Showing papers in "Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior in 1969"

TL;DR: In this paper, two possible organizations of long-term memory were proposed: the first one is to store only the generalization that birds can fly, and the second is to infer that a canary is a bird from the stored information that canary can fly.

TL;DR: This paper found that across a sample of 13 language/culture communities, E+ members of evaluative scales are used significantly more frequently and diversely than their E− opposites.

TL;DR: The authors investigate the effects of hierarchic organization of word lists upon their free recall and demonstrate that the hierarchic principle was used as a retrieval plan for cuing recall, with generated candidates monitored for their list membership before being overtly recalled.

TL;DR: This paper found that there are separate prelinguistic auditory and visual short-term stores which may have persistence at least as long as 5-10 sec. The results seemed clearly inconsistent with a Sperling-type one-store model and somewhat at variance with the Morton logogen model.

TL;DR: In this article, the semantic field of animal terms in English was investigated with five experimental techniques: free listing, pair ratings, triad ratings, verbal associations, and paired-associates learning.

TL;DR: In this article, free recall of lists of words in which some items were presented once and some twice was examined in two experiments, and the major independent variable was lag, the number of items intervening between the first and second presentations of repeated words.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors make a distinction between storage and retrieval processes, the formation of associations being assumed to occur upon training trials and the availability, or retrievability, of the response members of items to increase as a function of occurrences on test trials.

TL;DR: Three experiments were performed to extend the previous finding that number of cate-gories in organized, categorized lists determines the number of words recalled and introduce the notion of a postrecognition retrieval check.

TL;DR: This paper showed that Ss recognize semantic changes in sentences more readily than changes in their wording when meaning remains unchanged, and that changes in wording were more noticeable than semantic changes for concrete sentences, whereas abstract sentences are stored primarily in their verbal form.

TL;DR: This paper examined the functional relations between the bilingual's two languages and found that interference in the interlingual situation is in some cases as large as in the intralingual situation, depending on the degree of skill in the two languages as well as stimulus similarities on the two cards.

TL;DR: In this paper, 40 college students listen to 60 English sentences and attempted to push a button whenever a word in a sentence began with a /b/, and comprehend the sentences. Reaction times (RT) of the button-push responses were recorded.

TL;DR: In this paper, two experiments on free recall are presented in which pairs of related words are presented within the lists and the number of words intervening between the related pair is systematically varied.

TL;DR: This paper used a modified free-recall method in which S s started their recall with items from either the beginning or the end of the list and found that auditory presentation gave rise to a larger recency effect than visual presentation and this discrepancy was increased when recall started at the beginning.

TL;DR: In this paper, the frequency of occurrence of a word within a single presentation of a long list of words, and the schedule of occurrences, either massed (MP) or distributed (DP) were investigated.

TL;DR: In free recall, Ss search for stable groupings of the list words, which groups become functional recall units as mentioned in this paper, and recall is facilitated by arranging for structural linkages between groups via common words much as in a sausage chain.

TL;DR: In this paper, two experiments on free recall were conducted in order to examine the hypothesis of two storage mechanisms in memory and hypothesis of a single interference mechanism, and the results are considered favorable to a two-storage model.

TL;DR: The authors proposed two hypotheses concerning the antecedents of adjective order and integrated semantic and syntactic aspects of the phenomenon in a psycholinguistic framework, and showed that the ordered output of the semantic component is seen as providing an ordered input to the syntactic component, which resulted in the ordering of adjective production.

TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between measures of relative word frequency in terms of frequency counts of textual material and subjective scaling procedures was investigated with two separate subjective scaling techniques (magnitude estimation (ME) and multiple rank orders (MRO).

TL;DR: For example, this paper found that ordered recall for 9-digit strings was better when series length was predictable during presentation than when it was not, and this difference occurred entirely in the early serial positions.

TL;DR: In this paper, a series of five experiments were carried out to determine what factors are involved in the removal of items from STS in free recall tasks, and the results indicated that the number of words processed is the critical variable.

TL;DR: In two different experiments as mentioned in this paper, subjects were asked for an oral free-recall of 25-item word lists composed of five items from each of five different categories, and results indicated a great deal of irregularity in individual recall records.

TL;DR: A tentative working model of sentence production is proposed with emphasis more on content than on structure, which serves as a container of content, and is more or less automatically produced to suit a particular content.

TL;DR: In this article, two experiments were reported concerning the nature of item storage in free recall, and it was found that knowledge of list structure did not reduce the blocked-random effect.

TL;DR: A variety of techniques for the measurement and description of bilingualism, derived separately from the disciplines of linguistics, psychology, and sociology, were administered to the same respondents, 48 Spanish-English bilinguals who lived in a Peurto Rican neighborhood near New York, in order to assess the relationship among these measures and their relative utility as predictors of four proficiency criterion variables.

TL;DR: The authors found that pragmatic expectations are an important cue to comprehension; they are independent of grammatical order; and that the perceptual prominence of cues in a sentence determines which strategy is employed in comprehension.

TL;DR: This paper investigated the degree of agreement with which S s identify paragraph boundaries in unindented prose passages, and determined whether a significant proportion of the cues to paragraph structure are formal in nature, and whether the identification of paragraphs in different kinds of prose differentially depends on semantic, as distinct from formal, cues.

TL;DR: The authors investigated the effect of syntactic and lexical variables on the retention of spoken English sentences, finding that recall probability of individually presented sentences was not related to syntactic features, but was inversely related to lexical density, the proportion of lexical, as opposed to grammatical, words in the sentence.

TL;DR: Even when associations were defined spatially, auditory presentation resulted in more accurate performance than visual presentation, and the error data suggested that spatial information was extracted through a temporally mediated reconstruction.

TL;DR: The authors compared compound and coordinate bilinguals for core concepts, such as table, when given mixed-language clues such as chaise, food, desk, bois, manger.

TL;DR: A theory of encoding was proposed in which some aspects of order in the base were taken to correspond to the psychological order of choice of morphemes for production, and an analysis-by-synthesis hypothesis of decoding was proposed which contained the proposed encoding model as a subcomponent.