Showing papers in "Journal of the Structural Division in 1958"
57 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple and elementary method is developed which permits one to calculate lower limits of strength and rigidity of lateral support in order to provide full bracing to columns and beams.
Abstract: Simple and elementary method is developed which permits one to calculate lower limits of strength and rigidity of lateral support in order to provide full bracing to columns and beams; full bracing is defined as equivalent in effectiveness to immovable lateral support
49 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Joint ACI-ASCE report constitutes Recommended Practice, not Building Code; guide to design and construction of safe, serviceable, linear structural members prestressed with high strength steel; emphasis is on flexural members: beams, girders, and slabs; recommendations are applicable to both buildings and bridges as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Joint ACI-ASCE report constitutes Recommended Practice, not Building Code; guide to design and construction of safe, serviceable, linear structural members prestressed with high strength steel; emphasis is on flexural members: beams, girders, and slabs; recommendations are applicable to both buildings and bridges. (See also Am Concrete Inst -- J v 29 n 7 Jan 1958 p 545-78; Prestressed Concrete Inst -- J v 2 n 4 Mar 1958 p 28-61)
29 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the records of bridge movement obtained over a period of years by means of instruments at ten locations on the main and side spans of the Golden Gate Bridge and correlated with theoretical analyses of wave form and against model test indications of the response to winds of different velocities.
Abstract: The records of bridge movement obtained over a period of years by means of instruments at ten locations on the main and side spans of the Golden Gate Bridge are analyzed. They are plotted against wind velocity and correlated with theoretical analyses of wave form and against model test indications of the response to winds of different velocities. It is shown that the oscillations are almost always in a symmetric mode with the amplitude inhibited by the sharply downward deflection of the prevailing west wind as it passes over a high hill before striking the north side span. It is shown that during one forty minute period the oscillation was in an asymmetric torsional mode, uninhibited, and reached amplitudes predicted from the model tests. A bottom lateral system has been installed. Tests indicate that it will prevent a reoccurrence of the objectionable torsional motion.
26 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of shaft on rigid and elastic supports, effect of eccentricity of vertical component of resultant of guy forces at each guy level; effect of distortion of shaft, torsion of shaft; graphical solution to determine spring constants developed.
Abstract: Analysis of shaft on rigid and elastic supports; effect of eccentricity of vertical component of resultant of guy forces at each guy level; effect of distortion of shaft; torsion of shaft; graphical solution to determine spring constants developed.
17 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of a series of analog tests for the modern 20-story structure using four complete earthquake records with 16 various systems of damping and rigidity values.
Abstract: Recent research efforts utilizing high-speed digital computers and electric analogs have indicated vast differences between design and code values for structures and their actual earthquake shears and behavior. This paper attempts to reconcile these differences with the aid of comprehensive structural and dynamic analyses and research efforts on two office buildings–one the traditional filler-wall type and the other a modern glass-wall structure. Included are strengths, rigidities, and energy-absorption values for the former building under various distortions up to failure and also the results of a comprehensive series of analog tests for the modern 20-story structure using four complete earthquake records with 16 various systems of damping and rigidity values. Certain inconsistencies and pitfalls in present-day design practice are demonstrated and new considerations are suggested for resisting the occasional but extreme energy releases of Nature.
17 citations
TL;DR: Supporting structural shafts at suitable intervals with high strength wire strand guys provides adequate anchors for guys at ground level; some towers have been built as square box trusses, circular shafts of steel plate or concrete as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Supporting structural shafts at suitable intervals with high strength wire strand guys provides adequate anchors for guys at ground level; some towers have been built as square box trusses, circular shafts of steel plate or concrete, and timber box trusses; square and triangular types have four and three vertical faces respectively; intensity and direction of wind forces analyzed. (33 refs.)
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a procedure for analysis of single span folded plate structure is presented with aid of illustrative example; effects of relative displacements of longitudinal edges are considered; and the results of the analysis are discussed.
Abstract: Procedure for analysis of single span folded plate structure reviewed and discussed with aid of illustrative example; effects of relative displacements of longitudinal edges considered.
13 citations
TL;DR: Theoretical analyses of concentrically and eccentrically loaded columns utilize stress-strain relationship for concrete determined by E.HOGNESTAD; consideration of end restraints requires addition of new assumption and methods of solution as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Theoretical analyses; treatments of concentrically and eccentrically loaded columns utilize stress-strain relationship for concrete determined by E.HOGNESTAD; consideration of end restraints requires addition of new assumption and methods of solution; results of analyses considering concrete strength, percentage of reinforcement, yield point of reinforcement, end restraint, eccentricity, slenderness ratio and duration of loading.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a numerical procedure to determine actual stress and strain distribution of given or tentatively selected reinforced concrete section subjected to compressive axial load and bending moments in both directions about principal axes is presented.
Abstract: Numerical procedure to determine actual stress and strain distribution of given or tentatively selected reinforced concrete section subjected to compressive axial load and bending moments in both directions about principal axes; investigation is based on ultimate strength theories of V.P.JENSEN and E.HOGNESTAD.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a simplified method for determining slack stress in guy and horizontal displacements due to wind load was proposed, along with amplification charts useful in predesign of guyed towers.
Abstract: Discussion of case, analysis of which includes changes in geometry; simplified method for determining slack stress in guy and horizontal displacements due to wind load; amplification charts useful in predesign of guyed towers; example of television tower.
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for calculation of deflection, which may be applied to any statically determinate or indeterminate problem, is proposed based on principle of replacement of loaded member by selected members of uniform stiffnesses having identical computations.
Abstract: Method for calculation of deflection, which may be applied to any statically determinate or indeterminate problem; method is based on principle of replacement of loaded member by selected members of uniform stiffnesses having identical computations
TL;DR: The analysis and results of a study of the impact on highway bridges is described, and a dimensionless representation of all the variables are presented.
Abstract: The analysis and results of a study of the impact on highway bridges is described. The analysis was made on the IBM 704 high speed digital computer. The programming of this analysis was done by means of Fortran, an automatic coding system written in language closely resembling ordinary mathematical language and specially designed for engineering work. The effect of different bridge and truck characteristics are presented, and a dimensionless representation of all the variables.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the soundness and desirability of 306.10 and 3.6011 of the Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges of the American Asso...
Abstract: The assignment of this committee is to investigate the soundness (rationality) and desirability of Articles 306.10 and 3.6011 of the Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges of the American Asso...
TL;DR: In this paper, two methods based on N.M.Newmark Method and finite difference equations were considered, one based on step-by-step integration process and the other based on finite difference equation and set of simultaneous equations.
Abstract: Two methods considered; first, based on N.M.NEWMARK Method, is step by step integration process; second, using finite difference equations, obtains solution by means of set of simultaneous equations; examples are solved, and comparisons made between results obtained using various approximate as well as rigorous methods.
TL;DR: In this article, the behavior and properties of concrete structures for shielding atomic power plants are discussed and methods for estimating thermal effects associated with linear and non-linear distributions of temperature, nuclear heating, and shield cooling are presented.
Abstract: The behavior and properties of concrete structures for shielding atomic power plants are discussed briefly. Methods are presented for estimating thermal effects associated with linear and non-linear distributions of temperature, nuclear heating, and shield cooling. These data and procedures are subsequently used for analyzing several design problems and thermal criteria.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the nature and velocity of the wind that acts to cause normal, vertical, and longitudinal forces, and focus on a series of papers on the factors which determine wind forces.
Abstract: Part of a series of papers on the factors which determine wind forces, this paper focuses on the nature and velocity of the wind that acts to cause normal, vertical, and longitudinal forces.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the ratio of the strength of a long column to that of a short column depends primarily on the slenderness ratio and on the proportion of end eccentricities.
Abstract: The design procedure presented in this paper involves the strength of a short column, the eccentricity determined from an elastic analysis, and a reduction coefficient. Depending on the method used in computing the short column strength, the procedure may be applied at either working or ultimate load level. The reduction coefficient is based on the results of a theoretical analysis of the strength of long columns. It is shown that the strength of a hinged column with the eccentricity obtained from an elastic analysis represents a lower limit for the strength of restrained columns. It is shown further that the ratio of the strength of a long column to that of a short column depends primarily on the slenderness ratio and on the ratio of end eccentricities. These two variables are taken into account in the reduction coefficient. The design procedure is compared with the available test data for hinged columns.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the importance of incorporating limit design into future United States practice and suggested approaches toward this aim, including theoretical approaches and codes of practice of countries recommending limit design.
Abstract: Development of limit design of reinforced concrete structures; theoretical approaches; codes of practice of countries recommending limit design; importance of incorporating limit design into future United States practice and suggested approaches toward this aim.
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of the helicoidal girder, fixed at the ends, subtending a horizontal angle of 180 degrees, and having a slope of 30 degrees, is presented.
Abstract: A study of the helicoidal girder, fixed at the ends, subtending a horizontal angle of 180 degrees, and having a slope of 30 degrees is presented. Four girders, each having a different uniform rectangular cross-section throughout its length, are investigated. The determination of influence lines for end reactions due to vertical load is illustrated using analytical and experimental methods and final results are presented in tabulated and graphical form. End reactions under uniform load over half and full span are also given. The effect of width-depth ratio of cross-section on end reactions and internal forces is discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared spaced and bundled longitudinal reinforcement, and found no significant difference in behavior or ultimate strength for pairs of beams, bundling was found to be safe detailing procedure, for tied columns, when adequate ties are provided, even for 6.6% longitudinal reinforcement.
Abstract: Comparative tests on spaced and bundled longitudinal reinforcement; no significant difference in behavior or ultimate strength was found for pairs of beams; bundling was found to be safe detailing procedure, for tied columns, when adequate ties are provided, even for 6.6% longitudinal reinforcement; spliced bundled reinforcement in columns is feasible.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the one-minute average wind velocity at a height of 30 feet as the basic velocity of reference in different parts of the country and for different height zones is given.
Abstract: Recommendations are given for the one-minute-average wind velocity at a height of 30 feet as the basic velocity of reference in different parts of the country and for different height zones. Supporting discussions are given on the subjects of the origin of strong winds, the general circulation of the atmosphere, extra-tropical cyclones, hurricanes, and tornadoes. Storm observations are reported for extra-tropical cyclones and hurricanes.
TL;DR: Matrix method for static stress and normal mode analysis of highly indeterminate structures on large scale digital computers and application of technique to analysis of basic types of Civil Engineering structures.
Abstract: Matrix method for static stress and normal mode analysis of highly indeterminate structures on large scale digital computers; application of technique to analysis of basic types of Civil Engineering structures; solution of simple building frame problem for stresses and deflections.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the Committee on Deflection Limitations of Bridges of Structural Div (CLD) has reported its history of limitations, purpose of limitations and investigations of committee; no immediate changes but further studies are recommended.
Abstract: Report of Committee on Deflection Limitations of Bridges of Structural Div; reasons given for limiting deflections, safety of structure not involved; report details history of limitations, purpose of limitations, and investigations of Committee; no immediate changes but further studies are recommended. (108 refs.)
TL;DR: In this paper, the arching action theory of masonry walls is applied to the problem of blast resistant design and an equation of motion is developed for a masonry beam of solid cross-section restrained by essentially rigid supports.
Abstract: The arching action theory of masonry walls presented in a previous paper is applied to the problem of blast resistant design. Based on this theory, an equation of motion is developed for a masonry beam of solid cross-section restrained by essentially rigid supports. This equation is solved for a simplified but realistic form of blast loading. The results obtained permit either the design of a wall for a given loading or the determination of the maximum loading which a given wall can withstand. The theory is extended by an approximate method to wall panels supported on four sides. Comparison is made with test data for walls subjected to full scale atomic and high explosive blasts.
TL;DR: How automatic computer works and how it may be used in solution of structural problems and functional description of digital computer and computer methods of structural analysis.
Abstract: How automatic computer works and how it may be used in solution of structural problems; functional description of digital computer; automatic computer program; computer methods of structural analysis; matrix formulation of load-deformation relationship; examples given.
TL;DR: Various aspects of design; design specifications; preliminary design; loading conditions, methods used, and results obtained in final analysis.
Abstract: Various aspects of design; design specifications; preliminary design; loading conditions, methods used, and results obtained in final analysis.
TL;DR: In this paper, a numerical solution for the influence ordinates of the horizontal reaction in a two-hinged arch of variable section is presented, which consists of the application of Newmark's numerical method for the integration of the terms in a horizontal reaction obtained by the conventional theory of consistent deformation.
Abstract: The paper presents a numerical solution for the influence ordinates of the horizontal reaction in a two-hinged arch of variable section. The procedure consists of the application of Newmark's numerical method for the integration of the terms in the horizontal reaction obtained by the conventional theory of consistent deformation. The entire operation can be carried out in a compact tabulation most suitable for design offices.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the most probable values of the factor of safety in timber design are in the range of 2 to 2-1/2, and that nearly all values are in a range of 1 to 4.
Abstract: Much of the reduction in the average strength of clear wood that is made to obtain a design stress is made necessary by the conditions of structural use; it does not in itself produce a margin for safety. A simple way to estimate safety is to use near-minimum values for these conversion factors and then to make a further reduction for unforeseen conditions. This method may indicate a near-minimum factor of safety of 1-1/4 to 1-1/2. A better evaluation is made by recognizing that there are many factors in strength and use that affect safety, and that each factor is multivalued and expressible by a frequency distribution. By suitable mathematical operations, these can be combined into one frequency distribution that shows the range of the true factor of safety. An example of this kind of evaluation indicates that the most probable values of the factor of safety in timber design are in the range of 2 to 2-1/2, and that nearly all values are in the range of 1 to 4. The same distribution can be used to indicate the probability of failure and to show how that probability is related to the working stress level.
TL;DR: In this article, a method of analysis is discussed wherein minor damage to elevated water tank towers and refinery vessels can be satisfactorily explained, and the method is used to evaluate the resilience of these structures to earthquake forces.
Abstract: Recent western United States earthquakes, provided tests of many structures specifically designed to resist earthquake forces; method of analysis is discussed wherein minor damage to elevated water tank towers and refinery vessels can be satisfactorily explained.