Showing papers in "Journal of the Optical Society of America in 1965"
TL;DR: In this paper, the index of refraction of optical quality fused silica (SiO2) was determined for 60 wavelengths from 0.21 to 3.71 μ at 20°C.
Abstract: The index of refraction of optical quality fused silica (SiO2) was determined for 60 wavelengths from 0.21 to 3.71 μ at 20°C. The dispersion equation n2-1=0.6961663λ2λ2-(0.0684043)2+0.4079426λ2λ2-(0.1162414)2+0.8974794λ2λ2-(9.896161)2.where λ is expressed in microns was found to yield an absolute residual of 10.5×10−6. The variation in index between 12 specimens was determined. Dispersive properties of the material and thermal coefficient of index are graphically presented. A comparison with previous NBS index data is discussed.
3,382 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a statistical definition for the geometric shape of a randomly distorted wavefront was established and relationships between the phase-structure function and the statistics governing the shape were derived.
Abstract: A precise statistical definition is established for the geometric “shape” of a randomly distorted wavefront. Relationships between the phase-structure function and the statistics governing the shape are derived. The most significant portion of wavefront distortion caused by atmospheric turbulence is a random tilting of the plane-wave front. A procedure is outlined for calculating the influence of wavefront distortion on optical systems. Estimates are formed of the effect of wave-front distortion on photographic resolution and optical heterodyne efficiency.
694 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of the Leith-Upatnieks hologram for the time average of the coherent wavefronts scattered from a vibrating object is reported, and the image reconstructed by the hologram is found to contain a system of interference fringes which map contours of constant vibration amplitude, thus providing a method of analyzing the vibration of objects with arbitrary surfaces.
Abstract: A study of the Leith–Upatnieks hologram for the time average of the coherent wavefronts scattered from a vibrating object is reported. The image reconstructed by the hologram is found to contain a system of interference fringes which map contours of constant vibration amplitude, thus providing a method of analysis of the vibration of objects with arbitrary surfaces. Experimental results are presented and interpreted for a simple periodic vibration; statistical motion of objects is discussed.
665 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory of Fresnel images of plane periodic objects viewed in monochromatic light is presented, which is in agreement with the experimental and computer research available in the literature.
Abstract: A theory of Fresnel images is presented. Only the Fresnel images of plane periodic objects viewed in monochromatic light are considered. The theory is in agreement with the experimental and computer research available in the literature. Photographs of Fresnel images of gratings are shown to verify certain aspects of the theory.
444 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived formulas for angular, lateral, and longitudinal magnification in reconstructed images by holography (imaging by reconstructed wavefronts) and discussed conditions under which one or more of the aberration coefficients vanish, taking into account an off-axis angle of both reference and illuminating beam.
Abstract: Formulas for angular, lateral, and longitudinal magnification in reconstructed images by holography (imaging by reconstructed wavefronts) are derived and discussed as a function of object–hologram distance, radii of spherical reference and illuminating wavefronts, wavelength ratio of reconstructing to recording radiation, and scale-change factor of the hologram. Expressions for third-order aberrations in the reconstructed wavefronts of point objects are given and conditions are established under which one or more of the aberration coefficients vanish, taking into account an off-axis angle of both reference and illuminating beam.
345 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a contact-lens technique was used to record eye movements made by two subjects attempting to maintain fixation at the center of concentric round targets of several sizes (1.9′-87.2′ diam) and luminances (2.8, 7.8 and 21.5 mL).
Abstract: A contact-lens technique was used to record eye movements made by two subjects attempting to maintain fixation at the center of concentric round targets of several sizes (1.9′–87.2′ diam) and luminances (2.8, 7.8, and 21.5 mL). Fixation of red, blue, and white 1.9′-diam targets was also examined. Analysis-of-variance designs were employed to remove variability arising from sources other than these stimulus variables. Statistically reliable differences in mean fixation position were found with targets of different size, luminance, and color. The largest difference observed was less than 4′ and under most conditions was less than 2′. The bivariate dispersion of the eye about its mean position varied in a complex manner with the size and luminance of the target object. No statistically reliable effects of stimulus variables were found on drifts. Saccade frequency was considerably reduced with the largest targets. Results are discussed in terms of a “fixed error-signal system” for the control of eye position.
317 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the autocorrelation function of the speckle pattern so recorded is shown to be proportional to the diffraction pattern corresponding to the illumination function plus a constant.
Abstract: When a diffuse surface is illuminated by a coherent monochromatic source such as a laser, the illuminated area appears speckled. Exposing photographic film directly to the backscattered radiation confirms the independent existence of the speckles. The autocorrelation function of the speckle pattern so recorded is shown to be proportional to the diffraction pattern corresponding to the illumination function plus a constant. The power spectral density of the pattern is shown to be the convolution of the illumination function against itself displaced by an amount proportional to the space frequency of interest. The cases of single beam and double beam uniform circular illumination are treated explicitly and experimental verification is offered.
314 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the energy levels and lines of the spectra 1H i to 40Ca xx according to an equation expected to exhibit a relative uncertainty of the order of 10−11Z7.
Abstract: Tables are presented showing precise values of the energy levels and lines of the spectra 1H i to 40Ca xx according to an equation expected to exhibit a relative uncertainty of the order of 10−11Z7. Only one isotope per element is listed beyond Li iii. All levels are given up to n values ranging from 12 for H i to 4 for Ca xx and those of lowest and highest j up to n values ranging from 50 for H i to 8 for Ca xx. For each line complex with given n and n′, the wavenumbers of the two extreme lines and the statistical mean are given up to values ranging from n = 20, n′ = 12 f or 1H i to n = 7, n′ = 6 for 40Ca xx.
239 citations
TL;DR: In this article, three experiments on the Bezold-Brucke phenomenon are reported: an exact replication of Purdy's classic experiment, where the shift between 100 and 1000 trolands is investigated by direct matching in a steadily presented bipartite field.
Abstract: Three experiments on the Bezold–Brucke phenomenon (change in the hue of spectral colors caused by change in field luminance) are reported. The first is an exact replication of Purdy’s classic experiment, where the shift between 100 and 1000 trolands is investigated by direct matching in a steadily presented bipartite field. The second is a modification of Purdy’s experiment where the observer is asked to match on the basis of 300-msec flashes of the bipartite field. The third is an experiment where no matches are required, but where the observer is asked to judge the hue of a flashing stimulus using a forced-choice color-naming technique. The results of the three experiments are compared: differences are discussed in terms of viewing time and simultaneous contrast.
231 citations
IBM1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors considered the phenomena of optical coupling of parallel fibers and scattering of light from a fiber due to rough walls and cast the problems in the form of integral equations with the use of a Green's function.
Abstract: The phenomena of optical coupling of parallel fibers and scattering of light from a fiber due to rough walls are considered from a mode point of view. With the use of a Green’s function, the problems are cast in the form of integral equations. Coupled ordinary differential equations are obtained which are used to study the coupling of modes in parallel fibers, including the case when the diameters are slowly-varying functions of the axial distance. The analysis of the problem of propagation in an optical fiber having rough walls shows that the various modes in a fiber will couple and that the roughness will cause radiation through the walls of the fiber. The character of the radiation may be determined if the spatial spectral density of the surface roughness is known.
230 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the refractive indices of ADP and KDP have been measured at 25 wavelengths between 2138 A and 1.529 μ, and at 24.8°C.
Abstract: The refractive indices of ADP and KDP have been measured at 25 wavelengths between 2138 A and 1.529 μ, and at 24.8°C. The measured values have been corrected to give absolute indices. Curves have been fitted to the measured and to the corrected data.The measured and the computed data are given both in air and in vacuum. The accuracy of the data is believed to be ±0.00003 or better.
TL;DR: In this article, a cosine distribution of the electric field amplitude in the denser medium joins onto the exponential distribution of a penetrating field in the rarer medium for total internal reflection, which depends both on polarization and on angle of incidence.
Abstract: Incoming and reflected light waves superimpose to form a standing-wave pattern normal to a reflecting surface. For total internal reflection, a cosine distribution of the electric field amplitude in the denser medium joins onto the exponential distribution of the penetrating field in the rarer medium. The electric field amplitude at the reflecting interface is a maximum at the critical angle and decreases to zero at grazing incidence. In this paper, theoretical expressions are given for the electric field amplitudes, near the surface, which depend both on polarization and on angle of incidence. These expressions enable us to calculate from simple formulas, and without the aid of computers, the reflectivity losses resulting from the interaction of these standing waves with absorbing species, near the surface either in the rarer or denser medium. They also give us physical insight into the nature of the absorption mechanism at the reflecting interface when the reflection is frustrated. This is helpful in the fields of internal reflection optical spectroscopy and fiber optics. Experimental results, which agree with theoretical expectations, are presented. Strongest coupling is obtained by working near the critical angle for either polarization, and the absorption in the rarer medium is greater for parallel polarization than for perpendicular polarization.
TL;DR: Birefringent chain filters were first described 10 years ago as mentioned in this paper, and since then such filters have undergone considerable development, and experience has been gained with their use. This article includes only a brief review of previous work, which is supplemented with new information.
Abstract: Birefringent chain filters were first described 10 years ago. Since then such filters have undergone considerable development, and experience has been gained with their use. This article includes only a brief review of previous work, which is supplemented with new information.
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of the aberrations which arise in wavefront-reconstruction imaging images is given and conditions are derived which lead to aberration-free reconstructions.
Abstract: Magnification by the wavefront-reconstruction imaging method is discussed. An analysis is given of the aberrations which arise in this type of imagery. Conditions are derived which lead to aberration-free reconstructions.
TL;DR: For an eye with a dilated pupil, the in-focus position was shown to depend upon the spatial frequency of the test target, and the effective refractive power of the eye increases for the detection of low-frequency gratings.
Abstract: The recent development in the use of sinusoidal gratings for the analytical study of optical systems has been applied to the effects of focus and pupil aperture on visual resolution. For an eye with a dilated pupil, the in-focus position is shown to depend upon the spatial frequency of the test target. The effective refractive power of the eye increases for the detection of low-frequency gratings. If the eye is corrected for this change in effective refractive power, an improvement of about 70% in contrast sensitivity occurs for low spatial frequencies. The implications of these findings on the phenomenon of “night myopia” are discussed.
TL;DR: The introduction of a negative test stimulus into the double-flash, increment-threshold technique is a new aspect of the present work and some new phenomena are observed, particularly, that a positive and a negative flash summate with each other at the interval where double positive or double negative flashes yield inhibition.
Abstract: Temporal summation characteristics of the human eye have been studied by various authors by measuring the increment threshold when two test stimuli are presented successively Among other things, some have observed an inhibition between the effects of two flashes for a certain inter-flash interval and others have not Here a similar experiment is carried out with a red test stimulus superposed upon a red adapting field Inhibition is observed at an interval of 52 or 70 msec, depending on the adapting level Such an inhibition is also found when two stimuli are both negative The introduction of a negative test stimulus into the double-flash, increment-threshold technique is a new aspect of the present work Some new phenomena are observed, particularly, that a positive and a negative flash summate with each other at the interval where double positive or double negative flashes yield inhibition The luminance ratio of the two stimuli (positive or negative) was freely adjusted and new information concerning the linearity of the summation was obtained Based on these findings, hypothetical response-potential functions have been derived, which are assumed to be responses in the visual system at some peripheral level
TL;DR: In this article, analytic solutions are given to the problem of determining the distribution of light in the exit pupil to concentrate maximally the illuminance in a geometrically similar region of the image plane.
Abstract: Apodization theory is concerned with the determination of the distribution of light over the exit pupil of an optical system required in order to achieve a suppression of the side lobes of the diffraction pattern. Here analytic solutions are given to the problem of determining the distribution of light in the exit pupil to concentrate maximally the illuminance in a geometrically similar region of the image plane. Both slit and circular apertures are treated.
IBM1
TL;DR: In this paper, the sensitivity of the reflectance vs angle of incidence method for measuring the optical constants n and k has been investigated using computer methods and isoreflectance curves were plotted in the n-k plane using a computer-plotter combination.
Abstract: The sensitivity of the reflectance vs angle of incidence method for measuring the optical constants n and k has been investigated using computer methods. Reflectance values for the perpendicular and parallel components Rs and Rp, and their average Ra, corresponding to unpolarized radiation, were computed. With these values, isoreflectance curves were plotted in the n–k plane using a computer–plotter combination. The angles of intersection of these isoreflectance curves provide a measure of the sensitivity of the method and are a function of n and k. For a given n and k, the sensitivity of the method is greatest using Rp and least using Rs Error studies showing the effects of nonparallelism and polarization of the incident radiation and error in reflectance measurement were made for Rp and Ra, but not for Rs because the lack of sensitivity of the method for this component renders it practically useless. The effect of errors was simulated by altering the computed reflectance values by a given amount and plotting the corresponding isoreflectance curves. It was found that the method is least sensitive to errors when using Rp. A scheme for plotting isoreflectance curves using a computer–plotter combination is given as well as an alternative scheme for digital computation of n and k without recourse to isoreflectance curves.
TL;DR: A modification introduced in the damped least-squares method automatically assigns a damping factor to each parameter in a manner that compensates for the relative sensitivities of the variables as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A modification introduced in the damped least-squares method automatically assigns a damping factor to each parameter in a manner that compensates for the relative sensitivities of the variables. The convergence rate of the lens-design process is thereby considerably improved. The operation of the program is described, in particular the use of Lagrangian undetermined multipliers for the control of boundary conditions.
TL;DR: In this paper, a procedure for the use of the Kramers-Kronig dispersion relations in treatment of normal-incidence infrared reflection spectra to yield optical constants of crystals is presented.
Abstract: A procedure is presented for the use of the Kramers–Kronig dispersion relations in treatment of normal-incidence infrared reflection spectra to yield optical constants of crystals. The crux of the practical problem, treatment of unobserved wing regions in the integrations, is discussed in detail. Definitive methods of picking optimum upper and lower limits for integration over actual data and for fitting artificial wings are discussed.The method is tested on a reflection spectrum generated by a model involving several damped harmonic oscillators. It is shown how a region involving a single band (but flanked by “unobserved” bands) can be treated, and how accurately the method reproduces the theoretically known optical indices. It appears feasible to obtain the indices of absorption and of refraction to ±0.005 and ±0.002, respectively, given accurate data on reflectance. Integrated band intensities are reproduced to within a few percent.
TL;DR: The absorption coefficient of single-crystal Al2O3 (sapphire) has been found to increase at most wavelengths from 0.56 to 6 μ as the temperature is increased up to 2020°C.
Abstract: The absorption coefficient of single-crystal Al2O3 (sapphire) has been found to increase at most wavelengths from 0.56 to 6 μ as the temperature is increased up to 2020°C. As the temperature is increased further until the material melts, the absorption coefficient appears to increase discontinuously by a factor of about 30 or 40. The emissivity of some ceramic material which consists of more than 99% polycrystalline Al2O3 is greater than that of sapphire at the same temperature, but shows the same general dependence on temperature as it is heated up through the melting point.The index of refraction of sapphire at wavelengths less than 4 μ was found to increase 0.05 (+0.01, −0.03) as the temperature increases from ambient to 1700°C.
TL;DR: In this article, a modified Weber's law (adjusted contrast threshold Cδ*≈0.1) was used to predict masking peak at the onset of a long flash by treating the first 60 msec as an impulse.
Abstract: Masking is defined as the change in threshold energy eT*(τ) of a test stimulus T induced by a masking stimulus M of energy eM as a function of the relative time τ of occurrence. Masking is maximum when T and M occur simultaneously. A slight decrease in threshold for tests preceding the masking impulse by about 0.1 sec was explained as an alteration in appearance of the subsequent masking flash by a “subthreshold” test flash. Impulse-contrast threshold eT*/eM was investigated for masking impulses M of seven different energies superimposed on five backgrounds B. The increases in test threshold caused by M and by B were found to be independent and a modified Weber’s law (adjusted contrast threshold Cδ*≈0.1) held approximately. This conclusion was supported in a supplementary investigation of Cδ* using a category-rating-scale method.Impulse masking results were applied to predicting the masking peak at the onset of a long flash by treating the first 60 msec as an impulse. The lowering of thresholds of tests delayed in a long masking flash implied other detection mechanisms (e.g., temporal resolution). Theoretical predictions accounted for 94% and 97% of the variance in two relevant experiments, correctly predicting the effect of masking-flash duration and of background intensity.In both steady and intermittent light, masking is attributed primarily to fast processes (time constant ≪1 sec) which presumably have a neural rather than a photochemical basis.
TL;DR: In this paper, the transfer function is expressed as a trigonometric series whose coefficients are proportional to the sampled values of the edge response function, and the series may be modified by means of added terms to take into account the known asymptotic behavior of the EDF.
Abstract: The transfer function is expressed as a trigonometric series whose coefficients are proportional to the sampled values of the edge response function. The series may be modified by means of added terms to take into account the known asymptotic behavior of the edge response function. Numerical results are given for pure defocusing.
TL;DR: Two-electron spectra with consideration of four pure coupling types in study of energy level structure, relative line strengths and Lande g factors were presented in this article, where the authors considered four pure types of coupling.
Abstract: Two-electron spectra with consideration of four pure coupling types in study of energy level structure, relative line strengths and Lande g factors
TL;DR: It is concluded that brightness and the increment threshold cannot depend upon the same properties of the visual system.
Abstract: Under ordinary conditions, both the brightness and the increment threshold of an illuminated disk vary directly with its luminance. However, when the disk is surrounded by an annulus more intense than the disk, the brightness of the disk decreases while its luminance remains unchanged.This set of experiments was performed to determine whether, when brightness is varied independently of luminance, the increment threshold depends upon the luminance or upon the brightness of the disk, or upon both factors. We measured the increment threshold for a flash added to the center of a large illuminated disk when the disk was surrounded by a contiguous annulus whose luminance could be varied. Measurements were also taken of the increment threshold as a function of time after the onset of the annulus. Correcting for light scattered in the eye, we found the increment threshold under all conditions to be independent of the luminance of the annulus (and thus independent of the brightness of the region), and dependent only upon the retinal illuminance of the region to which the test flash was added. It is concluded that brightness and the increment threshold cannot depend upon the same properties of the visual system.
TL;DR: The analysis of the velocity-vector pattern indicates that, contrary to the motion-parallax cue to distance suggested by Helmholtz, the pattern would not reveal distance, particularly on a curved trajectory.
Abstract: Human space perception is discussed in the context of the environmental geometry around a moving eye. It is shown that the interpretive scaling of visual angle is a key factor in size, distance, and motion estimation. The analysis of the velocity-vector pattern indicates that, contrary to the motion-parallax cue to distance suggested by Helmholtz, the pattern would not reveal distance, particularly on a curved trajectory. It is pointed out that the angular acceleration of an environmental point, seen by a moving eye, increases as the square of velocity. The consequences of this interesting relationship for the perception of speed are indicated. The pattern of the angular-acceleration field does not appear to resemble any familiar pattern of visual experience. Evidence is therefore provided that acceleration is not directly sensed.