Showing papers in "Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association in 1951"
TL;DR: The results indicate that the synthetic sweetening agents, saccharin, sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate, dulcin, and P-4000 may be divided into a toxic group and a relatively nontoxic group.
Abstract: Data are given on the chronic oral toxicities of the synthetic sweetening agents, saccharin, sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate, dulcin, and P-4000. The results indicate that these four substances may be divided into a toxic group and a relatively nontoxic group. Dulcin and p-4000 were toxic to rats at dosage levels of 0.1 per cent and above, whereas saccharin and sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate had only slight effects at a dosage level of 5 per cent.
78 citations
TL;DR: Several species of marine algae collected during the hl and sring on the central California coast produced extracts that inhibited the growth in vitro of one or more of the following species of bacteria: Staphyococcus aureus, Eschericbia coli, and Pseudomonas aerugimsa (pyocyunea).
Abstract: Several species of marine algae collected during the hl and sring on the central California coast, yielgd extracts that inhibited the growth in vitro of one or more of the following species of bacteria: Staphyococcus aureus, Eschericbia coli, and Pseudomonas aerugimsa (pyocyunea). The inhibitory activity of the extracts was not due to iodine. Extracts prepared from plants collected during the winter months were devoid of antibacterial activity.
67 citations
TL;DR: Cellulose acetate phthalate is soluble in buffer solutions at pH values as low as 6.5 and addition of plasticizers improves the water resistance of the ester.
Abstract: Cellulose acetate phthalate is soluble in buffer solutions at pH values as low as 6. It has therefore found a use in the enteric coating field. Addition of plasticizers improves the water resistance of the ester. Enteric coatings of such compositions are more effective than when the ester alone is used. Aqueous solutions can be prepared by treating the acetate phthalate with bases such as sodium hydroxide or triethanolamine.
49 citations
TL;DR: The hypotensive action of the drug was characterized by a slow development of the maximal effect after a significant latent period and both acute and chronic toxicological studies have evidenced the safety and high therapeutic index of the compound.
Abstract: The pharmacological effects of 1-hydrazinophthalatine (Ba-5968) have been reported. Its two principal actions were hypotension and partial adrenolysis. Doses of from 0.25 to 1.0 mg./Kg. intravenously usually sufficed in the dog and cat to produce the maximal hypotensive response that the drug could effect. Further marked increases in the dose exerted no obvious effect. The hypotensive action of the drug was characterized by a slow development of the maximal effect after a significant latent period. The action is probably central since the drug little influenced the blood pressure of “spinal” cats and dogs and did not affect the flow in the perfused vascular bed of the rabbit's hind limb. Both acute and chronic toxicological studies have evidenced the safety and high therapeutic index of the compound.
37 citations
TL;DR: Studies on the metabolism of sorbitol (labeled with carbon 14) indicate that it is rapidly oxidized when administered by the intraperitoneal route, but when Sorbitol is given orally a slower rate of oxidation is obtained because of a delayed intestinal absorption.
Abstract: Studies on the metabolism of sorbitol (labeled with carbon 14) indicate that it is rapidly oxidized when administered by the intraperitoneal route. When sorbitol is given orally a slower rate of oxidation is obtained because of a delayed intestinal absorption. Although sorbitol is converted to glucose in its metabolism, the slow rate of intestinal absorption tends to prevent a high degree of hyperglycemia.
36 citations
TL;DR: The results of these studies show no demonstrable evidence of toxicity for alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride when fed in concentrations of 0.25 per cent or less in the diets of the rats and dogs and when given in single doses by stomach tube to rats.
Abstract: Results are presented concerning the effects of alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride when fed in the diets of rats and dogs and when given in single doses by stomach tube to rats. Rats were fed for a two-year period in one experiment and for four months in another. Dogs were fed the test agent for fifteen weeks. The results of these studies show no demonstrable evidence of toxicity for alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride when fed in concentrations of 0.25 per cent or less in the diet of the rats and 0.12 per cent or less in the diet of the dogs. The acute LD50 of this compound in rats, as determined by single oral dosages, was found to be 234.3 ± 26.5 mg./Kg. body weight.
29 citations
TL;DR: Pharmacologic studies indicate this substance to be nontoxic in acute and chronic experiments in various species, and does not exert specific physiological effect.
Abstract: While saccharin has proved over the years to be an innocuous noncaloric sweetening agent, its instability to heating and bitter aftertaste have been distinct drawbacks. A new chemical substance, cyclohexyl sulfamate sodium (Sucaryl sodium), is less potent in sweetening power than saccharin, but withstands boiling and has a clean sweet taste. Pharmacologic studies indicate this substance to be nontoxic in acute and chronic experiments in various species. It does not exert specific physiological effect. Sucaryl sodium is excreted largely unchanged by the kidneys, has no effect upon oxygen consumption, and does not interfere with the digestive enzymes. The presence of Sucaryl sodium in the urine does not disturb the usual chemical tests or cause false positive results.
29 citations
TL;DR: The oleoresin of P. albicaulis contains 31 per cent volatile oil and 69 per cent rosin this article and was found to contain approximately 32 per cent Δ3-carene, 3 per cent a-terpinyl acetate, 10 per cent cadinene, 42 per cent Albicaulene, 0.2 per cent albricaulol, 2.5 per cent Cembrene, and about 4 per cent of residue and resinous fractions.
Abstract: The oleoresin of P. albicaulis contains 31 per cent volatile oil and 69 per cent rosin. By fractional distillation, the gum turpentine was found to contain approximately 32 per cent Δ3-carene, 3 per cent a-terpinyl acetate, 10 per cent cadinene, 42 per cent albicaulene, 0.2 per cent albicaulol, 2.5 per cent cembrene, and about 4 per cent of residue and resinous fractions. In this unusual turpentine three compounds not previously reported as constituents of essential oils were found. Albicaulene is a monocyclic sesuiterne and is related to the monocyclic tertiary sesquiterpene alcohol, albicaulol. The diterpene, cembrene, is a monocyclic diterpene.
20 citations
TL;DR: During the course of the studies plasma cholinesterase levels were significantly lowered following the administration of parathion in doses of 1 mg./Kg.
Abstract: A series of experiments designed to identify and estimate metabolic products excreted in the urine of dogs following intravenous administration of parathion is described and the results reported. The principal urinary excretion product is believed to be p-nitrophenol. For the determination of this excretion product it was reduced to p-aminophenol and determined colorimetrically by an established procedure. During the course of the studies plasma cholinesterase levels were significantly lowered following the administration of parathion in doses of 1 mg./Kg. or more.
20 citations
TL;DR: The stability of folic acid was studied at pH values between 3 and 7 in liquid media containing, individually and conjointly, the following members of the vitamin B complex: thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin, nicotinamide, pyridoxine, and panto-thenyl alcohol.
Abstract: The stability of folic acid was studied at pH values between 3 and 7 in liquid media containing, individually and conjointly, the following members of the vitamin B complex: thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin, nicotinamide, pyridoxine, and panto-thenyl alcohol. At the lower pH levels where water or sucrose syrup was used as vehicle, the folic acid was largely undissolved, whereas at the higher pH levels, the folic acid in the concentration used was completely dissolved. In a mixture of propylene glycol and water, the folic acid was completely dissolved throughout the entire pH range. Data are presented on the aomount of folic acid decomposition after storage at room temperature and also at 45. In eneral, riboflavin and thiamine caused considerable decomposition of folk acif in solution. Specimens at the lower pH levels where the folic acid was for the most part undissolved exhibited a stability which might be practical for pharmaceutical compounding purposes. Nicotinamide, pyridoxine, and pantothenyl alcohol did not materially affect the stability of folic acid in solution. Data are also presented on the solubility of folic acid in water as a function of pH and of temperature, and on the stability of folic acid in aqueous media as a function of pH. The decomposition of folic acid in the presence of riboflavin and thiamine involves cleavage at the methylene linkage, liberating an aromatic amine, presumably p-aminobenzoylglutamic acid. This is analogous to the reaction which takes place upon the acid reduction of folic acid as is used in the chemical determination of this substance.
20 citations
TL;DR: Methods for the ultraviolet determination of aureomycin and terramycin based upon the acid hydrolysis of these antibiotics are outlined and results by these methods are compared with bioassay results.
Abstract: The ultraviolet absorption curves of aureomycin hydrochloride and terramycin hydrochloride in different solvents are presented. Methods for the ultraviolet determination of aureomycin and terramycin based upon the acid hydrolysis of these antibiotics are outlined. Results by these methods are compared with bioassay results.
TL;DR: Two colorimetric methods and one spectrophotometric method for the chemical assay of terramycin are presented in this article, and their range of application and comparisons with microbiological assays are given.
Abstract: Two colorimetric methods and one spectrophotometric method for the chemical assay of terramycin are presented. Their range of application and comparisons with microbiological assays are given, along with qualitative tests for the identification of terramycin.
TL;DR: Data are presented to show that all common inorganic anions, except bisulfate, act as bases in glacial acetic acid.
Abstract: Data are presented to show that all common inorganic anions, except bisulfate, act as bases in glacial acetic acid. Supporting evidence includes results obtained by titrating a number of alkaloidal salts and many inorganic salts. Theoretical basis for this behavior is discussed.
TL;DR: A series of aminodiiodophenylbenzamidoalkanoic acids was prepared by nitrobenzoylation of a group of amino acids, followed by reduction and iodination as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A series of aminodiiodophenylbenzamidoalkanoic acids was prepared by nitrobenzoylation of a group of amino acids, followed by reduction and iodination. Nine new aminodiiodophenylsulfonamidoalkanoic acids were prepared. 3,5-Diiodo-4-pyridone was allowed to react with a series of α-bromo acids and the corresponding diiodopyridone-N-alkanoic acids were studied for intravenous cholecystography. 3,5-Diiodo-4-pyridinethiol was condensed with a group of α-bromo acids. All the iodinated acids were evaluated as oral cholecystographic agents. An attempt has been made to point out the structural features that are necessary for a good gallbladder contrast medium.
TL;DR: The results achieved with this reagent in the micro-Kjeldahl method indicate that it is equivalent in precision and accuracy to other variations of the method.
Abstract: The micro-Kjeldahl methods described in the literature are ambiguous with particular reference to the amount of potassium sulfate to be used. If precision and accuracy are to be obtained with micro variation of the Kjeldahl methos in which potassium sulfate is employed, it is necessary to use a minimum of 0.7 to 0.8 Gm. of potassium sulfate per ml. of concentrated sulfuric acid. Results showing the inadequacy of lesser amounts are detailed. By use of a single reagent consisting of a solution of potassium sulfate, copper sulfate, and sulfuric acid in water, the manipulations of the micro-Kjeldahl method can be reduced and thus simplified. The results achieved with this reagent in the micro-Kjeldahl method indicate that it is equivalent in precision and accuracy to other variations of the method.
TL;DR: Preparation methods for certain derivatives of morin, maclurin, hesperetin, naringenin, and irigenol are described.
Abstract: A method is described for the extraction and separation of maclurin and morin from Morus tinctoria. Comparable information relating to the isolation of iridin from orris root is also reported. Preparation methods for certain derivatives of morin, maclurin, hesperetin, naringenin, and irigenol are described.
TL;DR: A study of the decomposition of rutin and quercetin in alkaline solution has been made, and it has been found that r Rutin is more stable than quercETin under these conditions.
Abstract: A study of the decomposition of rutin and quercetin in alkaline solution has been made, and it has been found that rutin is more stable than quercetin under these conditions.
TL;DR: A comarison has been made of the cardiovascular, bronchodilatory, spasmogenic, hyperglycemic, and adrenal-stimulating effects of arterenol, epinephrine, and isopropyluterenol in equivalent dose levels.
Abstract: A comarison has been made of the cardiovascular, bronchodilatory, spasmogenic, hyperglycemic, and adrenal-stimulating effects of arterenol, epinephrine, and isopropyluterenol in equivalent dose levels. Epinephrine is twice as potent as arterenol in producing vasoconstriction of the vascular bed of skeletal muscles. Epinephrine acts like arterenol to produce the vasopressor, and Like isopropylarterenol to produce the vasodepressor effect. Isopropylarterenol is three times more effective than epinephrine in prevention of histamine-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs, while arterenol is 1/60 as effective as epinephrine. Arterenol, like epinephrine, causes contraction of isolated guinea pig's seminal vesicle, but is less active. Isopropylarterenol is devoid of a spasmogenic action. The hyperglycemic activity of arterenol is greater than that of isopropylarterenol, but less than that of epinephrine. They are equally influential on the ascorbic acid metabolism of the adrenals.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A quantitative estimation for dihenyl isa-tins was devised using di(acetylhydroxyphenyl)isatin as a reference stansard based on photometric determinations of color development when diphenyl wasatins are treated with sodium hydroxide and potassium ferricyanide solutions.
Abstract: A commercial water concentrate of California prunes was extracted with chloroform-ethanol solutions which were washed with water to remove dispersed impurities. Evaporation of chloroform revealed a mixture of amorphous and crystalline materials that yielded negative tests for hydroxyanthraquinones and their derivatives, but positive reactions for a diphenyl isatin. A quantitative estimation for dihenyl isa-tins was devised using di(acetylhydroxyphenyl)isatin as a reference stansard based on photometric determinations of color development when diphenyl isatins are treated with sodium hydroxide and potassium ferricyanide solutions.
TL;DR: Analytical data indicate that the quantitative chemical determination of nicotinic acid employing ammonia and cyanogen bromide is exceptionally precise in its application to pharmaceutical preparations.
Abstract: The quantitative chemical determination of nicotinic acid employing ammonia and cyanogen bromide is described. The procedure is rapid and simple. Data are easily reproducible with reagents which are stable. Typical analytical data are presented which indicate that the method is exceptionally precise in its application to pharmaceutical preparations. Nicotinamide is determined as nicotinic acid after hydrolysis of sample.
TL;DR: The synthetic analog of papaverine, 6,7-dimethoxy-l-(4′-eth Oxy-3′-methoxybenzyl)-3-methyl-isoquinoline, 1 appears to be equal to papaverines in ability to dilate coronary and femoral arteries, but has very little effect on isolated or intact intestine.
Abstract: The synthetic analog of papaverine, 6,7-dimethoxy-l-(4′-ethoxy-3′-methoxybenzyl)-3-methyl-isoquinoline, 1 appears to be equal to papaverine in ability to dilate coronary and femoral arteries. This is true of the hydrochloride as well as the phosphate. It has very little effect on isolated or intact intestine. Acute toxicity studies show it to be less toxic than papaverine, both by intravenous injection in albino mice and oral administration in algino rats. Chronic toxicity studies failed to show any significant detrimental effect in rats receiving 100 mg. of the drug daily, or over 50 per cent of the LD 50 daily. It is our belief that this compound warrants clinical trial.
TL;DR: A standard diet of 5 per cent methlcellulose fed to rats for thirty-two weeks has no deleterious effect on growth, and significantly increased dietary intake, and methyl cellulose per se does not appear to be absorbed from the intestinal tract of rats.
Abstract: A standard diet of 5 per cent methlcellulose fed to rats for thirty-two weeks (averaging 690–775 mg./Kg./day/rat during this period) has no deleterious effect on growth, and significantly increased dietary intake. Also, it neither inhibited reproduction nor left evidence of pathologic change in the tissue. Fifty per cent of the diet replaced by methylcellulose significantly depresses growth throuh nutritional want. Methylcellulose is not hydrolyzed to cellulose and methanol in the intestinal tract of rats to any detectable extent. Methylcellulose per se does not appear to be absorbed from the intestinal tract of rats.
TL;DR: A group of substituted acenaphthenes and acenaphthenequinones has been prepared and tested, by an agar cup-plate technique, for their fungistatic effect on Tricbopbyton mentagmpbytes.
Abstract: A group of substituted acenaphthenes and acenaphthenequinones has been prepared and tested, by an agar cup-plate technique, for their fungistatic effect on Tricbopbyton mentagmpbytes. Moderate activity was exhibited by several of the compounds.
TL;DR: The exchange of mercury between henylmercuric acetate and mercuric acetates using radioactive mercury 203 was found to come to equilibrium within the time required for mixing and separating the components, and several time-exchange curves in benzene solution were obtained.
Abstract: The exchange of mercury between henylmercuric acetate and mercuric acetate using radioactive mercury 203 is reportex. The reaction was found to come to equilibrium within the time required for mixing and separating the components (about one minute). This rapid exchange was found in the four solvents; glacial acetic acid, 50 per cent ethanol, water, and benzene. The exchange of mercury between phenylmercuric chloride and mercuric chloride was found to be slower, and several time-exchange curves in benzene solution were obtained. When the reactants were present in equimolar quantities (0.1 M), the half-time for the exchange in benzene was found to be thirty-seven and one-half minutes. Time versus exchange curves in dry benzene, wet benzene, and in acidified benzene at 24.8°, and in dry benzene at 44.8,° are given.
TL;DR: By partition chromatography on a buffered silicic acid column, evidence has been obtained for the presence of at least five additional alkaloids in the water-soluble portion, crude fraction D (see paper I in this series) of sabadilla alkaloid.
Abstract: By partition chromatography on a buffered silicic acid column, evidence has been obtained for the presence of at least five additional alkaloids in the water-soluble portion, crude fraction D (see paper I in this series) of sabadilla alkaloids. One of the new alkaloids has been obtained in crystalline state and given the name “sabatine.” Upon hydrolysis it gives rise to a new alkanolamine, which has been given the name “sabine.” Some of its properties and the results of preliminary pharmacological tests are reported.
TL;DR: Iodine tincture and iodine solution N. F. were found to be more effective than either of the alcohols for the quick disinfection of clinical thermometers infected with many of the commonly found bacteria.
Abstract: The antibacterial efficiency of each of several iodine solutions and different concentrations of ethyl alcohol and of isopropyl alcohol has been determined in connection with their use in the cold disinfection of clinical thermometers. Iodine tincture and iodine solution N. F. were found to be more effective than either of the alcohols for the quick disinfection of clinical thermometers infected with many of the commonly found bacteria.
TL;DR: The relationship between pH and the various albumin stabilizers, and the effectiveness of the stabilizers on relatively native albumin and relatively denatured albumin is included.
Abstract: The effect of pH on the stability of human serum albumin, as measured by light scattering at elevated temperatures, is reported. The study includes the relationship between pH and the various albumin stabilizers, and also includes the effectiveness of the stabilizers on relatively native albumin and relatively denatured albumin.
TL;DR: A method employing water-soluble polyethylene glycols and solid materials of the same type of structure called “Carbowaxes” has been developed for the preparation of slides of plant materials.
Abstract: A method employing water-soluble polyethylene glycols and solid materials of the same type of structure called “Carbowaxes” has been developed for the preparation of slides of plant materials. The specimens are killed and fixed in the usual manner and are then run up in dilutions of polyethylene glycol until they are completely dehydrated in 100 per cent glycol and are then embedded in the solid “Carbowax” matrix. Sectioning and mounting of the sections on glass slides is described and staining techniques are explained.
TL;DR: An investigation was made to determine the relative efficiencies of some imitation flavor concentrates actually prepared from the basic ingredients as masking agents on the initial and obnoxious tastes of ammonium chloride, and results show that some imitation flavored syrups were as good as the officialSyrups used and in some instances superior.
Abstract: An investigation was made to determine the relative efficiencies of some imitation flavor concentrates actually prepared from the basic ingredients as masking agents on the initial and obnoxious tastes of ammonium chloride. These were compared to some of the official flavored syrups recognized as good masking agents for saline drugs. Results show that some imitation flavored syrups were as good as the official syrups used and in some instances superior.