O¹USOa U…UˆO±O¯ U…O·O§U„O¹U‡ O§O±O§UŒU‡ U©U†O¯ Uˆ O§U‚O¯O§U…O§Oa U…O¤O«O± U‚O§O¨U„ O§U†O¬O§U… OaUˆO³O· O³USO§O³OaU¯O°O§O±O§U† O³U„O§U…Oa UƒO´UˆO± O¯O± U…UˆO±O¯ O§OµU„O§O­ O¯O§U†O´OŒ U†U¯O±O´ Uˆ O¹U…U„UƒO±O¯ O¯O§U†O´O¬UˆUSO§U† O¯O± U…UˆO±O¯ O§USU† U…O®O§O·O±U‡â€ŒUŒ O³U„O§U…OaUS O±O§ OaUˆOµUSU‡ U…US‌U†U…O§USO¯. UˆO§U˜U¯O§U† U©U„UŒO¯UŒ: O¯O§U†O´O¬UˆUSO§U† O§USO±O§U†USOŒ O§O³OaO¹U…O§U„ O¯O®O§U†USO§OaOŒ UˆUSU˜U¯US‌U‡O§US UO±U‡U†U¯USOŒ O±UOaO§O±OŒ U†U¯O±O´ Uˆ O¹U…U„UƒO±O¯.

Using classification tree for prediction of diabetic retinopathy on type ii diabetes

Abstract: Background: Diabetes disease is a common disease in the world and diabetic retinopathy that is an eye disease, involve these patients so hardly that leads patients to blindness in elderly. Because of high incidence of type II diabetes in the society and the danger of retinopathy in this group of patients, in this study we attempted to introduce a classification and predictive model according to Classification and Regression Tree (CART) model for this disease. Methods: This study was performed according to the information of about 3734 patients with type II diabetes, consulted to Isfahan Metabolic and Endocrine Research Center from 1991 to 2006. According to the CART model, a classification pattern was introduced for predicting of retinopathy in these patients. Findings: In this study, classification tree model (CART) obtained with accuracy of 67 percents according to duration of disease, age, sex, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride, cholosterol and fasting blood sugar. This classification model had the sensitivity of 71% and specifity of 62%. Conclusion: By this study founds that the duration of diabetes is one of the most important element of retinopathy, in such a manner that the danger of retinopathy in type II diabetes patients with more than 7.5 years is more than other patients. Key words: Diabetic retinopathy, Type II diabetes, Classification tree.

Determination concentration of lead in breast in lactating women in region industrial zarinshahr and effect on infant

Abstract: Background: The aim of this study was to determine concentration of lead in the milk of women living in the vicinity of a metal smelter area and the effect of age mothers, parous, birth weight, height, and infant head circumference on the concentration of lead in human milk. Methods: Five ml of 27 colostrum samples from healthy women collected on the 4th postpartum day. After digestion of sample under pressure with of nitric acid and perchloric acid, concentration of lead in samples was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Findings: The mean level of lead in milk nuliparous and multiparous women was 70.64 and 23.73 µg/l respectively. The mean level of lead in milk in women aged ≤ 24 and > 24 years were 68.10 and 22.86 µg/l respectively. The mean level of lead in milk in women of newborns with weighing 49 cm were 49.80 and 45.21 µg/l respectively. Also. The mean level of lead in milk in women of newborns with head circumferenceing < 35 and ≥ 35 cm were 27.43 and 62.33 µg/l respectively. Conclusion: There was significant difference in mean level of lead in mother's milk in difference group of age and parous; also there was negative correlation between lead concentration with age of mothers and parous. There was no significant difference and no correlation in mean level of lead in mother's milk in difference groups of birth weight, height, and head circumference. Key words: Lead, Breast milk, Pollution industrial, Zarinshahr, Infants.

The relationship of employees' job control with job stress and subjective well–being

Abstract: U…U‚O¯U…U‡: USU©US O§O² U…U†O§O¨O¹ U…U‡U… O§O³OaO±O³ (Stress) O¯O± U…O­USO· U©O§O±OŒ O§O² O§USU† O§O­O³O§O³ O§UO±O§O¯ U†O§O´US U…US‌O´UˆO¯ U©U‡ O±UˆUS O´OoU„ O®UˆO¯ U©U†OaO±U„ U†O¯O§O±U†O¯ Uˆ O§USU† U…O³O£U„U‡ O¯O± U†U‡O§USOa O³U„O§U…Oa O°U‡U† (SWB: Subject Well–Being) Uˆ O³U„O§U…Oa O¬O³U…O§U†US O¢U†O§U† O±O§ O¨U‡ O®O·O± U…US‌O§U†O¯O§O²O¯. U‡O¯U O§O² O§U†O¬O§U… O§USU† U¾U˜UˆU‡O´OŒ O¨O±O±O³US O±O§O¨O·U‡â€ŒUŒ U©U†OaO±U„ O´OoU„US O¨O§ O³O·O­ O§O³OaO±O³ Uˆ O³U„O§U…Oa O°U‡U† O§UO±O§O¯ O¨UˆO¯. O±UˆO´ U‡O§: U¾U˜UˆU‡O´ O­O§O¶O±OŒ OaUˆOµUSUUS O§O² U†UˆO¹ O±O§O¨O·U‡â€ŒO§US O¨UˆO¯ Uˆ O¬O§U…O¹U‡â€ŒUŒ O¢U…O§O±US O§USU† U¾U˜UˆU‡O´ O±O§ U©U„USU‡â€ŒUŒ U©O§O±U©U†O§U† U…O´OoUˆU„ O¨U‡ U©O§O± O´O±U©Oa U¾OaO±UˆO´USU…US O§O³OaO§U† O§OµUU‡O§U† O¯O± O³O§U„ 1387 OaO´U©USU„ O¯O§O¯U†O¯. OaO¹O¯O§O¯ O§UO±O§O¯ O¬O§U…O¹U‡ 510 U†UO± O¨UˆO¯ U©U‡ 151 U†UO± O§O² O¢U†O§U† O¨O§ O§O³OaUO§O¯U‡ O§O² O±UˆO´ U†U…UˆU†U‡â€ŒU¯USO±US OaOµO§O¯UUS O³O§O¯U‡ O§U†OaO®O§O¨ O´O¯U†O¯ Uˆ O¨U‡ U¾O±O³O´â€ŒU†O§U…U‡â€ŒUŒâ€Œ U©U†OaO±U„ O´OoU„ O¨U‡ O¹U†UˆO§U† U…OaOoUSO± U¾USO´â€ŒO¨USU†OŒ Uˆ U¾O±O³O´â€ŒU†O§U…U‡â€ŒU‡O§US O³U„O§U…Oa O°U‡U† Uˆ O§O³OaO±O³ O¯O± O´OoU„ O¨U‡ O¹U†UˆO§U† U…OaOoUSO±U‡O§US U…U„O§U©OŒ U¾O§O³O® O¯O§O¯U†O¯. O¯O§O¯U‡â€ŒU‡O§ O¨O§ O§O³OaUO§O¯U‡ O§O² O±UˆO´ O¢U…O§O±US OaO­U„USU„ MANOVA OaUƒ U¯O±UˆU‡US OaO¬O²UŒU‡ Uˆ OaO­U„UŒU„ O´O¯. U‡U…U†U†USU†OŒ O¯O± O§USU† U¾U˜UˆU‡O´ U…USO§U†U¯USU† U…OaOoUSO±U‡O§US O³U„O§U…Oa O°U‡U† Uˆ O§O³OaO±O³ O¯O± U¯O±UˆU‡â€ŒU‡O§US U…O®OaU„U U©O§O±US (O¹U…U„USO§OaUSOŒ U¾O´OaUSO¨O§U†US Uˆ O³OaO§O¯US) O¨O§ O§O³OaUO§O¯U‡ O§O² OaO­U„USU„ UˆO§O±USO§U†O³ USU© O±O§U‡U‡ Uˆ O¢O²U…UˆU† O´UU‡ (O¨O±O§US U…U‚O§USO³U‡â€ŒU‡O§US O²UˆO¬US) U…UˆO±O¯ U…U‚O§USO³U‡ U‚O±O§O± U¯O±UOa. UŒO§UOaU‡ U‡O§: U©U†OaO±U„ O´OoU„US O¨O§ O§O³OaO±O³ O¯O± O´OoU„ O±O§O¨O·U‡â€ŒUŒ U…U†UUS Uˆ U…O¹U†UŒâ€ŒO¯O§O± (36/0- = AŸOŒ 001/0 > P) Uˆ O¨O§ O³U„O§U…Oa O°U‡U†OŒ O±O§O¨O·U‡â€ŒUŒ U…O«O¨Oa Uˆ U…O¹U†UŒâ€ŒO¯O§O± (34/0 = AŸOŒ 001/0 > P) O¯O§O´Oa. U‡U…U†U†USU†OŒ O¨USU† U…USO§U†U¯USU†â€ŒU‡O§US O³U„O§U…Oa O°U‡U† (03/0 = P) Uˆ O§O³OaO±O³ (03/0 = P) O¯O± U¯O±UˆU‡â€ŒU‡O§US O´OoU„US O¹U…U„USO§OaUS Uˆ O³OaO§O¯US OaUO§UˆOa U…O¹U†UŒâ€ŒO¯O§O± UˆO¬UˆO¯ O¯O§O´Oa. U†OaUŒO¬U‡ U¯UŒO±UŒ: O§U¯O± U…O´O§OoU„ O¨U‡ U¯UˆU†U‡â€ŒO§UŒ O¨O§O´U†O¯ U©U‡ O§UO±O§O¯ OaO£O«USO±US O¨O± OaOµU…USU…O§Oa O´OoU„UŒ Uˆ O´USUˆU‡â€ŒUŒ O¹U…U„ O®UˆO¯ U†O¯O§O´OaU‡ O¨O§O´U†O¯OŒ O¨O§O¹O« O§USO¬O§O¯ O§O³OaO±O³ O¯O± O§UO±O§O¯ O´O¯U‡OŒ O³U„O§U…Oa O°U‡U† O¢U†â€ŒU‡O§ O±O§ U†USO² O¨U‡ O®O·O± U…UŒâ€Œ O§U†O¯O§O²O¯. O¨U†O§O¨O±O§USU†OŒ UO±O§U‡U… O¢UˆO±O¯U† U†UˆO¹US U‚O¯O±Oa U©U†OaO±U„ O¨O± O´OoU„ O§UO±O§O¯OŒ O§O² O·O±USU‚ O§USO¬O§O¯ O´USUˆU‡â€ŒU‡O§USUS U…O§U†U†O¯ U…O´O§O±U©Oa O¯O§O¯U† O¢U†O§U† O¯O± UO±O§USU†O¯ OaOµU…USU…‌U¯USO±US USO§ O§USO¬O§O¯ O§U…U©O§U† O¨O±O§US OaU†O¸USU… O¨O±U†O§U…U‡â€ŒUŒ UˆO¸O§USU O®UˆO¯OŒ O§O³OaO±O³ O±O§ O¯O± O§UO±O§O¯ U©O§U‡O´ Uˆ O³U„O§U…Oa O°U‡U† O¢U†â€ŒU‡O§ O±O§ O¨U‡O¨UˆO¯ U…US‌O¨O®O´O¯. UˆO§U˜U¯O§U† U©U„UŒO¯UŒ: U©U†OaO±U„ O´OoU„USOŒ O§O³OaO±O³OŒ O³U„O§U…Oa O°U‡U†.

Prevalence of visual impairments among school-aged children: the results of a national screening program

Abstract: Background: Visual impairments affect child development and limit their social activity, education and future life. In this study, the prevalence of visual impairments was determined among school-aged children in a screening program. Methods: All first and third grade students in primary schools, first grade students in secondary and high schools related to Iranian universities of medical science were selected. The data were gathered by universities in 2007. Findings:The prevalence of visual impairments was 4.7% and 3.8% in first grade and third grade students in primary schools. It was 5.8% and 4.1% in first grade students in secondary and high schools respectively. The highest prevalence (10.59%) was reported from Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Conclusion: It is considered more detailed interventions are necessary, especially in high prevalence regions, to determine the different types of visual impairments and their risk factors. Key words: Screening, Visual impairments, School children.

Study of Common Stresses among Students in Tehran

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Transcutaneous Bilirubinometry During Phototherapy in Preterm Infants

Abstract: Background: Taking blood for bilirubin measurement is a common cause of blood sampling in premature in-fants. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry is a method of bilirubin measurement and its value in term newborns is well established. In some studies, transcutaneous bilirubinometry has been accepted for premature babies who did not receive phototherapy. However its value in assessment of bilirubin in preterm babies undergoing photo-therapy is not well known. The aim of present study was evaluation the accuracy of transcutaneous bilirubinometry in preterm neonates during phototherapy. Methods: We enrolled preterm newborns admitted to the neonatal unit of Shahid Beheshti hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences with gestational age of 26-36 weeks and age of 2-22 days who needed blood sampling for determination of plasma bilirubin level. We measured bilirubin using BiliCheck from glabella and sternum within 30 minutes of blood sampling. Findings: We assessed 72 preterm infants with mean birth weight of 1381.7 gram and mean gestational age of 30.03 weeks. There were significant correlation between transcutaneous bilirubinometry of glabella and serum bilirubin levels (P < 0.05; r = 0.83). There were also correlation between transcutaneous bilirubinometry of sternal region and serum bilirubin levels but this was weaker than glabella (P < 0.05; r = 0.55). Conclusion: Measurement of bilirubin with transcutaneous bilirubinometry from covered area of glabella in preterm infants undergoing phototherapy could be a useful predictor of serum bilirubin level. With this method, we could reduce blood sampling in preterm neonates. So, the need for blood transfusion, the pain from taking blood and its side effects will be reduced. Keywords: Premature infant, phototherapy, jaundice, transcutaneous bilirubinometry.

Comparison of Incomplete Abortion Treatment between Manual Vacuum Aspiration and Curettage

Abstract: Background: Miscarriage was estimated 20% of all pregnancy every year, approximately. There are different modalities, medical or surgical, to treat incomplete abortion. One of the procedures is manual vacuum aspiration (MVA). It is a new method in Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of this method in Iran. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was designed to compare MVA against sharp curettage in incomplete abortion treatment. The two universities related medical centers with obstetric department were engaged. The 316 cases were elected by inclusion criteria and then allocated into MVA (156 cases) or curettage (160 cases) treatment group. They were followed up for three weeks and blood pressure, pain with visual analogue scale; patient satisfaction and bleeding were evaluated in every subject by gynecologist. At the end, data were analyzed using by SPSS15 software. Findings:Duration of surgery was significantly shorter in MVA than curettage group. Although there were no difference in pain score at admission but patients had less pain during surgery and one hour after surgery in MVA group. Patients in curettage group had more bleeding during surgery. Satisfaction score were significantly more in MVA group at discharge (96.2% against 83.3 %) but this difference was not significant between two groups, 1 and 3 weeks after surgery. Conclusion: Our findings showed that MVA was effective to treat incomplete abortion. It has less complication and bleeding. In addition, satisfaction is high and it consider cost effective. Key words:Manual vacuum aspiration, Abortion, Curettage–pregnancy.

Vitamin e + ursodeoxycholic acid (udca) versus vitamin e for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (nash)

Abstract: Background: Emerging prevalence of obesity and subsequently metabolic syndrome induced increment in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Incidence no definite treatment is still available for NAFLD and different groups of drugs were used to treat this condition and it’s related hypertranaminasemia. This study aimed to compare efficacy of vitamin E with or without ursodexycholic acid (UDCA) as two routine treatment modalities in NAFLD. Methods: The study was done in a parallel-arms clinical trial; one using 400 IU vitamin E alone and another associated with 250 mg UDCA TDS. The patients enrolled in the study if they had ultrasound report of NAFD and abnormal ALT level, and were randomized in two groups, than followed for 6 months. ALT decrease to less than 1.5 times upper limit normal was assumed as the target therapeutic response. Findings: Age of two groups (58.5 ± 4.2) did not differ, neither the gender portion varied (54% were male). Body mass index was not different in two groups before the intervention and did not change significantly during the study (28.8 ± 1.2 kg/m2). In the combination treatment group, 13 cases and in the single therapy, 4 persons reached to therapeutic target (P = 0.46). Mean of ALT and AST variations following intervention did not differ in two groups, but transaminase levels significantly decreased at least for 30 IU/L after treatment (P = 0.02). Conclusion: Single therapy with vitamin E or combined therapy with UDCA caused recovery of NAFLD in 60% of patients; although adding UDCA had no significant effect on treatment outcome. Small sample size could cause a pitfall in this study that limits ability to establishing equivalence of two modalities. Key words: Vitamin E, Ursodeoxycholic acid, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

The analgesic effect of solenanthus circinnatus root extract in male rat

Abstract: Background:There are some evidences in Iranian traditional medicine that solenanthus circinnatus has been used for pain and inflammation relief. In this study, we investigated the root's hydroalcholic extract of this plant in experimental models of acute and chronic pain compare to analgesic effect of sodium salicylate. Methods:Root extract were prepared using percolation method. Different doses of root extract (100, 200, 300 mg/kg i.p) and sodium salicylate (300 mg/kg i.p) were given. The analgesic activity was assessed in experimental models of acute pain (Tail flick test) and chronic pain (used formalin test). Findings: All doses of extract and sodium salicylate had more analgesic effect than control group in Tail flick test (P < 0.05). Among mentioned extract, the dose of 300 mg/kg and sodium salicylate had a significant antinocieptive effect to control group in both of phase formalin test (P < 0.05). By comparison of the analgesic effect of sodium salicylate and extract (at the dose of 300 mg/kg in formalin test and 200 mg/kg in Tail flick test) no significant difference was found. Conclusion: It seems that solenanthus circinnatus induces its inhibitory effect on acute and chronic pain. Key words: Pain, Solenanthus circinnatus root extract, Sodium salicylate.

Comparison of Vaginal Misoprostol with Foley Catheter for Cer-vical Ripening and Induction of Labor

Abstract: Background: Sometimes despite an unripe cervix, induction of labor may be needed. In these cases, safe and suitable method should be considered for cervical ripening and pregnancy termination. The aim of this study was to assess the comparison of vaginal misoprostol with foley catheter for cervical ripening and induction of labor. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was performed on 110 pregnant women referred to the teaching hospit-als of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences during a time period of September 2007 to March 2008. The women were randomly divided into two groups: misoprostol (49 cases) and foley catheter (59 cases). For first group, 25 microgram vaginal misoprostol every 4 hour up to maximum 6 doses was administered. For second group, foley catheter 18F inflated with 50 cc of sterile water was placed through the internal os of the cervix. Data was analyzed by SPSS software. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Findings: Two groups were similar in the view of demographic characteristics, cesarean indications, maternal-fetal outcomes and neonatal outcomes. Vaginal delivery was significantly higher in misoprostol group (89.9 vs. 62.7, P = 0.001). The mean of delivery time was significantly shorter in misoprostol group (11.08 ± 5.6 vs. 13.6 ± 16.0 h, P < 0.05). Conclusion: In the case of need to pregnancy termination and unripe cervix, two methods of misoprostol and foley catheter are suitable, but it seems that misoprostol decreases time of delivery and need to cesarean more than the other. Keywords: Misoprostol, Foley catheter, Cervix ripening, Induction of labor.

Effect of TGF-β3 and BMP-6 growth factors on chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells in alginate scaffold

Abstract: : Objective: Cartilage damages and disease such as osteoarthritis are rather worldwide problem of many people. Current treatment methods for cartilage tissue injuries lead to formation of fibrous tissue, apoptosis, and further cartilage degeneration. Therefore engineering of cartilage tissue with adult stem cells is considered necessary. The aim of this study revolution of TGF-I²3 and BMP-6 on ADSCs chondrogenic induction in alginate scaffold . Materials and Methods: Stem cells were isolated from adipose tissue and digested with collagenase typeIA. The isolated cells were treated with chondrogenic medium supplemented with TGF-I²3 and BMP-6 on alginate scaffold then harvested after 3 weeks. Histological staining was used for evaluation the presence of proteoglycan with Alcian blue. Immunohistochemical method was performed for assessment of cartilage–specific type II collagen and aggrecan. Also in order to confirm our results, we managed RT-PCR technique. Results: Our results revealed that chondrogenesis of ADSCs on alginate scaffold induced by TGF-I²3 and BMP-6growth factors. Histological and immunohistochemical methods were shown deposition of typical cartilage extracellular matrix components such as type II collagen and aggrecan in constructs. RT-PCR analysis of cartilage matrix genes, also confirmed the induction of the chondrocytic phenotype upon stimulation with TGF-I²3 and BMP-6. Conclusion: It can be concluded that TGF-I²3 and BMP-6 promote chondrogenesis of ADSC in 3-D and both growth factors effected better than each only. Key words: Adipose- derived Stem cells, BMP-6, Tissue engineering, TGF-I²3, Chondrogenesis.

Determination of Psychometrics Indices of SNAP-IV Rating Scale in Teachers Execution

Abstract: Background: SNAP-IV rating scale developed by Swanson, Nolan and Pelham to diagnose Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The aim of this study was determination of psychometrics specifications of this scale. Methods: This was a methodological, applied and validity assessment study. One thousand students at 7 to 12 years of age in primary school in Tehran city were selected by cluster sampling. Then the students' teachers were asked to complete rating scale to consider behavior of their student. Thirty staff members of sample group were retested with SNAP-IV and was interviewed with DSM-IV. Data were analyzed by factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, Kolmogrov-Smirnov and Behrens-Fisher t tests. Findings: Criterion validity was 55%. Factor analysis was detected 2 factors that explain 71% of the total variance. Reliability coefficient by test-retest was 88%, internal consistency coefficient was 95%, and Split-half coefficient was 73%. Cut-off point in scale and subscale was 2.08, 2.10, and 2.37 respectively. Conclusion: The SNAP-IV rating scales have fit psychometrics characters. Therefore, it is useable in screen study and therapeutic conditioning. Key words: Rating scale, Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, Reliability, Validity, Cut-off point.

Evaluation of effects of letrozole compare to danazole in patients confirmed endometriosis: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract: Background: Letrozole is an aromatase inhibitor which can decrease estrogen production in peripheral tissues and endometriosis. Danazole, as an androgen, inhibits estrogen production in ovaries and recently has been introduced as an aromatase inhibitor; this study was designed to compare the effects of danazole with letrozole to relieve symptoms of endometriosis. Methods: In this randomized clinical trial study, 105 patients confirmed endometriosis by laparoscopy. These patients were randomly assigned to three groups: group 1 received letrozole tablet (2.5 mg/day), calcium (1000 mg/day) and vitamin D (800 IU/day), group 2 received danazole tablet (600 mg/day), calcium (1000 mg/day) and vitamin D (800 IU/day) and group 3 (placebo group) received calcium (1000 mg/day) and vitamin D (800 IU/day). Pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia were assessed in participants before study and monthly during the study for six months. Data were analyzed via SPSS15 software with Freidman and Wilcoxon tests. Findings: Mean age was not statistically different in three groups. Totally, 105 participants were enrolled in this study; 38 patients in letrozole group, 37 patients in danazole group and 31 patients in placebo group. In letrozol group, the mean of chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia score were less than danazole and placebo groups. The Wilcoxon test showed significant difference between mean of dysmenorrhea score at the 5th month after treatment compare to the 1st month in letrozol group (P = 0.025). Conclusion: This study showed that letrozole is more effective than danazole in relief chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia and dysmenorrhea. Keywords: Letrozole, Danazole, Endometriosis, Laparoscopy.

Opium consumption and risk of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis b and c

Abstract: Background: In patients with hepatitis B and C, environmental factors such as smoking and alcohol can cause liver fibrosis progression. But opium effects on liver fibrosis progression are not clear. This study was designed to assess the relationship of opium user and liver fibrosis progression. Methods: In this case-control study, sixty patients in hepatitis B group and sixty patients in hepatitis C group underwent liver biopsy due to hepatitis treatment and the severity of injury based on HAI (histopathological activity index) was evaluated. In the control group, patients were smoker but in the case group patients were smoker and opium user. In this study, correlation between amount and time of consumption of opium with HAI was determined. Findings: There was significant relationship between HAI and opium using in both hepatitis B and C. In Hepatitis B, significant relationship was seen between amount of consumption of opium and grade of liver but no significant relationship was between amount of consumption of opium and stage of liver; also, there was not significant relationship between time of consumption of opium with stage and grade of liver. In hepatitis C, significant relationship was determined between stage with amount and time of consumption of opium and no relationship was noted between grade with amount and time of consumption of opium. Conclusion: Correlation of opium and liver fibrosis progression, particularly in hepatitis C, was determined. Key words: Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Opium, Liver fibrosis.

Associated Factors with Swallowing Disorders in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract: Background: Swallowing disorders are commonly observed in more than one-third of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, dysphagia in multiple sclerosis usually receives limited attention. The purpose of this study was to identify associated factors with different kinds of swallowing disorders in these patients. Methods: Swallowing function of 101 consecutive multiple sclerosis patients evaluated by the “Northwestern Dysphagia Patient Check Sheet” and “Clinical Oropharyngeal Examination”, clinically. “Northwestern Dysphagia Patient Check Sheet” could have identified patients with pharyngeal stage disorders, aspiration, oral stage disorders, and/or pharyngeal delay. Then possible associations between these disorders and age, age at onset of disease, disease duration and neurological disability were studied. Findings: Oral stage disorders related to disease duration (P = 0.001) and neurological disability as measured by EDSS scores (P < 0.001). Moreover, the prevalence of pharyngeal delay rose with increasing disease duration, significantly (P = 0.004). But the significant associations were not observed between swallowing disorders and age, and age at onset of disease. Conclusion: The findings of this study emphasized the importance of assessment and management of swallowing function in multiple sclerosis patients, especially in patients with a high EDSS score and long disease duration. Key words: Multiple Sclerosis, Swallowing Disorders, Dysphagia.

Impact of cacao consumption on cardiovascular risk factors: review of current evidence

Abstract: Background: Due to controversies in different studies about the effects of dark chocolate consumption on cardiovascular risk factors, this study aimed to review the current evidence on chocolate consumption and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: By the use of dark chocolate, dark chocolate and cardiovascular disease, and dark chocolate and atherosclerosis, as keywords, we searched in PubMed through 1990 till 2008. Just clinical trials on apparently healthy people or those suffering from lipid disorders were included. Results: In most studies, consumption of chocolates with plant sterols induced a reduction in serum total cholesterol and LDL in hypercholesterolemic individuals. Positive effects of dark chocolate on reduction of platelet aggregation has been reported in some investigations while others found neutral effects of white and dark chocolate on platelet aggregation. The effect of dark chocolate intake on insulin sensitivity and reduction of insulin resistance are mentioned in some but not all studies. Dark chocolate consumption significantly reduced blood pressure. A reduction in biomarkers of oxidative stress like 8-isoprostane and MDA has also been reported in some trials. Conclusion: Most of the clinical trials indicated favorable effects of dark chocolate and cocoa consumption on cardiovascular risk factors. More research is needed to identify the related mechanisms of action. Key words: Chocolate, Cardiovascular disease, Hypertension, Polyphenols.

Fungal sinusitis and treatment

Abstract: Background: We report the diagnosis, treatment and follow–up process of 22 cases of fungal sinusitis. Methods: This case- series study was carried out on 22 patients with fungal sinusitis that had treatment of endoscopy and antifungal drug. Past medical history, pathology, CT scan findings and treatment of patients were evaluated. Data analysis was done using SPSS. Findings: Twelve male (57%) and 10 female (43%) patients with the age of 16-73 years were a ssessed. Mucormycosis was seen in 18 (82%) and Aspergilosis in 4 (18%) patients. Diabetic mellitus (71%), chronic renal failure (CRF) (14.3%), and leukemia (9.6%) were reported as the most common underlying diseases. Maxillary and etmoid sinuses were the site of involvement. The most common sign was unilateral periorbital edema and proptosis (95%), and the most common symptom was unilateral change of visual acuity and cheek sensation (95%). All the patients had endoscopy surgery and treated with amphotricine B or ithraconazole and ceftrinaxone, metronidazole and vancomycine. Death was reported in 5 patients (22%) and renewed functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) in 1 (4.8%). Conclusion: Functional endoscopic sinus surgery with amphotncine B or ithraconazole and follow-up are effective for fungal sinusitis. Key words: Fungal sinusitis, Amphotericin, Sinus endoscopy.

Fundamental Analysis of Duplicate Publication of Research Papers

Abstract: Background: Duplicate publication is publication of a paper which overlaps with another published paper in many important parts and is essentially considered unethical. So, this study was carried out to evaluate the pattern of duplicate publication as well as determining the causes of this phenomenon among the papers of researchers of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: All cases of discovered duplicate publication during 2005 to 2008 referred to the committee of ethics were studied. After confirmation of duplicate publication, the cases were assessed by interviewing and reviewing the documents; then the fundamental roots was drawn. After analyzing the cases and categorizing the fundamental causes, a classification and definition of duplicate publication phenomenon was presented. Findings: Out of the nine underwent duplicate publication papers, eight were “Copy publishing” and the other was “Least publishable unit” (or Salami Slicing). From sixteen journals where papers were published, only five had impact factor and six were Iranian. Seven papers were in Persian and two in English. Conclusion: According to our findings, our country’s scientific community is not familiar with the professional rules of scientific and research work, so most of the duplicate publications are uninformed and non-intentional. To prevent duplicate publishing, besides taking legal action against duplicate publication with copy right infringement, the way to interact with the trend of review of papers, correspondence with the editors of journals, and announcement of rules of committee of ethics in research should be taught to faculty members and researchers. Key words: Duplicate publication, Fundamental roots, Preventive ways.

The Results of Distal Femoral Nailing in Treatment of the Distal Femur Fractures

Abstract: Background: Despite the advances in techniques and the improvements in surgical implants, treatment of distal femoral fractures remains a challenge in many situations. Long-term disability can still occur if inappropriate treatment is done. This study was conducted to evaluate the results of distal femoral nailing in treatment of the distal femur fractures. Methods: In this cohort study, among patients referred to Kashani hospital in Isfahan, Iran from December 2005 to December 2007, 36 patients with distal femoral fracture were enrolled in our study. Patients were treated with retrograde femoral nailing. The patients' demographic information, Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) tearing, duration of surgery, volume of hemorrhage, and after-surgery complications such as stiffness, infection and rate of union was obtained and reported. Findings: The mean of time of surgery was 97.4 ± 11.6 minutes. There were not any ACL tearing in studied patients. In first two weeks, infection was seen in 4 patients that recovered. The rate of union was 100% after 6 month. Conclusion: Regard to results, retrograde nailling has very good results in treatment of distal femoral fractures. Key words: Distal femoral fracture, Retrograde nailling.